EXCHANGE 


SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS 

HELD  IN  THE  CITY  OF  WASHINGTON  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 
DECEMBER  27,  1915-JANUARY  8,  1916 


THE  FINAL  ACT 


AND  INTERPRETATIVE  COMMENTARY  THEREON 


PREPARED  BY 


JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  A.  M.,  J.  U.  D.,  LL  D. 

Reporter  General  of  the  Congress 

Delegate  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  of  America 

President  of  the  American  Institute  of  International  Law 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1916 


• 


FOREWORD. 


The  present  volume  contains  the  Final  Act  of  the  Second  Pan  American 
Scientific  Congress,  adopted  on  January  8, 1916,  and  signed  the  same  day 
by  the  official  delegates  authorized  thereto  by  the  twenty-one  American 
Republics  participating  in  the  Congress.  The  Final  Act  is  therefore 
official  in  the  highest  degree. 

This  important  document,  it  will  be  observed,  is  accompanied  by  an 
interpretative  commentary  or  general  report  discussing  the  origin  and 
nature  of  the  Congress,  outlining  its  methods  of  procedure,  explaining 
the  resolutions  and  recommendations  contained  in  the  Final  Act,  and 
stating  the  sense  in  which  they  were  understood  and  accepted  by  the 
Congress.  The  commentary  has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  JAMES  BROWN 
SCOTT,  as  reporter  general,  appointed  by  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  United  States  and  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Congress  to 
prepare  in  its  name  and  in  its  behalf  the  general  report  of  the  scientific 
labors  of  the  Congress. 

The  volume  contains,  in  addition,  the  program  as  finally  carried  out, 
the  list  of  scientific  institutions,  associations,  learned  societies  partici- 
pating in  the  Congress,  and  the  lists  of  names  of  all  persons  invited  to 
take  part  in  the  proceedings.  It  is  believed  that  the  preparation  and 
the  publication  of  the  Final  Act  and  the  interpretative  commentary  at 
this  early  date,  long  before  the  proceedings,  which  will  fill  many  volumes, 
can  be  issued,  will  not  only  make  clear  the  important  results  reached 
by  the  Congress,  but  will  also  sustain  the  interest  in  it  and  its  proceed- 
ings, which  can  only  be  confirmed  by  the  publication  of  the  proceedings 
in  their  entirety. 

Mr.  ScoTT  asks  me  to  thank  the  Chairmen  of  the  nine  Sections  of  the 
Congress,  the  Assistant  Secretary  General,  Dr.  GLEN  LEVIN  SWIGGETT, 
and  the  Recording  Secretary  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Con- 
gress, HENRY  RALPH  RINGE,  Esq.,  for  their  invaluable  assistance  in  the 
preparation  of  the  commentary  and  of  the  documents  which  are  con- 
tained in  the  present  volume. 

JOHN  BARRETT, 

Secretary  General. 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C., 
February  28,  1916. 

3 


332677 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Foreword 3 

Final  Act: 

Preamble 7 

Official  delegates 7 

Aims  and  purposes  of  the  Congress 16 

Topics  discussed  in  the  nine  sections : 

Section  1 17 

Section  II 18 

Section  III 19 

Section  IV 20 

Section  V 21 

Section  VI 23 

Section  VII 24 

Section  VIII ' 25 

Section  IX 25 

The  Final  Act 26 

Official  delegates  signatory 41 

General  Report  upon  the  Final  Act 43 

The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Congress 46 

The  Executive  Committee  of  Organization 48 

Committee  on  Resolutions 49 

Committee  on  Recommendations 49 

Committee  on  the  Final  Act 50 

Interpretative  commentary  on  the  Final  Act 50 

Articles  i  to  49 51 

Appendices : 

I.  Organization  and  rules 155 

II.  Topics  for  Pan  American  Conferences 159 

III.  The  three  plenary  sessions 163 

IV.  Program  of  the  nine  sections  of  the  Congress 167 

Section  1 167 

Section  II 183 

Section  III 191 

Section  IV 207 

Section  V 227 

Section  VI 241 

Section  VII 251 

Section  VIII 265 

Section  IX 283 

5 


6  CONTENTS. 

Appendices — Continued.  Page. 
V.  Learned  societies,  educational  institutions,  private  organizations,  and 

governmental  bureaus 293 

VI.  The  Executive  Committee  and  other  committees  of  organization 309 

Cooperating  committees  in   Republics  other  than   the   United 

States 323 

VII.  Members  of  the  Congress 33 1 

Honorary  members 331 

Members  of  societies,  institutions  and  committees,  and  writers  of 

papers 336 


THE  FINAL  ACT 

OF  THE 

SECOND    PAN   AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS 

HELD  IN  THE 

CITY  OF  WASHINGTON,  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA, 

DECEMBER  27,  1915-JANUARY  8,  1916. 


The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  convoked  by  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  of  America  pursuant  to  a  resolution 
of  the  First  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  convened  in  the  city  of 
Washington  on  December  27,  I9I5,1  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  into 
close  and  intimate  contact  the  leaders  of  scientific  thought  and  of  public 
opinion  in  the  American  Republics,  to  the  end  that  by  an  exchange  of 
views  results  might  be  reached  of  service  to  the  peoples  of  the  American 
Continent  and  that  by  personal  intercourse  foundations  would  be  laid 
for  friendly  and  harmonious  cooperation  in  the  future. 

OFFICIAL  DELEGATES. 

The  Governments  of  the  American  countries,  responding  to  the  invi- 
tation of  the  United  States,  appointed  the  following  official  delegates  to 
represent  them  in  the  Congress,  to  wit: 

ARGENTINA. 

ERNESTO  QUESADA,  Chairman  of  the  Delegation;  member  of  the 
Faculty  of  Philosophy  and  Literature,  National  University  of 
Buenos  Aires;  Professor  in  the  University  of  La  Plata;  Attorney 
General  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  the  Federal  Capital. 

JUAN  B.  AMBROSETTI,  Advisory  Professor  and  Director  of  the  Ethno- 
logical Museum,  Faculty  of  Philosophy  and  Literature,  National 
University  of  Buenos  Aires;  Honorary  Vice  President  of  the  Con- 
gress of  Americanists. 

EMILIO  E.  DAGASSAN,  Electrical  Engineer  in  the  Argentine  Navy. 

BENJAM!N  GARC!A  APARICIO,  Colonel  of  the  Argentine  Army;  Director, 
Geographical  Institute  of  the  Staff  of  the  Argentine  Army. 

1  See  Appendix  III,  p.  163. 


8      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

CRisT6fiAiy  M.  HICKEN,  Professor  of  Botany,  National  University  of 
Buenos  Aires;  Professor  in  the  Argentine  Military  Academy; 
Ex-Inspector  of  Secondary  Education. 

Rear  Admiral  JUAN  A.  MARTIN,  Ex-Minister  of  Marine;  Chief  of  the 
Argentine  Naval  Commission  in  the  United  States. 

AGUSTIN  MERCAU,  Vice  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Exact,  Physical,  and 
Natural  Sciences,  National  University  of  Buenos  Aires;  Counselor 
and  Professor  in  the  same;  Professor  in  the  Faculty  of  Physics, 
Mathematics,  and  Astronomy,  University  of  La  Plata. 

RICARDO  SARMIENTO  LASPIUR,  Professor  in  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  in 
the  National  University  of  Buenos  Aires ;  Surgeon  in  the  Fernandez 
Hospital;  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Public  Medical  Aid. 

TOMAS  S.  VAREivA,  Professor  in  the  National  University  of  Buenos  Aires; 
President  of  the  Argentine  Odontological  Society ;  Secretary  of  the 

Delegation. 

BOLIVIA. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  IGNACIO  CALDERON,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States;  Chairman  of  the 
Delegation. 

CONSTANT  LURQUIN,  Director  of  the  Meteorological  Observatory  of 
Sucre;  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Normal  School  of  Sucre. 

BRAZIL. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  DOMICIO  DA  GAM  A,  Ambassador  to  the  United  States, 
Chairman  of  the  Delegation. 

His  Excellency  MANOEL  DE  OUVEIRA  LIMA,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  Brazil;  Member  of  the  Brazilian  Acad- 
emy of  Letters,  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature  of  England, 
of  the  Royal  Spanish  Academies  of  Language  and  History,  and 
of  the  Portuguese  Academy;  Official  Delegate  of  the  State  of 
Sao  Paulo. 

Jos£  RODRIGUEZ  DA  COSTA  DORIA,  Physician,  Former  Governor  of  the 
State  of  Sergipe;  Member  of  the  House  of  Representatives; 
Official  Delegate  of  the  State  of  Bahia. 

CHILE. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  EDUARDO  SUAREZ  MUJICA,  Ambassador  to  the  United 
States;  Chairman  of  the  Delegation. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      9 

JULIO  PHILIPPI,  Professor  in  the  Pedagogical  Institute;  Lawyer;  Pr,o- 
fessor  of  Public  Finance  in  the  University  of  Chile;  First  Secre- 
tary of  the  Chilean  Delegation  to  the  Third  Pan  American  Con- 
ference; Counselor  of  the  Chilean  Delegation  to  the  Fourth  Pan 
American  Conference;  Vice  Chairman  of  the  Delegation. 

ALEJANDRO  ALVAREZ,  former  Counselor  to  the  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Relations;  Counselor  to  the  Chilean  Legations  in  Europe;  Mem- 
ber of  the  Permanent  Court  of  Arbitration  at  The  Hague;  Sec- 
retary General  of  the  American  Institute  of  International  Law. 

DANIEL  ARMANET  FRESNO,  Civil  Engineer,  Honorary  Secretary  of  the 
Delegation. 

RICARDO  Cox  MEJNDEZ,  Former  Minister  of  War  and  Member  of  the 
Chilean  Congress. 

JAVIER  DIAZ  LIRA,  Member  of  the  Bar  of  Santiago;  Member  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science. 

Jos£  MAR! A  GALVEZ,  Professor  in  the  Pedagogical  Institute. 

JORGE  MERY,  Captain  in  the  Chilean  Navy. 

TEODORO  MUHM,  Surgeon;  Professor  of  Experimental  Physiology  in  the 
School  of  Medicine,  Santiago  de  Chile. 

JAVIER  RODRIGUEZ  BARROS,  Professor  in  the  Medical  College,  Santiago. 

DARIO  E.  SALAS,  Professor  in  the  University  of  Chile;  Professor  of  Peda- 
gogy, Pedagogical  Institute  of  Chile. 

RAM6N  SALAS  EDWARDS,  Civil  Engineer;  Professor  of  General  Hydrau- 
lics, Catholic  University. 

ARTURO  E.  SALAZAR,  Professor  of  Electro-Technical  Science  and  Indus- 
trial Physics,  University  of  Chile;  former  Professor  of  General 
Physics,  Naval  School  of  Chile. 

Moists  VARGAS,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Ministry  of  Transportation; 
Professor  of  Administrative  Law,  University  of  Chile. 

COLOMBIA. 

ROBERTO  ANCIZAR,  Lawyer,  Chairman  of  the  Delegation;  Secretary  of 
the  Legation  in  the  United  States. 

PHANOR  J.  EDER,  Lawyer. 

FRANZ  HEDERICK,  Professor  of  Modern  Languages,  University  of  Bogota; 
Representative  of  the  Press  of  Colombia;  Secretary  of  the  Dele- 
gation. 


10      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

TULIO  OSPINA,  Rector  of  the  School  of  Mines,  Medellin;  former  Rector 
of  the  University  of  Antioquia;  President  of  the  Historical 
Academy  of  Antioquia;  Member  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
France,  and  of  the  Academy  of  Science  of  California. 

EDUARDO  RODR!GUEZ  PINERES,  Lawyer;  Ex- President  of  the  Colombian 
Academy  of  Jurisprudence;  Honorary  Member  of  the  Academy  of 
Legislation  and  Jurisprudence  of  Madrid. 

CALIXTO  TORRES  UMANA,  Surgeon,  National  University  of  Colombia; 
Chief  of  the  Clinic  in  the  Faculty  of  Medicine;  Ex-President  of 
the  Society  of  University  Medicine. 

COSTA  RICA. 

EDUARDO  J.  PINTO,  Chairman  of  the  Delegation;  Director  of  the  Inter- 
national Bank  of  Costa  Rica. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  MANUEL  CASTRO  QUESADA,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States. 

CUBA. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  CARLOS  MANUEL  DE  C£SPEDES,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States;  Chairman  of 
the  Delegation. 

ARfsTiDES  AGRAMONTE,  Professor  in  the  School  of  Medicine,  National 
University. 

RAFAEL  MARIA  ANGULO,  Member  of  the  Bar  of  Habana. 

Jos£  COMALLONGA,  Professor  in  the  School  of  Agronomy,  National  Uni- 
versity; Agricultural  Engineer. 

JUAN  SANTOS  FERNANDEZ;  President  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine, 
Physics,  and  National  Sciences  of  Habana. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  JUAN  DE  Dios  GARcf  A  KOHLY,  Envoy  Extraordi- 
nary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  Holland;  Member  of  the 
Permanent  Court  of  Arbitration  at  The  Hague. 

JUAN  GUITERAS,  Director  of  the  Health  Bureau,  Department  of  Public 
Health  and  Charities;  Member  of  the  National  Board  of  Health; 
Professor  in  the  School  of  Medicine,  National  University;  Direc- 
tor of  the  National  Hospital  for  Infectious  Diseases. 

MARIANO  GUTIERREZ  LANZA,  S.J.,  Assistant  Director  of  the  Astronomical 
Observatory,  Bele"n  College  of  Habana. 

MARIO  G.  LEBREDO,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Laboratory  Investigations 
and  Study  of  Infectious  Diseases,  Department  of  Public  Health 
and  Charities. 


FINAI,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.     II 

JOSE;  CARLOS  MILLAS  Y  HERNANDEZ,  Architect;  Assistant  Director  of  the 
National  Observatory  of  Cuba. 

Luis  MONTANA,  Physician  and  Professor  of  Anthropology,  University 
of  Habana;  Member  of  the  Society  of  Americanists  of  Paris; 
Honorary  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Habana;  Asso- 
ciate Member  of  the  Argentine  Scientific  Society. 

FERNANDO  SANCHEZ  DE  FUENTES,  Member  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives from  the  Province  of  Habana;  Professor  and  Secretary  of 
the  Faculty  of  Law  in  the  National  University;  Ex-Chairman 
of  the  Committee  on  Codes  and  Jurisprudence,  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  Cuba. 

SiM6N  SARASOLA,  S.  J.,  Director  of  the  Observatory,  Montserrat  College, 
Cienfuegos. 

Moists  A.  ViEiTES,  Member  of  the  Bar  of  Habana;  Counselor  to  the 
Merchants  Aid  Association  and  the  "Centro  Gallego"  of  Habana. 

JOSE;  RAMON  VILLAI^N,  Secretary  of  Public  Works;  Professor  in  the 
National  University;  Member  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers;  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Physical  and  Natural 
Sciences  of  Habana;  Member  of  the  Cuban  Society  of  Engineers; 
Colonel  in  the  "Ej£rcito  Libertador." 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  ARMANDO  P£REZ  PERDOMO,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States;  Chairman  of 
the  Delegation. 

FRANCISCO  J.  PEYNADO,  Ex-Minister  to  the  United  States;  Member 
.  of  the  International  High  Commission;  Permanent  Delegate  to 
the  Pan  American  Financial  Conference. 

ECUADOR. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  GONZALO  S.  C6RDOVA,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States;  Chairman  of  the 
Delegation. 

MIGUEL  H.  ALCivAR,  Professor  in  the  University  of  Guayaquil;  Surgeon 
in  the  General  Hospital;  President  of  the  Society  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery  of  Guayas. 

CEJSAR  D.  ANDRADE. 

VICTOR  MANUEL  PENAHERRERA,  Professor  of  Law,  Central  University 
of  Quito. 


12      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

GUATEMALA. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  JOAOUIN  M£NDEZ,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States;  Chairman  of  the  Delegation. 

ADRIAN  RECINOS,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Foreign  Relations;  Member 
of  the  Faculty  of  Law  of  Guatemala. 

HAITI. 

CHARLES  MATRON,  Chairman  of  the  Delegation;  Member  of  the  Faculty 
of  Medicine,  Port  au  Prince,  and  an  Officer  of  the  Academy; 
President  of  the  Society  of  Tropical  Medicine  of  Paris;  Vice 
President  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Port  au  Prince. 

LE6N  DEJEAN,  Lawyer;  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Department  of 
Foreign  Relations. 

EBERLE  FIRMIN;  Lawyer;  Ex-Charge"  d' Affaires. 

HONDURAS. 

CARLOS  ALBERTO  UCL^S,  Chairman  of  the  Delegation;  Rector  of  the 
University  of  Honduras;  President  of  the  Society  of  Inter- 
national Law  of  Honduras,  of  the  Literary  Scientific  Society  of 
Honduras,  and  of  the  Cooperative  Committee  of  Honduras. 

FAUSTO  DAVILA,  Lawyer;  Former  Minister  to  the  United  States;  Pro- 
fessor of  Public  Law  in  the  Central  University  of  Honduras; 
Ex-Minister  of  Foreign  Relations,  of  the  Interior,  of  Public 
Instruction  and  Justice;  Delegate  to  the  Second  and  Third  Pan 
American  Conferences ;  Ex-President  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies ; 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

MEXICO. 

MANUEL  GAMIO,  Chairman  of  the  Delegation;  Inspector  General  of 
Archaeology  in  Mexico;  Professor  of  History,  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts;  Ex-Professor  of  Archaeology  in  the  National  Museum; 
Professor  of  Ethnology,  Ethnographic  Institute. 

LUIS  CASTILLO  LED6N,  Ex-Director  of  the  National  Museum  of  Archae- 
ology, History,  and  Ethnology;  Representative  of  the  Mexican 
Government  to  the  International  School  of  American  Archaeology 
and  Ethnology;  Ex-Deputy  to  the  XXVI  Congress;  Member  of 
the  Historical  Academy  and  of  the  Geographical  and  Statistical 
Society. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       13 

NICARAGUA. 

DAMASO  RIVAS,  Chairman  of  the  Delegation;  Professor  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania. 

PEDRO  J.  CUADRA,  Ch.,  Ex-Member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

PANAMA. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  EUSEBIO  MORALES,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Min- 
ister Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States;  Chairman  of  the  Dele- 
gation. 

NARCISO  GARAY,  Director  of  the  Conservatory  of  Music  and  Oratory 
of  Panama;  Officer  of  the  Academy  of  the  French  Republic; 
Member  of  the  Technical  Council  of  Panama. 

EDWIN  LEFEVRE,  Publicist. 

NicoivAS  A.  SOLANO,  Member  of  the  Canal  Zone  Medical  Association,  of 
the  American  Medical  Association;  Police  and  Prison  Physician 
of  the  City  of  Panama;  Ex- Vice  Chairman  of  the  Municipal 
Council  of  Panama. 

RAMON  N.  VALDEZ,  Former  Minister  to  the  United  States,  Belgium  and 
Great  Britain;  Vice  President  of  Panama;  Deputy  and  Counselor 
to  the  Government  of  Panama;  Member  of  the  Permanent  Court 
of  Arbitration  at  The  Hague. 

PARAGUAY. 

EUSEBIO  AYALA,  Chairman  of  the  Delegation;  Ex-Minister  of  the  Treas- 
ury and  of  Foreign  Relations;  Professor  of  Political  Economy; 
Delegate  to  the  Board  of  Jurists  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  Vice  Presi- 
dent of  the  Mercantile  Bank  of  Paraguay. 

PEDRO  BRUNO  GUGGIARI,  Director  of  the  National  College  of  Asuncion ; 
Professor  of  Organic*  and  Analytic  Chemistry,  National  University; 
Member  of  the  National  Board  of  Industry  and  Agriculture. 

PERU. 

ISAAC  ALZAMORA,  Lawyer,  Chairman  of  the  Delegation;  Former  Dean 
of  the  Faculty  of  Philosophy  and  Literature,  Universidad  Mayor 
de  San  Marcos,  Lima. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  FEDERICO  A.  PEZET,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Min- 
ister Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States. 


14      FINAI,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

CARLOS  MORALES  MACEDO,  Physician  and  Surgeon  in  the  Faculty  of 
Medicine,  Universidad  Mayor  de  San  Marcos,  Lima;  Peruvian 
Delegate  to  the  Seventh  Pan  American  Medical  Congress  at  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  1915. 

JULIO  C.  TELLO,  Member  of  the  American  Anthropological  Society. 

SALVADOR. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  RAFAEL  ZALDIVAR,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States. 

UNITED  STATES. 

GEORGE   GRAY,  Chairman  of   the  Delegation;    Member   of  the  Inter- 
national Permanent  Court  of  Arbitration. 
JOHN  BARRETT,  Director  General  of  the  Pan  American  Union;  Secretary 

General,  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress. 
WILLIAM  H.  BIXBY,  Brig.  Gen.  United  States  Army,  Retired;  Chairman 

of  the  Section  on  Engineering,  Second  Pan  American  Scientific 

Congress. 

FRANZ  BOAS,  Professor  of  Anthropology,  Columbia  University. 
JOHN  A.  BRASHEAR,  President  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical 

Engineers;  Director  of  the  Alleghany  Observatory;  Chancellor  of 

the  University  of  Pittsburgh. 
RICHARD  C.  CABOT,  of  the  General  Hospital  of  Boston;   Professor  in  the 

Harvard  Medical  School. 
WILLIAM   WALLACE   CAMPBELL,    Director   of    the    Lick    Observatory; 

President  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 

Science. 

PHILANDER   P.  CLAXTON,  Commissioner  of   Education  of   the   United 

States;  Chairman  Section  on  Education,  Second  Pan  American 

Scientific  Congress.  • 

HENRY  B.  FINE,  Dean  of  the  Department  of  Science,  Princeton  University. 
WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS,  Surgeon  General,  United  States  Army;  Chairman 

of  the  Section  on   Public  Health  and   Medical  Science,  Second 

Pan  American  Scientific  Congress. 

HENRY  S.  GRAVES,  Chief  of  the  Forest  Service  of  the  United  States. 
WILLIAM  H.  HOLMES,  Head  Curator  Smithsonian  Institution;  Chairman 

of  the  Section  on  Anthropology,  Second  Pan  American  Scientific 

Congress. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       15 

HENNEN  JENNINGS,  former  President  of  the  London  Institution  of 
Mining  and  Metallurgy;  Chairman  of  the  Section  on  Mining,  Metal- 
lurgy, Economic  Geology,  and  Applied  Chemistry,  Second  Pan 
American  Scientific  Congress. 

WILLIAM  PHILLIPS,  Third  Assistant  Secretary  of  State;  Chairman  ex 
officio  of  the  Executive  Committee,  Second  Pan  American  Scientific 
Congress. 

GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL,  Chief  of  the  Animal  Husbandry  Division,  Bureau 
of  Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture;  Chairman  of 
the  Section  on  Conservation  of  Natural  Resources,  Agriculture, 
Irrigation,  and  Forestry,  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress^ 

LEO  S.  RowE,  President  of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science;  Professor  of  Political  Science,  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania; Chairman  of  the  Section  on  Transportation,  Commerce, 
Finance,  and  Taxation,  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress. 

JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  President  of  the  American  Institute  of  Inter- 
national Law;  Secretary  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  Inter- 
national Peace;  Reporter  General,  Vice  Chairman  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee,  and  Chairman  of  the  Section  on  International 
Law,  Public  Law  and  Jurisprudence,  Second  Pan  American  Scien- 
tific Congress. 

ALFRED  P.  THOM,  General  Counsel  of  the  Southern  Railway. 

CHARLES  D.  WALCOTT,  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

WILLIAM  H.  WELCH,  President  of  the  National  Academy  of  Science; 
Honorary  Vice  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee,  Second 
Pan  American  Scientific  Congress. 

ROBERT  S.  WOODWARD,  President  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Wash- 
ington; Chairman  of  the  Section  on  Astronomy,  Meteorology,  and 
Seismology,  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress. 

URUGUAY. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  CARLOS  M.    DE   PENA,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 

Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States;  Chairman  of  the 

Delegation. 

CARLOS  A.  BELLIURE,  Surgeon. 
BERNARDO   ETCHEPARE,   Professor  of  Psychiatrics  in   the  Faculty  of 

Medicine,  University  of  Montevideo. 
JUSTO   GONZALEZ,   Surgeon;    Professor  of    Hygiene   and   Bacteriology 

and  Chief  of  the  Laboratory  of  the  Vilardeb6  Hospital. 


1 6      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

JUAN  MONTEVERDE,  Professor  in  the  National  University  of  Monte- 
video; Vice  Chairman  of  the  AdTisory  Board,  Department  of 
Engineering. 

ALFREDO  PIJRSICO,  Surgeon  in  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  of  Monte- 
video; Ex-Chief  of  the  Therapeutic  Clinic;  Professor  in  the  De- 
partment of  Secondary  Education,  University  of  Montevideo. 

VENEZUELA. 

His  Excellency  Sr.  SANTOS  A.  DOMINICI,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States;  Chairman  of  the 
Delegation. 

Jos6  L.  ANDARA,  Jurist;  Internationalist. 

RAFAEL  GONZALEZ  RINCONES,  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  Faculty 
of  Medicine,  University  of  Caracas;  Ex-Director  of  the  Board 
of  Health;  Senator  of  the  Republic;  Member  of  the  Medical 
Academy  of  Caracas. 

VICENTE  LECUNA,  Engineer;  Director  of  the  National  School  of 
Professions  and  Trades  for  Men;  Member  of  the  Historical  Acad- 
emy; President  of  the  International  High  Commission  of  Vene- 
zuela; Director  of  the  Bank  of  Venezuela. 

MEMBERS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

The  representatives  of  universities,  institutions,  associations,  learned 
societies  and  other  private  organizations,  and  the  specially 
invited  scientists,  scholars,  and  publicists  enumerated  in  the 
lists  attached  hereto,1  attended  the  Congress  and  participated 
in  its  proceedings.2 

AIMS  AND  PURPOSES. 

The  Congress,  in  accordance  with  its  high  aims  and  purposes,  naniely, 
to  increase  the  knowledge  of  things  American,  to  disseminate 
and  to  make  the  culture  of  each  American  country  the  heritage 
of  all  American  Republics,  to  further  the  advancement  of  sci- 
ence by  disinterested  cooperation,  to  promote  industry,  inter- 
American  trade  and  commerce,  and  to  devise  the  ways  and 
means  of  mutual  helpfulness  in  these  and  in  other  respects  con- 
sidered the  following  general  program  of  subjects,  divided  into 
appropriate  sections  and  subsections: 

1  See  Appendix  VII,  p.  331.  s  See  appendix  IV,  p.  167. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       1 7 

SECTION  I. 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 

PHYSICAL  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Origin  of  man  an,d  his  place  in  the  scheme  of  nature ;  problems  of  evolu- 
tion, migration,  geography,  chronology.  Development  of  the 
individual  from  the  embryo  through  childhood  to  full  maturity; 
involution  of  the  individual,  and  death.  The  races,  their  differ- 
entiation, physical  characteristics,  fertility,  physiology;  admix- 
tures, tendencies.  Eugenics:  proposed  measures  for  physical 
betterment.  Pathology:  geographical  distribution  of  disease, 
racial  characteristics,  effects  on  progeny  and  race.  Origin: 
racial  position  and  antiquity  of  the  American  aborigines; 
physical  modifications  due  to  modern  changes  in  social,  political, 
and  industrial  conditions;  results  of  admixtures  with  other  races. 
The  racial  element  entering  into  the  composition  of  the  American 
peoples  as  a  whole;  progress  and  tendencies  of  amalgamation; 
possibilities  of  intelligent  and  effective  direction  of  the  processes; 
prospective  results.  Method  of  research,  record,  and  display; 
anthropometric  instruments. 

ARCHAEOLOGY. 

Progress  of  researches  in  Pan  America  and  their  bearing  on  the  origin  and 
history  of  peoples  and  cultures;  chronology  of  man's  occupancy 
of  the  continent;  evidence  supplied  by  material  culture  in  all 
its  branches;  progress  in  deciphering  the  glyphic  records;  the 
calendar. 

ETHNOLOGY. 

Languages,  social  organization  and  customs  generally  of  the  various 
tribes;  religion  and  folklore;  arts,  sciences,  and  trades;  arts  of 

embellishment. 

HISTORY. 

Literature  of  the  native  tribes;  pre-Columbian  Americana;  archives  of 
the  Indies;  systems  of  writing  and  record;  Indian  missions  and 
ecclesiastical  history;  aboriginal  populations;  the  passing  of  the 
Indian. 

AGENCIES  OF  RESEARCH. 

•Anthropological  sciences  as  encouraged  and  supported  by  the  American 
governments.     Museums  of  anthropology;  their  purposes,  man- 
agement, collections. 
27750—16 2 


1 8      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SECTION  II. 
ASTRONOMY,  METEOROLOGY,,  AND  SEISMOLOGY. 

ASTRONOMY. 

Status  of  astronomical  work  at  the  principal  observatories  of  South 
America;  astronomical  work  at  Lick  Observatory  and  at  Mount 
Wilson  Solar  Observatory;  project  for  determining  the  flattening 
of  the  earth's  surface  by  simultaneous  observations  of  the  moon 
from  stations  in  North  and  South  America. 

GEODESY. 

Project  for  the  extension  of  an  international  net  of  primary  triangula- 
tion  covering  all  the  countries  from  Patagonia  to  Alaska,  including 
azimuth,  latitude,  longitude  and  gravimetric  determination  over 
the  entire  continent;  detailed  figures  showing  the  costs  in  recent 
geodetic  experience,  of  the  fieldwork  essential  to  the  preceding 
project;  present  status  of  magnetic  surveys  in  South  America  and 
the  need  especially  of  additional  observatories  there  for  determin- 
ing the  secular  variations  of  the  magnetic  elements. 

METEOROLOGY. 

Meteorological  data  and  ways  and  means  of  recording  and  using  them; 
climatology  and  the  application  of  available  knowledge  to  agri- 
culture, navigation  and  conservation  of  crop  and  forest  resources; 
weather  forecasts  and  desirability  of  additional  international 
observations  on  which  world  weather  maps  may  be  based ;  secular 
meteorology,  involving  climatic  changes,  migrations  of  popula- 
tions, alternations  of  arid  and  humid  conditions  over  the  same 
area,  etc.;  atmospheric  electricity,  solar  radiation,  cyclonic  and 
magnetic  storms. 

SEISMOLOGY. 

Physical  bases  of  modern  seismology  and  methods  of  observing  and 
recording  data;  present  status  of  the  science  and  needs  for  fur- 
ther advances;  organization  and  development  of  seismological 
services  in  various  countries: 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       19 

SECTION  III. 

CONSERVATION    OF    NATURAL    RESOURCES,    AGRICULTURE,    IRRIGA- 
TION, AND  FORESTRY. 

THE  ECONOMICS  OF  CONSERVATION  AND  THE  RELATION  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT 

THERETO. 

The  economic  principles  underlying  a  sound  conservation  policy;  the 
economics  of  future  trading  in  agricultural  commodities;  public 
conservation  policies;  the  Government  and  the  marketing  prob- 
lem ;  the  conservation  of  human  life. 

THE  CONSERVATION  OF  MINERAL  RESOURCES. 

Mine  accidents,  and  mine-rescue  work;  the  conservation  of  coal  and 
other  minerals,  petroleum  and  gas;  the  conservation  of  metals  by 
the  use  of  scrap  or  used  metals;  improved  mining  and  metallur- 
gical methods  as  an  aid  to  conservation;  the  r61e  of  Government 
in  the  conservation  of  mineral  resources. 

THE  CONSERVATION  OF  FORESTS. 

The  forest  resources  and  the  forest  botany  of  South  America;  forestry 
in  the  Philippine  Islands;  forest  problems  in  the  American  coun- 
tries; education  in  forestry;  a  national  forest  policy;  the  attitude 
of  the  Government  in  forest  conservation. 

THE  CONSERVATION  OF  WATER  FOR  POWER. 

The  value  of  water  power;  the  present  status  of  water-power  develop- 
ment; hydroelectric  utilization  of  water  power;  electrochemical 
industries;  public  policies  and  legislation  regarding  the  use  of 
water  and  water  power  resources;  public  control  of  water-power 
resources. 

IRRIGATION. 

Irrigation  development  in  the  United  States,  Peru,  and  other  American 
countries;  the  principles  and  practice  of  the  use  of  water  in  irri- 
gation; irrigation  districts;  securing  settlers  for  irrigation  projects; 
the  use  of  irrigation  waters  as  sources  of  power;  the  relation  of 
riparian  rights  to  the  utilization  of  streams  for  irrigation;  Gov- 
ernment participation  in  irrigation  and  drainage  development. 

CONSERVATION  OF  THE  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

The  function  of  live  stock  in  agriculture;  the  r61e  and  importance  of  the 
live  stock,  dairy,  and  poultry  industries  in  agricultural  develop- 
ment; the  relation  between  wool  and  mutton  production  in  the 


20      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

sheep  industry  of  the  American  countries;  Government  control  of 
grazing  on  public  lands;  the  effect  of  animal  diseases  and  para- 
sites— their  control  and  eradication;  are  uniform  regulations 
feasible  among  the  different  American  countries  for  the  prevention 
of  the  introduction  and  dissemination  of  diseases  of  animals? 

CONSERVATION  OF  THE  PLANT  INDUSTRY. 

Experiment  -  station  work  in  the  American  countries;  subtropical  and 
tropical  agriculture  in  the  Americas;  plant  introduction;  Pan 
American  cooperation  in  plant  quarantine. 

MARKETING  AND  DISTRIBUTION  OF  AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS. 

The  principles  and  practice  of  cooperation;  extent  and  possibilities  of 
cooperation;  standardization  of  agricultural  products;  uniform 
grades  and  standard  packages;  transportation  of  perishable  com- 
modities; car- lot  distribution;  the  marketing  of  farm  mortgage 
loans;  financing  cooperative  marketing  associations;  the  extension 
of  markets;  the  development  of  a  market  news  sendee;  the 
advisability  of  college  courses  in  marketing  and  distribution;  pro- 
visioning municipal  populations;  the  Panama  Canal — the  effect  of 
its  opening  upon  the  traffic  in  agricultural  products  and  its 
effective  use  in  the  distribution  of  products  in  general. 

SECTION  IV. 

EDUCATION. 

The  establishment,  present  status  and  future  development  of  public  and 
private  education  as  carried  on  in  the  Republics  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere;  similarity,  essential  differences  and  the  interrelation 
of  the  various  types  and  grades  of  education  among  the  con- 
stituent members  of  the  Pan  American  Union;  the  possibility  of 
Pan  American  correlation  of  subjects  and  standardization  in  sub- 
ject and  equipment  which  would  permit  interchange  of  professors 
and  students  between  the  American  Republics ;  the  emphasis  in 
educational  institutions  upon  subjects  and  methods  of  pre- 
sentation of  the  same  in  order  to  encourage  a  Pan  American 
point  of  view,  Pan  American  cooperation  and  ideals  of  education ; 
public  and  private  support,  administration  and  supervision, 
problems  and  purpose  of  the  different  grades  of  education,  par- 
ticularly in  the  elementary  and  secondary  periods;  coeducation 
and  its  problems  and  possibilities;  the  function,  support  and 
control  of  special  schools  established  for  the  training  of  teachers 
and  higher  efficiency  in  the  trades,  industries,  commerce,  agri- 
culture, and  the  technical  and  learned  professions. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       21 
ELEMENTARY  EDUCATION. 

The  determining  factors  of  elementary  education  and  the  necessity  for 
uniformity  of  practice  throughout  the  Pan  American  Republics. 

SECONDARY  EDUCATION. 

Public  support  of  secondary  education  conditioned  by  the  character  and 
purpose  of  instruction  given. 

UNIVERSITY  EDUCATION. 

The  various  types  of  university  education;  the  function  of  the  State- 
supported  university;  the  relation  of  the  American  university  to 
public  service  and  the  work  of  governmental  administration. 

EDUCATION  OF  WOMEN. 

The  desirability,  essential  features  and  place  of  coeducation  in  the  differ- 
ent grades  of  education  as  carried  on  in  a  democracy. 

TECHNICAL  EDUCATION. 

Engineering  education  in  its  relation  to  education  in  general  and  to  the 
different  types  of  technical  education  in  particular;  the  part  that 
engineering  education  may  play  in  the  industrial  and  scientific 
development  of  a  country;  educational  preparation  for  the  teach- 
ing and  practice  of,  and  investigation  in,  the  medical  sciences; 
the  special  character  of  agricultural  education,  admission  require- 
ments for  schools  and  colleges  engaged  in  its  teaching,  and  the 
necessary  financial  support  for  it;  the  importance  of  industrial 
education,  its  establishment  through  local,  State,  and  Federal 
support  and  its  coordination  and  cooperation  with  the  various 
trades  and  industries;  educational  preparation  for  business, 
domestic  and  foreign,  as  carried  on  in  the  commercial  nations  of 
Pan  America. 

SECTION  V. 

ENGINEERING. 

CIVIL  ENGINEERING. 

Engineering  work  in  general. 

Mountain  railroad  transportation  development;  uniform  gauge  for  rail- 
ways throughout  North,  Central,  and  South  America;  public 
roads,  highways,  streets  and  pavements. 

Improvement  of  river  mouths;  development  of  river  navigation;  open 
channel  work;  canals;  bridges,  long-span,  bascule,  vertical,  lift, 
fixed  submergible;  harbor  and  port  terminals,  including  piers  and 
quays  on  deep-water  fronts. 


22      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Concrete  under  exposure  in  salt  and  fresh  waters;  soils  as  regards  pres- 
sures thereon;  and  protection  of  sandy  seacoast  shores  against 
erosion. 

MARINE  ENGINEERING. 

Coast  guards,  lighthouses,  light  vessels,  fog  signals,  buoys;  governmental 
and  merchant  marine;  shallow  draft  boats  and  barges;  including 
hydroplanes  for  freight  and  passenger  service. 

AERONAUTICS. 

Airships  to  join  Pan  American  States. 

ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING. 

Electrical  codes  and  standards,  including  acceptance  tests  of  electrical 
apparatus;  electric  current  and  flow;  calculation  and  construction 
of  electric-transmission  lines;  electrification  of  transportation 
lines;  aluminum  conductors,  and  underground  cables. 

Hydroelectric  utilization  of  waterfalls. 

Electrochemical  and  industrial  applications  of  electricity. 

Recent  telegraphic  and  telephonic  developments,  including  radio-teleg- 
raphy. 

RECLAMATION,  SANITATION,  AND  THE  SUPPLY  AND  USE  OF  WATER. 

Governmental  and  private  reclamation  work  in  North  and  South  America ; 
irrigation  and  drainage,  including  the  use  of  irrigation  waters  as 
sources  of  power;  sanitary  engineering,  including  sewage,  street 
cleaning  and  refuse  disposal,  municipal  water  supply;  laws  govern- 
ing use  of  running  water  and  waterfalls  and  the  construction  work 
and  present  status  of  water  powers  in  North  and  South  America. 

MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING. 

The  gyroscope  applied  to  aerial  and  water  navigation;  chronocyclegraph 
motion-recording  devices;  agricultural  implements  and  machinery; 
overhead  conveyors  or  transporters  in  port  terminals  and  ware- 
houses; and  the  economy  of  steam-power  plants,  using  Pan 
American  fuels. 

NOMENCLATURE,  STANDARDS,  SURVEYS,  BUILDING,  MATHEMATICS,  AND  MISCEL- 
LANEOUS. 

Engineering  nomenclature;  governmental  Bureau  of  Standards;  govern- 
mental and  private  geodetical,  geographic,  hydrographic,  and  geo- 
logical work. 

Governmental  work  of  public  buildings  and  grounds  in  the  United  States 
of  America;  new  properties  of  involution  of  conic  sections;  new 
methods  of  diagonal  notation. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       23 

SECTION  VI. 
INTERNATIONAL  LAW,  PUBLIC  LAW,  AND  JURISPRUDENCE. 

INTERNATIONAL  LAW. 

The  relation  of  international  law  to  national  law  in  American  countries; 

the  study  of  international  law  in  American  countries  and  the 

means  by  which  it  may  be  made  more  effective. 
How  can  the  people  of  the  American  countries  best  be  impressed  with  the 

duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  State  in  international  law  ?    Are 

there  specific  American  problems  of  international  law? 
The  attitude  of  American  countries  toward  international  arbitration  and 

the  peaceful  settlement  of  international  disputes. 
Should  international  law  be  codified,  and  if  so,  should  it  be  done  through 

governmental  agencies  or  by  private  scientific  societies  ? 
Mission  of  the  American  Institute  of  International  Law. 
Pan  Americanism  in  the  light  of  the  traditional  International  Policy  of 

Argentina. 

PUBLIC  LAW. 

The  relation  of  public  law  to  international  law;  the  historical  evolution 
of  public  law;  public  law  as  affecting  legal  procedure  in  civil 
causes. 

The  effect  of  American  public  law  on  our  written  constitutions. 

a.  In  their  bearing  on  the  sovereignty  of  the  State. 

b.  Constitutional  provisions  making  treaties  law. 

Is  there  an  American  public  law  that  can  be  differentiated  from  that 
of  other  continents? 

The  power  of  the  President  to  dictate  by-laws  and  regulations;  presidential 
and  parliamentary  government  on  the  American  continent  in  State 
and  Nation. 

Criminal  law  and  procedure  with  special  reference  to  the  scope  and 
limits  of  jury  trials  and  the  several  theories  for  the  punishment 
of  criminals,  and  differences  between  the  criminal  procedures  of 
States  following  the  civil  law  and  those  following  the  common  law. 

JURISPRUDENCE. 

Recent  law  reforms  in  the  United  States  of  America;  the  extra-territorial 
effect  of  criminal  statutes;  the  International  assimilation  of  law — 
its  need  and  its  possibilities  from  the  American  standpoint;  judi- 
cial organization  with  special  reference  to  the  nomination  or  election 
of  judges;  organization  and  functions  of  the  minor  judiciary; 
how  lawyers  of  one  country  may  be  more  easily  and  effectively 
made  acquainted  with  the  laws  of  another  country;  a  study  in 
Mexican  law. 


24      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SECTION  VII. 

MINING,  METALLURGY,  ECONOMIC  GEOLOGY,   AND  APPLIED 

CHEMISTRY. 

MINING. 

Mining,  the  pioneer  of  intimate  commercial  relations  between  the  Pan 
American  countries;  the  mineral  production  of  Latin  America; 
the  value  of  technical  societies  and  the  work  of  the  American 
Mining  Congress,  and  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines;  mining 
operations  and  methods  in  Argentina,  Chile,  Cuba,  Ecuador, 
Guatemala,  and  United  States;  mining  costs,  and  mine  accidents; 
the  conservation  of  coal,  oil,  and  gas  resources  of  the  Americas; 
the  valuation  of  mining  property  and  the  standardization  of  the 
mining  laws  of  Pan  American  countries. 

METALLURGY. 

Metallurgical  operations  and  processes  in  Brazil,  Chile,  Mexico,  and 
Peru;  ore  dressing;  the  electrical  furnace  in  metallurgy,  and 
recent  progress  in  electrical  smoke  precipitation;  the  occurrence 
and  preparation  of  radium  and  associated  metals;  the  conserva- 
tion of  metals;  the  buying  and  selling  of  South  American  ores. 

GEOLOGY. 

The  public  interest  in  mineral  resources,  and  the  organization  and  cost 
of  geological  surveys;  the  coals  of  Brazil  and  the  United  States; 
the  fuel  situation  in  the  Andean  Plateau;  Bolivian  tin  deposits 
and  general  geology  of  Argentina,  Brazil,  Colombia,  Ecuador, 
Peru,  and  Salvador;  phosphate  resources  and  the  conservation 
of  phosphate  rock;  iron-ore  deposits  of  the  Americas;  the  mineral 
.  resources  of  the  Pan  American  countries  with  special  reference 
to  petroleum. 

CHEMISTRY. 

The  nitrate  industry  of  Chile;  the  preservation  of  foodstuffs  and  func- 
tions of  foods  in  securing  national  efficiency;  water  purification 
and  sewage  disposal ;  the  interrelations  of  pure  and  applied  chem- 
istry; chemical  research  work  and  uniform  methods  of  analysis. 

Explosives;  -tanning  materials;  dye  stuffs;  drying  oils;  paints  for 
tropical  climates;  pharmaceutical  products,  and  the  manufacture 
of  gasolene. 


FINAL.  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       25 

SECTION  VIII. 

PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND  MEDICAL  SCIENCE. 
PUBLIC  HEALTH. 

Infectious  diseases — the  bearing  of  their  modes  of  infection  on  methods 
of  control;  nutritional  diseases — their  public  health  bearing,  with 
special  reference  to  beriberi  and  pellagra;  reduction  of  infant 
mortality. 

VITAL  STATISTICS. 

» 

Sickness  (morbidity)  reports;  birth  and  death  registration. 

SOCIOLOGICAL  MEDICINE. 

Relation  of  the  individual  to  the  community;  ways  and  means  of  bring- 
ing matters  of  public  health  to  social  usefulness;  public  health 
measures — industrial  hygiene  and  sanitation;  venereal  prophy- 
laxis, alcohol  and  drug  prophylaxis;  tuberculosis;  mental  hygiene. 

SANITATION. 

Town  and  city  planning:  buildings  for  human  occupancy;  food  and 
water  supply;  ventilation;  disposal  of  refuse. 

LABORATORY  CONFERENCES. 

Symposia  on  anaphylaxis,  life  histories  of  protozoa,  and  cancer 
research. 

PAN  AMERICAN  TOPICS. 

Progress  of  vital  statistics  in  the  Pan-American  countries;  etiology 
and  prevention  of  tuberculosis  from  the  sociological  standpoint. 

SECTION  IX. 

TRANSPORTATION,  COMMERCE,  FINANCE,  AND  TAXATION. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

The  regulation  of  public  utilities.  The  improvement  of  transportation 
facilities  by  means  of — inland  waterways,  motor  railroad  cars  and 
motor-driven  vehicles,  aeroplanes,  and  air-propelled  gliding  boats. 

COMMERCE. 

Feasibility  of  establishing  uniform  methods,  documents,  statistics,  port 
charges,  administrative  regulations,  and  classifications  in  inter- 
national trade  between  the  North,  Central,  and  South  American 
countries;  the  effects  of  the  European  war  upon  the  commerce  of 


26      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

the  American  Republics;  possibility  of  standardizing  commercial 
and  census  statistics  in  the  American  Republics;  reviews  of  the 
natural  resources,  commercial  and  economic  development  of  sev- 
eral of  the  South  and  Central  American  Republics;  reciprocity 
in  patent  practice;  possibility  of  ratifying  the  Buenos  Aires 
Trade-Mark  Convention  of  August  20,  1910. 

FINANCE. 

The  investment  of  foreign  capital;  extension  of  credits;  possibility  of 
establishing  a  common  monetary  unit  as  between  the  Republics 
of  America;  effects  of  the  European  war  upon  the  finances  of  the 
Latin  American  countries;  quotation  of  Latin  American  municipal 
and  State  bonds  in  United  States  markets  and  exchanges. 

TAXATION. 

The'scientific  study  of  taxation  systems;  desirability  of  establishing  other 
revenue-producing  taxes  than  those  based  on  the  consumption  of 
alcoholic  beverages. 


RESOLUTIONS  AND  RECOMMENDATIONS. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  considered  and  discussed 
the  subjects  set  forth  in  its  program  in  the  light  of  an  intellectual 
Pan  Americanism  in  a  series  of  meetings  from  December  27,  1915, 
to  January  8,  1916,  and  adopted  the  resolutions  and  recommenda- 
tions enumerated  and  embodied  in  this  Final  Act  of  its  labors. 

ARTICLE  i. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  considers  that — 

It  is  highly  desirable  that  the  American  Republics  arrange  for  the 
appointment  of  delegates  for  joint  action  in  the  matter  of 
archaeological  exploration,  in  order  to  formulate  and  to 
propose  generally  acceptable  and  substantially  uniform  laws 
relating  to  the  survey,  exploration,  and  study  of  archaeo- 
logical remains  to  be  found  in  the  Republics,  and  to  secure 
the  enactment  of  laws  which  will  effectively  safeguard  these 
remains  from  wanton  destruction  or  exploitation  and  which 
will  serve  to  aid  and  to  stimulate  properly  organized  and 
accredited  research  in  archaeology. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.     27 

ARTICLE  2. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  requests — 

The  Government  of  the  United  States  to  bring  to  the  attention  of  the 
Governments  of  the  American  Republics  participating  in  the 
Congress  and,  through  their  respective  Governments,  to  the 
institutions  and  the  public  thereof,  the  importance  of  pro- 
moting research  in  the  field  of  archaeology,  organized  sur- 
veys for  the  study  of  primitive  tribes,  and  the  building  of 
national  educational  museums  for  the  preservation  of  the 
data  and  materials  collected. 

ARTICLE  3. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that  the 
American  Republics  undertake  as  soon  as  practicable — 

(a)  Accurate  geodetic  measurements  which  may  serve  to  determine 
limits,  national  and  international,  and  to  contribute  to  the 
discovery  of  the  true  shape  of  our  planet; 

(6)  Magnetic  measurements  of  their  respective  areas,  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  several  permanent  magnetic  observatories  in 
which  it  may  be  possible  to  carry  on  during  long  periods  of 
time  observations  concerning  the  secular  variation  of  the 
magnetic  elements  of  the  earth; 

(c)  To  extend  their  gravimetric  measures,  obtained  by  means  of 
the  pendulum,  to  those  regions  where  such  measurements 
have  not  been  undertaken,  in  order  to  obtain  more  informa- 
tion to  determine  the  true  shape  of  the  surface  and  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  terrestrial  mass. 

ARTICLE  4. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

The  Nations  of  the  American  Continent  establish,  by  means  of  their 
ofiices  of  geodesy  or  by  committees  appointed  for  that  pur- 
pose, an  international  triangulation; 

The  Governments  of  the  American  Nations  reach  an  agreement  for 
the  purpose  of  creating  an  office  or  congress  of  cartography 
and  geography. 


28      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ARTICLE  5. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

Proper  steps  and  measures  be  taken  to  bring  about  in  the  American 
Republics  a  general  use  of  the  metric  system  of  weights  and 
measures,  in  the  press,  magazines,  newspapers,  and  periodicals, 
in  educational  and  scientific  work,  in  the  industries,  in  com- 
merce, in  transportation,  and  in  all  the  activities  of  the  differ- 
ent Governments. 

ARTICLE  6. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress — 

Confirms  the  resolution  recommended  to  the  American  Republics  by 
the  First  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  regarding  the 
installation  of  meteorological  organizations  to  serve  as  a  basis 
for  the  establishment  of  a  Pan  American  meteorological  serv- 
ice, and  expresses  the  desire  that  the  Republics  not  yet  pos- 
sessing organized  meteorological  services  establish  such  as 
soon  as  may  be  practicable. 

ARTICLE  7. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

There  be  appointed  an  international  Pan  American  committee  to 
study  and  report  upon  the  question  of  establishing  such  a 
uniform  railway  gauge  as  will  best  serve  the  countries'  inter- 
est, their  international  communication,  and  the  communica- 
tion between  all  the  countries  of  America. 

ARTICLE  8. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends — 

The  appointment  of  an  American  committee  on  radio  communica- 
tion to  assist  in  the  development  of  the  science  and  art  of 
radio  communication,  to  the  end  that  it  may  serve  to  convey 
intelligence  over  long  distances  and  between  ships  at  sea  more 
quickly  and  accurately,  and  to  bring  into  closer  contact  all 
of  the  American  Republics. 

ARTICLE  9. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

A  cooperative  study  of  forest  conditions  and  of  forest  utilization  be 
undertaken  by  governmental  agencies  of  the  American  Repub- 
lics and  that  data  thereon  be  published. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       29 

ARTICLE  10. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

Each  of  the  American  Republics  appoint  a  commission  to  investi- 
gate and  study  in  their  respective  countries  the  existing  laws 
and  regulations  affecting — 

(a)  The  administrative  practice  of  regulating  the  use  of 

water; 

(6)  The  adjudication  of  rights  pertaining  to .  the  use  of 
surface  and  underground  water  for  irrigation  pur- 
poses ; 

(c)  The  distribution,  application,  and  use  of  water  upon 

arid  and  irrigable  lands ; 

(d)  Methods  of  conservation  of  surface  and  underground 

waters  for  irrigation  or  industrial  purposes ; 

And  to  suggest  laws  or  regulations  in  the  interest  of  general  industry* 
navigation,  and  commerce. 

ARTICLE  ii. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  suggests  that — 

The  question  of  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands  is  one  that  should 
receive  immediate  and  careful  consideration  of  the  Govern- 
ments of  the  American  Republics,  to  the  end  that  there  may 
be  increased  areas  of  productive  lands  to  meet  the  needs  of 
their  increasing  populations. 

ARTICLE  12. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

(a)  Each  country  should  maintain  a  well-organized  and  competent 
live-stock  sanitary  service  comprising  executive  officers, 
field  inspectors,  and  a  laboratory  force; 

(6)  Each  country  should  enforce  live-stock  sanitary  laws  and  regu- 
lations with  the  view  of  preventing  the  exportation,  importa- 
tion, and  spread  within  the  country  of  any  infectious,  conta- 
gious, or  communicable  animal  disease  by  means  of  animals, 
animal  products,  ships,  cars,  forage,  etc. ; 

(c)  Each  country  should  maintain  a  thorough  live-stock  sanitary 
survey  to  determine  what  communicable  diseases  of  animals 
are  present  and  the  localities  where  they  exist.  This  infor- 
mation should  be  furnished  regularly  to  each  of  the  other 
countries  at  stated  periods  as  a  matter  of  routine; 


30      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

(d)  Each  country  should  refrain  from  exporting  animals,  animal 

products,  forage,  and  similar  materials  which  are  capable  of 
conveying  infectious,  contagious,  or  communicable  animal 
diseases  to  the  receiving  country; 

(e)  Each  country  should  enforce  measures  to  prohibit  the  importa- 

tion of  animals,  animal  products,  forage,  and  other  materials 
which  may  convey  diseases  from  countries  where  dangerous 
communicable  diseases,  such  as  rinderpest,  foot-and-mouth 
disease,  and  contagious  pleuropneumonia  exist,  and  which 
have  no  competent  live-stock  sanitary  service.  Animals,  ani- 
mal products,  forage,  and  similar  materials  from  countries 
maintaining  a  competent  live-stock  sanitary  service  may  be 
admitted  under  proper  restrictions,  regulations,  and  inspec- 
tion, imposed  by  the  importing  country; 

(/)  Each  country,  through  its  live-stock  sanitary  service,  should 
endeavor  to  control,  and,  if  possible,  eradicate  the  communi- 
cable animal  diseases  existing  therein.  There  should  be  an 
exchange  of  information  as  to  the  methods  followed  which 
have  proved  most  successful  in  combating  animal  diseases ; 

(g)  Members  of  the  live-stock  sanitary  service  of  the  American  Re- 
publics should  meet  at  regular  intervals  to  consult  and  inform 
each  other  regarding  the  measures  taken  for  furthering  coop- 
eration in  protecting  the  live-stock  industry  of  the  American 
countries. 

ARTICLE  13. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  suggests  that — 

An  American  Plant  Protection  Congress  be  convened  as  soon  as  prac- 
ticable, composed  of  one  or  more  technical  experts  from  each 
of  the  American  Republics,  in  order — 

(1)  To  discuss  suitable  legislation; 

(2)  To  provide  the  means  of  establishing  competent 

scientific  bureaus; 

(3)  To  recommend  such  cooperative  research  work  and 

control  of  plant  introduction  as  may  be  advisable; 
and 

(4)  To  make  all  reasonable  effort  to  secure  appropriate 

action  by  the  American  Republics. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       31 

ARTICLE  14. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends — 

The  distribution  of  information  regarding  the  agricultural  produc- 
tion of  the  American  Republics  and  of  the  publications  relating 
thereto. 

ARTICLE  15. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  believes  it  to  be  important 

that— 

The  achievements  and  influence  of  the  founders  of  the  independence 
of  the  American  Republics  be  made  known  to  the  peoples 
thereof,  and  that  the  important  details  of  the  lives  of  the 
liberators  and  statesmen  of  the  continent  be  included  in 
courses  of  study  in  schools  of  the  American  Republics. 

ARTICLE  16. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

There  be  established  in  the  universities  of  the  United  States  chairs 
of  the  history,  development,  and  ideals  of  the  Latin- American 
peoples,  and  in  the  universities  of  Latin  America  chairs  of  the 
history,  development,  and  ideals  of  the  people  of  the  United 
States. 

ARTICLE  17. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  urgently  recommends  that — 
Spanish  be  taught  more  generally  in  the  schools,  colleges,  and  uni- 
versities of  the  United  States  and  that  English  be  taught  more 
generally  in  the  educational  institutions  of  the  Latin-American 
Republics,  and  that  both  languages  be  taught  from  the  point 
of  view  of  American  life,  literature,  history,  and  social  insti- 
tutions. 

ARTICLE  18. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

The  study  of  sociology  in  American  universities  where  it  is  not  at 
present  taught  be  inaugurated. 

ARTICLE  19. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  petitions — 

The  Governments  of  the  American  Republics  to  further  the  inter- 
change of  educators  of  all  grades,  and  of  students  of  university, 
normal,  and  technical  training,  and  to  encourage  both  to  make 
visits  of  instruction  to  other  American  countries. 


32    FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ARTICLE  20. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  suggests  that — 

The  presidents  of  the  leading  architectural  societies  of  this  hemisphere 
shall  be  requested  to  communicate  with  one  another  for  the 
purpose  of  forming  a  Pan  American  federation  of  architec- 
tural societies. 

Such  federation  should  hold  conferences  in  different  countries  at 
stated  periods. 

ARTICLE  21. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

There  be  published  a  series  of  volumes  entitled  the  "Pan  American 
Library,"  with  the  object  of  popularizing,  in  the  several  lan- 
guages spoken  on  the  continent,  the  best  scientific,  literary, 
and  artistic  works  of  American  authors. 

ARTICLE  22. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  confirming  the  resolution 
adopted  at  the  First  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  of  1908-9, 
recommends  the  organization  in  connection  with  the  Pan  American 
Union  of  a  department  of  education,  which  shall — 
(a)  Be   entrusted   with   the   publication,   in   Spanish,    Portuguese, 
French,  and  English,  of  such  works  on  education  as  are  of 
importance  to  the  American  countries; 
(6)  Keep  the  different  Republics  in  touch  with  educational  progress; 

(c)  Promote  in  each .  country  the  scientific  study  of  educational 

problems  from  both  national  and  American  standpoints; 

(d)  Facilitate  the  interchange  of  ideas  and  information  among  the 

teachers  of  the  continent,  and  in  general  serve  the  educational 
interests  of  the  Americas. 

ARTICLE  23. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends,  in  order  to 
increase  the  study  of  international  law,  to  popularize  its  just 
principles,  and  to  secure  its  observance  and  application  in  the 
mutual  relations  of  the  Americas,  that  steps  be  taken  to  im- 
prove and  to  enlarge  library  and  reference  facilities — 
(a)  By  preparing  and  publishing  a  bibliography  of  international  law 
and  related  subjects,  furnishing  the  names  of  publishers  and 
prices,  so  far  as  these  are  obtainable,  with  special  reference 
to  the  needs  of  poorly  endowed  libraries; 


FINAI,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      33 

(b)  By  preparing  and  publishing  a  carefully  prepared  index  or  digest 

of  the  various  heads  and  subheads  of  international  law,  with 
references  to  standard  sources  of  authority  under  each  head 
and  subhead  thereof; 

(c)  By  collecting  with  the  aid,  wherever  possible,  of  ministries  of  for 

eign  affairs  and  publishing  from  official  copies  thus  secured, 
in  cheap  and  convenient  form,  all  official  documents,  both 
foreign  and  domestic,  bearing  upon  international  law,  includ- 
ing therein  treaties,  information  relating  to  arbitration,  an- 
nouncements of  national  policy,  and  diplomatic  correspondence ; 

(d)  By  issuing  in  the  form  of  law  reports  judgments  of  national 

courts  involving  questions  of  international  law,  the  sentences 
of  arbitral  tribunals,  and  the  awards  of  mixed  commissions. 

ARTICLE  24. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  is  of  the  firm  conviction 
that,  as  the  idea  of  direct  government  by  the  people  grows, 
it  becomes  increasingly  essential  to  the  well-being  of  the  world 
that  the  leaders  of  opinion  in  each  community  be  familiar 
with  the  duties  and  obligations  as  well  as  with  the  rights  of 
States,  as  recognized  in  international  law,  and  that  it  has 
become  a  patriotic  duty  resting  upon  our  educational  insti- 
tutions to  give  as  thorough  and  as  extensive  courses  as  possi- 
ble in  international  law  and  related  subjects.  The  Congress 
therefore  recommends — 
I.  That  steps  be  taken  to  extend  the  study  of  the  subject — 

(a)  By  increasing  the  number  of  schools  and  institutions 
in  which  international  law  and  related  subjects 
are  taught; 
(6)  By  increasing  the  number  of  students  in  attendance 

upon  the  courses;  and 
(c)   By  diffusing  a  knowledge  of  its  principles  in  each 

American  Republic. 

II.  That  a  course  in  international  law,  where  possible,  should  con- 
sist of  systematic  instruction  during  at  least  a  full  academic 
year,  divided  between  international  law  and  diplomacy;  and 
III.  That  prominent  experts  in  international  law  and  diplomacy  be 
invited  from  time  to  time  to  lecture  upon  these  subjects  in 
the  institutions  of  learning  of  the  American  Republics. 
27750—16 3 


34    FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ARTICLE  25. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  in  order  to  place  instruc- 
tion in  international  law  upon  a  more  uniform  and  scientific 
basis,  recommends  that — 

(a)  In  the  teaching  of  international  law  emphasis  be  laid  upon  the 
positive  nature  of  the  subject  and  the  definiteness  of  the 
rules,  for  whether  the  teaching  of  international  law  be  re- 
garded as  of  value  as  a  disciplinary  subject  or  from  the  stand- 
point of  its  importance  in  giving  to  the  student  a  grasp  of 
the  rules  that  govern  the  relations  of  nations,  it  is  equally 
important  that  he  have  impressed  upon  his  mind  the  definite- 
ness  and  positive  character  of  the  rules  of  international  law; 
that  the  teaching  of  international  law  be  not  made  the  occa- 
sion for  a  universal  peace  propaganda;  that  the  interests  of 
the  students  in  and  their  enthusiasm  for  the  subject  can  best 
be  aroused  by  impressing  upon  them  the  evolutionary  charac- 
ter of  the  rules  of  international  law,  for  through  such  a  presen- 
tation of  the  subject  the  student  will  not  fail  to  see  that  the 
development  of  positive  rules  of  law  governing  the  relations 
of  States  has  contributed  toward  the  maintenance  of  peace. 

(6)  In  order  to  emphasize  the  positive  character  of  international 
law  the  widest  possible  use  be  made  of  cases  and  the  concrete 
facts  of  international  experience,  for  the  interest  of  students 
can  best  be  aroused  when  they  are  convinced  that  they  are 
dealing  with  such  concrete  facts,  and  that  the  marshaling  of 
such  facts  in  such  a  way  as  to  develop  or  illustrate  general 
principles  lends  dignity  to  the  subject,  which  can  not  help  but 
have  a  stimulating  influence ;  that  international  law  should  be 
constantly  illustrated  from  the  sources  recognized  as  ultimate 
authority,  such  as  cases  both  of  judicial  and  arbitral  deter- 
mination; treaties,  protocols,  acts,  and  declarations  of  epoch- 
making  congresses,  such  as  Westphalia  (1648),  Vienna  (1815). 
Paris  (1856),  The  Hague  (1899  and  1907),  and  London 
(1909);  diplomatic  incidents  ranking  as  precedents  for  action 
of  an  international  character;  and  the  great  classics  of  inter- 
national law. 

(c)  In  the  teaching  of  international  law  care  be  exercised  to  dis- 

tinguish the  accepted  rules  of  international  law  from  questions 
of  international  policy. 

(d)  In  a  general  course  on  international  law  the  experience  of  no 

one  country  be  allowed  to  assume  a  consequence  out  of  pro- 
portion to  the  strictly  international  principles  it  may  illus- 
trate. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.     35 

ARTICLE  26. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  in  order  still  further  to 
advance  the  cause  of  international  law  and  the  development 
of  international  justice,  recommends  that — 

A  major  in  international  law  in  a  university  course,  leading  to  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy,  be  followed  if  possible  by 
residence  at  The  Hague  in  attendance  upon  the  Academy  of 
International  Law,  installed  in  1914  in  the  Peace  Palace  in 
that  city;  and  that,  as  no  better  means  has  been  devised  for 
affording  a  just  appreciation  of  the  diverse  and  conflicting 
national  views  concerning  international  law  or  for  developing 
that  "international  mind"  which  is  so  essential  in  a  teacher 
of  that  subject,  as  many  fellowships  as  possible  should  be 
established  in  the  Academy  at  The  Hague  and  put  at  the 
disposition  of  advanced  students  of  international  law  in  the 
different  American  Republics. 

ARTICLE  27. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  expresses  the  opinion 

that— 

The  present  development  of  higher  education  in  the  American 
Republics  and  the  place  which  they  have  now  assumed  in  the 
affairs  of  the  society  of  nations  justify  and  demand  that  the 
study  of  the  science  and  historic  applications  of  international 
law  be  treated  on  a  plane  of  equality  with  other  subjects  in 
the  curriculum  of  colleges  and  universities,  and  that  pro- 
fessorships or  departments  devoted  to  its  study  be  estab- 
lished where  they  do  not  exist  in  every  institution  of  higher 
learning. 

ARTICLE  28. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  recognizing  the  growing 
importance  of  a  knowledge  of  international  law  to  all  persons 
who  intend  to  devote  themselves  to  the  administration  of 
justice,  and  who,  through  their  professional  occupation,  may 
contribute  largely  to  the  formation  of  public  opinion  and  who 
may  often  be  vested  with  the  highest  offices  in  the  State  and 
nation,  earnestly  requests  all  law  schools  which  now  offer  no 
instruction  in  international  law  to  add  to  their  curriculum  a 
thorough  course  in  that  subject. 


36    FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ARTICLE  29. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  regards  it  as  highly  desir- 
able, upon  the  initiative  of  institutions  where  instruction  in 
international  law  is  lacking,  to  take  steps  toward  providing 
such  instruction  by  visiting  professors  or  lecturers,  this  in- 
struction to  be  given  in  courses,  and  not  in  single  lectures, 
upon  substantive  principles,  not  upon  popular  questions  of 
momentary  interest,  and  in  a  scientific  spirit,  not  in  the 
interest  of  any  propaganda. 

ARTICLE  30. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends — 

The  establishment  and  encouragement  in  institutions  of  specialized 
courses  in  preparation  for  the  diplomatic  and  consular  serv- 
ices. 

ARTICLE  31. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  advises — 

That  the  study  of  international  law  be  required  in  specialized  courses 
in  preparation  for  business. 

ARTICLE  32. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  urges — 

That  in  the  study  and  teaching  of  international  law  in  American 
institutions  of  learning  special  stress  be  laid  upon  problems 
affecting  the  American  Republics  and  upon  doctrines  of 
American  origin. 

ARTICLE  33. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  extends  to  the  American 
Institute  of  International  Law  a  cordial  welcome  into  the 
circles  of  scientific  organizations  of  Pan  America,  and  records 
a  sincere  wish  for  its  successful  career  and  the  achievement 
of  the  highest  aims  of  its  important  labors. 

ARTICLE  34. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  to  all  edu- 
cational establishments  of  America  the  special  study  of  the 
constitutions,  laws,  and  institutions  of  the  Republics  of  this 
continent. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.     37 

ARTICLE  35. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  to  the  various 
universities  of  the  American  Republics  that  a  comparative 
study  of  judicial  institutions  be  undertaken  in  order — 

(a)  To  create  special  interest  therein  in  the  several  countries  of  the 
continent ; 

(6)  To  facilitate  the  knowledge  and  solution  of  problems  of  private 
international  law  in  the  American  countries;  and 

(c)  To  bring  about  as  far  as  possible  uniformity  in  jurisprudence  and 
legislation. 

ARTICLE  36. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  in  order  to  broaden  the 
outlook  and  to  bring  into  closer  contact  the  members  of  the 
legal  profession,  urges  that  the  bar  association  exchange 
among  themselves — 

(a)  Law  books  and  publications  affecting  the  legal  profession  and 
the  practice  of  law; 

(6)  New  codes  of  law  and  rules  of  procedure  as  they  are  hereafter 
published. 

ARTICLE  37. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

(a)  A  compilation  be  made,  according  to  a  definite  plan,  of  the  min- 
ing laws  of  the  American  Republics,  not  only  in  their  original 
languages  but  also  in  Spanish,  Portuguese,  French,  and  Eng- 
lish translations,  as  the  case  may  be,  with  a  view  to  the 
reciprocal  improvement  of  the  laws  of  each  of  the  American 
Republics; 

(6)  The  several  American  Governments  appoint  a  committee  to 
consider  the  uniformity  of  mining  statistics  and  to  make 
recommendations  to  their  respective  Governments  in  order 
to  systematize,  simplify,  and  standardize  such  statistics. 

ARTICLE  38. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  suggests  that — 

It  is  desirable  to  establish  institutions  for  the  study  of  drugs  and 
other  economic  plants  at  their  place  of  origin. 


38      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ARTICLE  39. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  recognizing  that  the  edu- 
cation of  the  public  in  the  elementary  facts  of  malaria  is  of 
the  utmost  importance,  requests  that — 

The  American  Republics  inaugurate  a  well-considered  plan  of  ma- 
laria eradication,  based  upon  the  recognition  of  the  principle 
that  the  disease  is  preventable  to  a  much  larger  degree  than 
has  thus  far  been  achieved. 

ARTICLE  40. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  urges  that — 

The  American  Republics  in  which  yellow  fever  prevails  or  is  sus- 
pected of  prevailing  enact  such  laws  for  its  eradication  as 
will  best  accomplish  that  result; 

Inasmuch  as  yellow  fever  exists  in  some  of  the  European  colonies 
in  America,  they  be  invited  to  adopt  measures  for  its  elimina- 
tion. 

ARTICLE  41. 

The  Second'Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

Such  of  the  American  Republics  as  have  not  already  done  so  should 
justify  the  international  conventions  concerning  the  white- 
slave  trade. 

ARTICLE  42. 

The  Second'Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that — 

There  be  established  throughout  the  American  Republics  uniform 
methods  in  the  presentation  of  statistics,  in  the  classification 
of  merchandise  and  in  the  manufacture  thereof,  in  the  stand- 
ard of  weights,  measurements,  and  tests,  in  nomenclature  and 
specifications,  in  administrative  customs  regulations,  and  in 
the  schedules  of  port  charges; 

Provision  be  made  for  the  collection  and  study  of  the  data  thus 
made  available,  through  some  organization  which  will  assure 
a  thorough  and  scientific  comparative  study  of  the  questions 
involved. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.     39 

ARTICLE  43. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  deems  it  advisable  that — 

The  American  Republics  agree  upon  a  uniform  date  for  the  taking 

of  the  census,  and  that  uniform  methods  be  adopted  in  the 

collection,  arrangement,  and  presentation  of  commercial  and 

demographic  statistics. 

ARTICLE  44. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  is  of  the  opinion  that — 

It  is  highly  desirable  to  make  a  scientific  study  of  the  systems  of 
.  taxation  existing  in  the  different  American  Republics. 

ARTICLE  45. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  urges  that — 

The  American  Governments,  deriving  important  revenues  from  the 
consumption  of  alcohol,  organize  their  systems  of  taxation  in 
such  manner  that  their  economic  interests  be  subordinated  to 
the  higher  interests  of  a  social  and  moral  order,  which  tend 
to  the  suppression  of  alcoholism. 

ARTICLE  46. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  deems  it  desirable — 

That  the  monetary  systems  of  the  American  Republics  be  subjected 
to  careful  scientific  study,  with  a  view  to  making  the  experi- 
ence of  each  available  to  all. 

ARTICLE  47. 

The^Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  especially  and  earnestly 
recommends,  in  order  to  unite  the  various  technical,  medical, 
legal,  and  other  scientific  associations  of  the  American 
Republics — 

The  establishment  of  a  Pan  American  Intellectual  Union,  to  be 
divided  into  such  groups  and  sections  as  may  be  deemed 
convenient  or  advisable,  the  details  whereof  are  contained 
in  the  records  of  the  Congress  and  in  the  form  of  four  propo- 
sitions devoted  to  the  proposed  Union,  which  may,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Congress,  be  carried  into  effect  either  through 
the  instrumentality  of  the  Pan  American  Union  or  by  means 


40      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS 

of  some  other  existing  agency  or  institution  to  be  created,  in 
the  confident  belief  that  the  establishment  of  such  a  Union 
will  lay  broad  and  deep  the  true  foundations  of  intellectual 
Pan  Americanism. 

ARTICLE  48. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  upon  the  motion  of  the 

delegation  of  Chile,  unanimously  resolves  that — 
The  Third  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  shall  meet  in  the  city 
of  Lima  in  connection  with  the  celebration  of  the  anniversary 
of  the  independence  of  Peru,  in  1921,  and  appoints  for  that 
purpose  the  following  gentlemen :  Dr.  JAVIER  PRADO  Y  UGAR- 
TECHE,  rector  of  the  University  of  San  Marcos,  Lima;  Dr. 
MANUEL  VICENTE  VILLARAN,  Lima;  and  Dr.  ALEJANDRO 
DEUSTUA,  Lima,  to  constitute  the  Committee  for  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Third  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress. 

ARTICLE  49. 

Finally,  the  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  requests — 

The  Government  of  the  United  States  to  transmit  the  foregoing 
resolutions  and  recommendations  contained  in  the  Final  Act 
to  the  Governments  of  the  American  Republics  participating 
in  the  Congress,  and  suggests  that  any  Government  thereof 
specially  interested  in  one  or  other  of  the  resolutions  or 
recommendations  take  the  initiative  to  carry  the  same  into 
effect. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      41 

IN  FAITH  WHEREOF,  The  undersigned  official  delegates,  duly  authorized 
by  their  respective  Governments,  have  hereunto  affixed  their  hands  and 
seals  in  the  city  of  Washington,  in  the  United  States  of  America,  on  the 
eighth  day  of  January  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  nine  hundred 
and  sixteen. 

For  the  Congress:  EDUARDO  SUAREZ  MUJICA,  President. 

JOHN  BARRETT,  Secretary  ^General. 
JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  Reporter  General. 

For  Argentina :  ERNESTO  QUESADA. 

For  Brazil:  DOMICIO  DA  GAMA. 

For  Chile:  JULIO  PHILIPPI. 

For  Colombia:  ROBERTO  ANCIZAR. 

For  Costa  Rica:  EDUARDO  J.  PINTO. 

For  Cuba:  CARLOS  MANUEL  DE  CIJSPEDES. 

For     the  Dominican     Re- 
public: A.  P£REZ  PERDOMO. 

For  Ecuador:  GONZALO  S.  CORDOVA. 

For  Guatemala :  JOAQUIN  M^NDEZ. 

For  Haiti:  CHARLES  MATRON. 

For  Honduras:  CARLOS  ALBERTO  UCL£S. 

For  Mexico:  M.  GAMIO. 

For  Nicaragua:  D.  RIVAS. 

For  Panama:  EUSEBIO  MORALES. 

For  Paraguay:  EUSEBIO  AY  ALA. 

For  Peru:  F.  A.  PEZET. 

For  Salvador:  R.  ZALDIVAR. 

For  the  United   States  of 

America:  GEORGE  GRAY. 

For  Uruguay :  CARLOS  M.  DE  PENA. 

For  Venezuela :  SANTOS  A.  DOMINICI. 


GENERAL  REPORT 

UPON  THE 

FINAL  ACT. 


Prepared  by  Mr.  JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  Reporter  General,  in  behalf  and  In  the  name  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress. 


The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Congress  was  composed  of  the  following:  His  Excellency  Sr.  EDUARDO 
SUAREZ  MUJICA.  President;  JOHN  BARRETT,  Secretary  General;  JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  Reporter  Gen- 
eral; GLEN  LEVIN  SWIGGETT,  Assistan^Secretary  General;  HENRY  RALPH  RINGS,  Recording  Sec- 
retary; Argentina,  ERNESTO  QUESADA;  Bolivia,  ALBERTO  GUTIERREZ;  Brazil,  DOMICIO  DA  GAMA; 
Chile,  JULIO  PHILIPPI;  Colombia.  CARLOS  CUERVO  MARQUEZ;  Costa  Rica,  EDUARDO  J.  PINTO;  Cuba, 
CARLOS  MANUEL  DE  CESPEDES;  Dominican  Republic,  CARLOS  ARMANDO  PERDOMO;  Ecuador,  VICTOR 
MANUEL  PENAHERRERA;  Guatemala,  JOAQUiN^MENDEz;  Haiti,  CHARLES  MATHON;  Honduras^ 
CARLOS  ALBERTO  UCLES;  Mexico,  MANUEL  GAMIO;  Nicaragua,  DAMASO  RIVAS;  Panama,  EUSEBIO 
MORALES;  Paraguay,  EUSEBIO  AYALA;  Peru,  ALEJANDRO  DEUSTUA;  Salvador,  RAFAEL  ZALDIVAR; 
United  States  of  America,  GEORGE  GRAY:  Uruguay,  CARLOS  MARIA  DE  PENA;  Venezuela,  JOSE  L. 
ANDARA. 


Pursuant  to  a  recommendation  of  the  First  Pan  American  Scientific 
Congress,  which  met  at  Santiago,  Chile,  December  25,  iQoS-January  5, 
1909,  that  the  next  Congress  should  be  held  in  the  United  States,  the 
Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  convened  in  the  city  of  Wash- 
ington on  the  27th  day  of  December,  1915,  and  remained  in  session  until 
the  8th  day  of  January,  1916,  when  it  adjourned  after  having  completed 
its  arduous  and  its  valuable  labors.1 

It  would  seem  from  the  name  that  the  Second  Congress  had  had  but 
one  predecessor,  but  this,  while  technically  true,  is  not  the  case  in  point 
of  fact.  And  yet  in  a  certain  sense  it  may  be  called  the  first,  because 
its  immediate  predecessor,  which  met  in  Chile,  was  in  the  nature  of  an 
experiment,  which  succeeded  so  admirably  that  another  Congress,  which 
it  is  hoped  will  be  a  link  in  an  endless  chain,  was  determined  upon  to 
meet  in  the  Capital  of  the  United  States. 

The  Congress  that  met  at  Santiago  was  not  the  first  scientific  body  in 
which  the  republics  to  the  south  of  the  United  States  were  represented. 
It  was,  however,  the  first  in  which  the  United  States  was  asked  to  par- 
ticipate. One  had  met  in  Buenos  Aires  in  1898,  a  second  at  Montevideo 
in  1901,  and  a  third  four  years  later  at  Rio  de  Janeiro.  But  the  United 

1  See  Appendix  III,  p.  163. 

43 


44      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

States,  its  institutions  of  learning,  its  scientific  associations,  its  scientists, 
were  not  invited.  This  does  not  mean,  in  any  sense  of  the  word,  that  the 
United  "States  was  overlooked;  its  omission  was  due  rather  to  the  fact 
that  the  Congresses  above  mentioned  were  meetings  of  Latin  American 
scholars;  that  they  were  in  the  nature  of  experiments,  and  that  the 
United  States  was  not  officially  invited  to  participate  until  it  was.  seen 
whether  the  experiments  were  likely  to  prove  successful.  The  experience, 
however,  already  had  with  the  three  Latin  American  Congresses  convinced 
the  authorities  of  the  participating  Republics  of  the  usefulness  and  of  the 
importance  of  such  gatherings  to  the  American  continent.  The  United 
States  was  therefore  invited  to  attend  the  Congress  in  Chile  and  the  Gov- 
ernment thereof  gladly  accepted  the  invitation. 

The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  which  met  at  Wash- 
ington on  the  27th  of  December,  1915,  and  adjourned  on  the  8th  of 
January,  1916,  was  an  official  as  well  as  an  unofficial  body.  From  the 
official  standpoint  it  was  a  conference  called  by  the  Government  of  the 
United  States,  and  in  which  each  of  the  twenty-one  American  Republics 
was  represented  by  delegates  of  its  own  selection.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  Final  Act  resulting  from  the  labors  of  the  Congress  was  signed 
only  by  duly  authorized  official  delegates,  as  it  was  only  the  'latter 
who  represented  and  therefore  could  bind  their  Governments  by  their 
signatures.  The  delegates,  however,  selected  by  the  Governments  were 
chosen  with  a  view  to  their  fitness  to  participate  in  a  scientific  conference, 
and  they  therefore  represented,  at  one  and  the  same  time,  not  merely 
their  individual  Governments  but  the  broader  domain  of  science. 

The  leading  universities,  institutions,  associations,  societies,  and  scien- 
tific bodies  of  all  the  Americas  were  asked  to  participate  and  many  of 
them  sent  distinguished  representatives  to  take  part  in  the  proceedings 
of  the  Congress ; *  private  persons  of  distinction  in  the  Americas  were  also 
invited,  with  the  approval  of  their  respective  Governments;  and,  finally, 
some  Americans  prominent  in  the  field  of  science  were  invited  to  be 
honorary  members  of  the  Congress.2 

What  was  the  purpose  of  this  Congress,  that  Governments  and  insti- 
tutions should  be  asked  to  send  delegates  and  that  men  of  light  and  learn- 
ing should  leave  their  homes  in  order  to  spend  a  day,  as  it  were,  in  the 
city  of  Washington  ?  The  preamble  states  the  purpose  to  be  to  bring — 

into  close  and  intimate  contact  the  leaders  of  scientific  thought  and  of 
public  opinion  in  the  American  Republics,  to  the  end  that  by  an  exchange 
of  views  results  might  be  reached  of  service  to  the  peoples  of  the  American 
Continent  and  that  by  personal  intercourse  foundations  would  be  laid  for 
friendly  and  harmonious  cooperation  in  the  future. 

1  See  Appendix  V,  p.  293.  *  See  Appendix  VII.  p.  331. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      45 

The  desire,  it  would  seem,  was  not  merely  to  have  official  and  other 
representatives  meet  and  read  papers  to  their  mutual  delight  and  edifica- 
tion, although  the  discussion  of  the  topics  contained  in  the  program  by 
persons  of  admitted  authority  and  competence  in  the  matters  discussed 
would  no  doubt  have  justified  the  conference.  The  indirect  results,  or 
what  may  be  called  the  by-products  of  a  Congress,  are  something  more 
than  the  advancement  of  knowledge,  for  by  an  exchange  of  views  its 
members  are  brought  into  close  and  intimate  contact  and  learn  to  respect 
their  associates  as  they  never  would  have  learned  to  respect  them  had 
they  not  come  together  in  a  Congress;  and  as  a  result  of  this  contact 
and  personal  intercourse  foundations  are  laid  for  friendly  and  harmo- 
nious cooperation.  The  preamble  further  states  the  aims  and  purposes 
of  the  Congress  to  be — 

to  increase  the  knowledge  of  things  American,  to  disseminate  and  to  make 
the  culture  of  each  American  country  the  heritage  of  all  American  Repub- 
lics, to  further  the  advancement  of  science  by  disinterested  cooperation,  to 
promote  industry,  inter-American  trade  and  commerce,  and  to  devise  the 
ways  and  means  of  mutual  helpfulness  in  these  and  in  other  respects. 

Therefore,  laying  aside  the  direct  scientific  and  practical  results  of  the 
Congress — and  they  are  valuable  in  themselves  and  are  destined  to  render 
services  of  no  mean  order  to  the  Americas  as  a  whole — the  mere  meet- 
ing of  this  Congress  will  be  not  only  of  inestimable  advantage  to  the 
succeeding  Congress  but  it  will  also  be  a  genuine  service  to  the  peoples 
of  the  different  countries,  by  strengthening  friendly  feelings  where  they 
exist  and  by  creating  them  where  they  do  not  exist;  by  laying  the  founda- 
tions of  good  understanding  and  by  inspiring  a  willingness  and  inducing 
a  desire  to  cooperate  in  advancing  not  merely  science  but  the  good  rela- 
tions of  their  respective  countries. 

Passing  now  to  the  organization  of  the  Congress,  it  should  be  said  that 
it  was  in  charge  of  an  Executive  Committee  of  twelve  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  of  which  the  nucleus  was  appointed  by  the  First  Congress 
at  Santiago  and  enlarged  by  members  selected  by  the  nucleus.     The 
original  members  of  this  committee  were : 
LEo  S.  ROWE. 
The  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  the  American  Republics  (Pan 

American  Union). 
The  Commissioner  of  Education  of  the  United  States. 

WlIvUAM    H.  HOLMES. 

GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL. 


46      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

As  finally  made  up,  the  committee  was  composed  of  the  following 
gentlemen : 

WILLIAM  PHILLIPS,  Third  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  Chair- 
man. 
JAMES   BROWN   SCOTT,    Secretary,    Carnegie   Endowment   for 

International  Peace,  Vice  Chairman. 
WILLIAM  H.  WELCH,  President,  National  Academy  of  Science, 

Honorary  Vice  Chairman. 

JOHN  BARRETT,  Director  General,  Pan  American  Union. 
W.  H.  BIXBY,  Brigadier  General,  United  States  Army,  retired. 
PHILANDER  P.  CLAXTON,  Commissioner  of  Education. 
WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS,  Surgeon  General,  United  States  Army. 
WILLIAM  H.  HOLMES,  Head  Curator,  Smithsonian  Institution. 
HENNEN  JENNINGS,  Former  President,  London  Institution  of 

Mining  and  Metallurgy. 
GEORGE    M.    ROMMEL,    Chief,    Animal    Husbandry    Division, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture. 
LEO  S.  ROWE,  President,  American  Academy  of  Political  and 

Social  Science. 
ROBERT   S.    WOODWARD,    President,    Carnegie   Institution   of 

Washington. 
Executive  officers: 

JOHN  BARRETT,  Secretary  General. 

GLEN  LEVIN  SWIGGETT,  Assistant  Secretary  General. 

The  members  of  the  committee,  thus  enlarged,  drew  up  articles  of 
organization  and  rules l  based  upon  the  experience  of  the  First  Congress 
held  at  Santiago  and,-  it  is  believed,  in  general  conformity  with  their 
letter  and  spirit.  According  to  Article  2  thereof — 

the  organization  and  procedure  of  the  Second  Congress  shall  be  in  charge  of  an  Execu- 
tive Committee,  composed  of,  first,  members  appointed  by  the  First  Congress  at  San- 
tiago; second,  of  members  elected  by  the  said  committee. 

By  the  third  article  the  Executive  Committee  was  authorized  to 
nominate  the  officers  of  the  Congress,  and  by  the  fifth  article  the  duties 
of  the  committee  were  thus  defined : 

1.  To  arrange  for  the  Second  Congress  and  participation  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  the  universities,  and  other  scientific,  national 
and  foreign  corporations. 

2.  To  take  steps  to  secure  the  appointment  of  committees  at  the  capitals 
of  the  American  States  by  the  participating  governments,  the  duties  of 

1  See  Appendix  I,  p.  155. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      47 

which  committees  shall  be  to  cooperate  in  the  preparations  for  the  Congress; l 
to  prepare  lists  of  the  persons  to  be  invited  to  participate  in  its  proceedings; 
to  procure  an  adequate  representation  from  the  several  countries,  and  to 
suggest  such  questions  as,  because  of  their  evident  American  interest, 
should  be  submitted  to  the  Congress.2 

3.  To  prepare  a  list  of  members  of  the  Congress  in  conformity  with  the 
provisions  of  Article  9. 

It  is  of  course  to  be  understood  that  the  Executive  Committee  was 
charged  with  the  duty  to  arrange  the  preliminaries  of  the  Congress,  and 
that  when  the  Congress  met  and  elected  its  officers  this  committee  as 
such  ceased  to  act  unless  requested  to  do  so  by  the  Congress.  That  is  to 
say,  the  Executive,  hereafter  called  the  Preparatory  Committee,  pre- 
pared the  Congress  and  turned  it  over  to  its  officers. 

But  the  function  of  the  Preparatory  Committee  was  twofold,  namely, 
to  arrange  for  the  Congress  and,  after  its  adjournment,  to  take  such 
final  measures  as  were  necessary  to  publish  the  proceedings  and  other- 
wise to  complete  its  labors.  This  was  in  accordance  with  precedent  and 
was  thus  stated  in  Article  6  of  the  Regulations : 

After  the  election  of  the  officers  of  the  Congress,  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee shall  act  under  their  direction,  but  shall  assume  its  original  functions 
after  the  adjournment  of  the  Congress.  It  shall  then  have  charge  of  the 
publication  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Congress. 

Upon  the  completion  of  the  organization  of  the  Congress,  His  Excel- 
lency, Sr.  EDUARDO  SUAREZ  MUJICA,  Chilean  Ambassador,  was 
chosen  President  of  the  Congress,  as  the  ambassador  or  minister  of  the 
country  in  which  the  preceding  Congress  was  held,  accredited  to  the 
country  in  which  the  new  Congress  is  to  meet,  becomes  the  President  of 
the  Congress.  JOHN  BARRETT,  Director  General  of  the  Pan  American 
Union,  was  chosen  Secretary  General;  JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  Reporter 
General ;  and  GLEN  LEVIN  SWIGGETT,  Professor,  University  of  Tennessee, 
Assistant  Secretary  General. 

It  was  deemed  advisable  to  appoint  an  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Congress  consisting  of  the  chairmen  of  the  official  delegations  of  the 
twenty-one  American  Republics,  and  in  order  that  the  new  Executive 
Committee  thus  composed  should  be  kept  in  touch  with  the  Preparatory 
Committee  it  was  decided  that  one  of  its  members  should  be  elected  to 
the  Executive  Committee,  with  the  understanding,  however,  that  the 
United  States  should  have  but  one  vote  therein.  Mr.  James  Brown 
Scott  was  accordingly  selected  as  the  representative  of  the  Preparatory 
Committee  by  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Congress.  The  program 

1  See  Appendix  VI,  pp.  309,  323.  s  See  Appendix  II,  p.  159. 


48      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

of  the  Congress  was  drafted  by  the  Preparatory  Committee  and  divided 
into  sections  in  accordance  with  Article  7  of  the  Regulations. 

It  was  foreseen  that  the  sections  would  need  to  be  divided  into  sub- 
sections, and  as  a  matter  of  fact  they  were  so  divided  in  order  that 
related  subjects  forming  groups  should  be  treated  together  before  the 
recommendations  of  any  subsections  were  presented  to  the  section, 
which  either  approved  them,  in  which  case  it  transmitted  them  to  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Congress  for  such  action  as  this  committee 
might  take,  or  disapproved  them,  in  which  case  they  were  not  so  trans- 
mitted. 

The  Preparatory  Committee  had  to  determine  the  question  of  mem- 
bership in  the  Congress  and  in  this  regard  the  procedure  of  the  First 
Congress  was  likewise  followed.  Article  9  of  the  rules  divided  the 
delegates  into  five  classes,  the  first  of  which  consisted  of  the  official 
delegates  of  the  countries  represented,  the  second  of  the  representatives 
of  leading  universities,  institutions,  associations,  societies,  and  scientific 
bodies  of  the  different  countries,  and  the  third  of  such  persons  who  fell 
within  neither  of  the  above  classes,  but  who  by  reason  of  their  promi- 
nence in  the  field  of  science  were  invited  by  the  Executive  Committee 
to  participate  in  the  proceedings  of  the  Congress  with  the  approval  of 
the  countries  represented.  In  addition  there  were  two  other  classes 
made  up  respectively  of  the  members  of  committees  officially  appointed 
and  of  the  writers  of  papers. 

It  has  been  stated  that  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Congress,  as 
distinct  from  the  Preparatory  Committee,  was  appointed,  consisting 
of  the  chairman  of  each  official  delegation  or  other  member  recom- 
mended by  the  chairman,  to  which  body  the  proposed  resolutions  and 
recommendations  of  the  different  sections  were  to  be  referred  for  approval, 
modification,  or  disapproval.  The  Congress  felt  the  necessity  of  having 
the  various  resolutions  and  recommendations  passed  upon  by  a  body 
possessing  its  confidence,  which  the  chairmen  of  the  different  delegations 
possessed  in  the  highest  degree.  The  members  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, with  the  addition  of  His  Excellency  Sr.  EDUARDO  SUAREZ 
MUJICA,  President  of  the  Congress,  JOHN  BARRETT,  Secretary  General, 
JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  Reporter  General,  GLEN  LEVIN  SWIGGETT,  Assist- 
ant Secretary  General,  and  HENRY  RALPH  RINGE,  Recording  Secretary, 
accordingly  were : 

Argentina,  ERNESTO  QUESADA. 

Bolivia,  ALBERTO  GUTIERREZ. 

Brazil,  DOMICIO  DA  GAMA. 

Chile,  JULIO  PHILIPPI. 

Colombia,  CARLOS  CUERVO  MARQUEZ. 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      49 

Costa  Rica,  EDUARDO  J.  PINTO. 

Cuba,  CARLOS  MANUEL  DE  CEJSPEDES. 

Dominican  Republic,  CARLOS  ARMANDO  PERDOMO. 

Ecuador,  VICTOR  MANUEL  PENAHERRERA. 

Guatemala,  JOAQU!N  MIJNDEZ. 

Haiti,  CHARLES  MATRON. 

Honduras,  CARLOS  ALBERTO  UCL£S. 

Mexico,  MANUEL  GAMIO. 

Nicaragua,  DAMASO  RIVAS. 

Panama,  EUSEBIO  MORALES. 

Paraguay,  EUSEBIO  AY  ALA. 

Peru,  ALEJANDRO  DEUSTUA. 

El  Salvador,  RAFAEL  ZALDIVAR. 

United  States  of  America,  GEORGE  GRAY. 

Uruguay,  CARLOS  MAR!A  DE  PENA. 

Venezuela,  JOSE;  L.  ANDARA. 

It  was  foreseen,  however,  that  the  labors  of  the  Congress  in  this  and 
other  ways  would  be  facilitated  if  subcommittees  were  appointed  from 
among  the  members  of  the  Executive  Committee,  to  consider  certain 
phases  of  the  work  and  to  report  to  the  full  committee  for  such  action  as 
its  members  might  care  to  take.  A  distinction  was  made  between  a  reso- 
lution and  a  recommendation,  a  distinction  of  origin  but  not  in  the 
nature  of  a  discrimination.  A  resolution,  as  defined  by  the  Executive 
Committee,  was  a  proposal  originating  in  a  section  and,  after  favorable 
action,  transmitted  to  the  Executive  Committee;  whereas  a  recommen- 
dation was  a  proposal  referred  directly  to  the  Executive  Committee, 
without  passing  through  a  section.  However,  it  was  the  Congress  which 
stamped  the  resolution  or  recommendation  with  its  approval  and  the 
difference  of  origin  of  the  resolution  or  of  the  recommendation  thus 
became  immaterial.  A  subcommittee  of  five  members  was,  however, 
appointed  to  consider  the  resolutions: 

ERNESTO  QUESADA,  Argentina,  Chairman. 

MANUEL  GAMIO,  Mexico. 

SANTOS  A.  DOMINICI,  Venezuela. 

ALEJANDRO  O.  DEUSTUA,  Peru. 

GEORGE  GRAY,  United  States  of  America. 

A  committee,  likewise  composed  of  five  members,  was  appointed  to 
consider  the  recommendations : 

JULIO  PHILIPPI,  Chile,  Chairman. 

CARLOS  M.  DE  PENA,  Uruguay. 

ROBERTO  ANCIZAR,  Colombia. 

CHARLES  MATHON,  Haiti. 

CARLOS  MANUEL  DE  C^SPEDES,  Cuba. 
27750—16 4 


50     'FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

These  committees  reported  their  conclusions  to  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee. A  third  subcommittee,  likewise  of  five  members,  and  in  which 
the  chairmen  of  the  other. two  committees  were  ex  officio  members,  was 
appointed  on  the  Final  Act;  that  is  to  say,  to  give  the  resolutions  or 
recommendations,  for  they  were  one  and  the  same  in  effect,  after  their 
approval  by  the  Executive  Committee,  their  final  form  and  to  determine 
their  appropriate  and  logical  place  in  the  Act  to  be  drawn  up,  and  to  be 
known  as  the  Final  Act  of  the  Congress.  This  committee  consisted  of — 

JAMES  BROWN  ScoTT,  United  States  of  America,  Chairman; 

ERNESTO  QUESADA,  ex  officio,  Chairman,  Committee  on  Resolu- 
tions; 

Juuo  PHILIPPI,  ex  officio,  Chairman,  Committee  on  Recom- 
mendations; 

ALBERTO  GUTIERREZ,  Bolivia; 

EUSEBIO  AVAL  A,  Paraguay. 

This  committee  drafted  the  Final  Act,  which  included  the  resolutions  and 
recommendations  which  the  Congress  felt  should  properly  be  accepted  and 
laid  before  the  Governments  of  the  American  Republics,  in  order  that  they 
might,  as  far  as  possible,  be  carried  into  effect.  The  Preparatory  Com- 
mittee had  decided  that  a  general  report  should  be  prepared,  to  accom- 
pany the  Final  Act,  explaining,  commenting,  and  interpreting  its  provi- 
sions, and  appointed  Mr.  JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT  as  Reporter  General  of 
the  Congress,  to  draft  the  report  to  accompany  the  Final  Act.  The 
action  of  the  Preparatory  Committee  was  confirmed  by  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Congress. 

Before  passing  to  a  consideration  of  each  article  of  the  Final  Act,  it 
should  be  stated  in  this,  although  it  will  be  pointed  out  in  a  later,  con- 
nection, that  the  duty  was  imposed  upon  the  Government  of  the  United 
States,  as  the  country  in  which  the  Congress  was  held,  to  transmit  the 
resolutions  and  recommendations  contained  in  the  Final  Act  to  the 
Governments  of  the  American  Republics  participating  in  the  Congress, 
and  the  Congress  suggested  in  addition  that  a  Government  specially  inter- 
ested in  any  one  of  the  resolutions  or  recommendations  should  take  the 
initiative  and  the  steps  necessary  to  carry  the  same  into  effect.  These 
provisions  were  introduced  in  order  that  it  might  be  the  duty  of  the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  which  had  called  the  Congress,  to 
transmit  its  proceedings  to  each  of  the  participating  Governments  and 
to  secure,  in  so  far  as  any  action  of  the  Congress  could  effect  it,  the  reali- 
zation of  the  projects  by  specifically  investing  a  participating  Government 
interested  in  a  resolution  with  the  power  to  take  the  initiative.  This  was 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      51 

done  in  the  hope  and  in  the  belief  that,  if  a  participating  Government 
were  invested  with  this  power,  the  power  would  be  exercised,  so  that  the 
proceedings  of  the  Congress  would  be  transmitted  to  the  different  coun- 
tries and  its  labors  bring  forth  their  fruit  in  due  season,  to  the  benefit  of 
the  American  countries  whereof  the  delegates,  official  and  unofficial,  are 
both  proud  and  happy  to  be  citizens. 

ARTICLE  i.  The  Second   Pan   American  Scientific   Congress   considers 

that-- 

It  is  highly  desirable  that  the  American  Republics  arrange  for  the 
appointment  of  delegates  for  joint  action  in  the  matter  of 
archaeological  exploration,  in  order  to  formulate  and  to 
propose  generally  acceptable  and  substantially  uniform  laws 
relating  to  the  survey,  exploration,  and  study  of  archaeological 
remains  to  be  found  in  the  Republics,  and  to  secure  the 
enactment  of  laws  which  will  effectively  safeguard  these 
remains  from  wanton  destruction  or  exploitation  and  which 
will  serve  to  aid  and  to  stimulate  properly  organized  and 
accredited  research  in  archaeology. 

The  provisions  of  this  article,  proposed  by  the  First  Section  of  the 
Congress  devoted  to  Anthropology,  Ethnology,  and  Archaeology,  carry 
conviction,  require  little  comment  or  elucidation,  and  nothing  by  way  of 
justification.  Many  parts  of  the  American  Continent  are  rich  in  archaeo- 
logical remains,  such  as  ruins,  monuments,  and  burial  sites,  containing 
many  examples  of  the  industry  and  art  of  the--  aborigines.  Scientific 
exploration  of  these  remains,  with  the  study  of  resulting  discoveries,  are 
objects  of  utmost  importance,  for  on  their  basis  only  is  it  possible  to 
reconstruct  the  lost  history  of  the  American  race.  But  in  order  that 
such  remains  may  be  saved  to  science  and  not  be  wantonly  exploited  or 
destroyed  before  they  can  be  studied,  it  is  essential  that  proper  laws  and 
regulations  be  adopted  by  the  various  countries  in  which  such  remains 
exist,  the  object  of  such  laws  and  regulations  being  to  prohibit  as  far  as 
possible  their  exploration  or  destruction  by  unqualified  persons,  to  pre- 
vent trade  in  articles  recovered  from  the  ruins  and  graves,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  enable  properly  qualified  scientists  both  native  and  of 
other  countries  to  undertake  and  to  carry  on  scientific  exploration  and 
collection.  It  is  a  gratifying  fact  that  the  majority  of  the  American 
Republics  have  already  certain  laws  relating  to  antiquities,  although  these 
laws  are  unlike  in  the  different  countries  and  in  some  instances  are  such 


52      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

that  they  have  resulted  rather  in  restraining  than  in  advancing  properly 
qualified  research. 

ARTICLE  2.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  requests  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  to  bring  to  the  attention  of  the 
Governments  of  the  American  Republics  participating  in  the 
Congress  and,  through  their  respective  Governments,  to  the 
institutions  and  the  public  thereof,  the  importance  of  promoting 
research  in  the  field  of  archaeology,  organized  surveys  for  the 
study  of  primitive  tribes,  and  the  building  of  national  educational 
museums  for  the  preservation  of  the  data  and  materials  collected. 

In  various  parts  of  the  American  Continent  there  are  remnants  of  the 
aboriginal  population,  a  study  of  which  would  be  of  great  importance  to 
science.  As  is  to  be  expected,  many  of  these  remnants  are  very  im- 
perfectly known  and  are  rapidly  disappearing  because  of  a  lack  of  interest 
and  of  proper  supervision,  and  yet  properly  made  and  preserved  collec- 
tions, ethnological  and  physical,  are  admittedly  among  the  most  precious 
scientific  and  educational  assets  of  a  nation. 

These  observations,  of  a  very  general  kind,  will  find  ready  acceptance, 
but  unless  it  be  made  the  duty  of  some  Government  to  take  the  initiative, 
it  is  to  be  feared  that  the  present  unsatisfactory  condition  of  affairs  will 
continue  to  exist.  Therefore  the  Congress  decided  to  invest  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  country  in  which  the  Congress  met,  in  this  instance  the 
United  States,  with  the  duty  of  calling  these  very  important  matters  to 
the  attention  of  the  other  Governments  participating  in  the  Congress,  to 
the  end  that  steps  be  'taken  while  there  is  still  time  to  regulate  archaeo- 
logical exploration  by  just  laws  and  to  preserve  the  records  of  times  past 
and  of  primitive  races  to  future  generations. 

It  often  happens  that  the  resolutions  of  a  Congress  or  of  a  section 
thereof  give  but  a  very  imperfect  and  inadequate  idea  of  the  value  of 
the  proceedings.  This  is  peculiarly  the  case  of  the  section  devoted  to 
archaeology,  which  restricted  itself  to  the  minimum  of  action  on  the 
part  of  the  Governments  and  refrained  from  proposing  resolutions  and 
recommendations  on  matters  of  general  interest  even  although  they 
would  tend  to  show  the  nature  and  scope  of  the  proceedings.  For  this 
reason  it  seems  desirable  that  a  few  paragraphs  be  devoted  to  a  more 
general  consideration  of  the  subject  and  of  the  discussions  which  actually 
took  place  in  the  section. 

Anthropology  is  properly  defined  as  the  Science  of  Man.  It  seeks  to 
find  out  and  to  place  upon  record  all  that  can  be  known  of  the  history 


FINAI,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       53 

and  characteristics  of  the  human  race.  Beginning  with  the  present 
period,  researches  in  anthropology  extend  backward  in  an  almost  endless 
perspective  to  the  birth  of  the  race.  Slowly  but  surely  they  are  pene- 
trating the  shadows  of  the  past,  and  in  good  time  the  veil  which  has 
obscured  the  story  of  man's  origin  and  becoming  will  be  lifted,  and  those 
who  will  may  know  the  truth.  Science  does  not  stop,  however,  with 
the  work  of  unveiling  the  past.  It  seeks  to  know  and  to  understand  the 
present  man  and  to  apply  that  knowledge  to  his  betterment.  Its  activi- 
ties extend  thus  to  a  consideration  of  the  problems  of  education  and  to 
a  determination  of  the  most  effectual  means  of  applying  the  principles 
of  eugenics  to  the  further  evolution  of  the  race. 

It  was  with  the  view  of  bringing  together  the  many  devotees  of  this 
great  branch  of  research  that  the  Section  of  Anthropology  was  organized 
and  the  program  formulated,  and  the  results  have  justified  the  most 
sanguine  expectations.  Joint  sessions  were  arranged  with  five  kindred 
organizations  whose  activities  come  within  the  field  of  anthropology,  and 
the  papers  and  discussions  had  a  wide  range.  The  body  of  students  of 
the  science  thus  brought  together  is  believed  to  have  exceeded  in  number 
and  importance  any  previous  assemblage  of  its  kind,  at  least  on  this  side 
of  the  Atlantic. 

Necessarily  the  papers  presented  and  discussed — 162  in  number — 
touch  upon  but  a  limited  number  of  the  salient  features  of  the  extensive 
and  much  diversified  subject-matter.  Chief  attention  was  given  to  the 
results  of  recent  researches  in  the  Pan  American  Republics,  studies 
relating  to  man  himself  as  the  most  important  biologic  unit,  to  living 
stocks  and  tribes  and  their  extremely  varied  cultures,  and  to  the  vast 
body  of  material  traces  of  the  prehistoric  occupancy  of  the  continent. 

The  physical  man,  and  more  especially  the  aboriginal  American  man, 
received  the  attention  which  his  position  as  the  original  proprietor  of  the 
continent  and  as  one  of  the  principal  races  of  men  would  suggest  and  ren- 
der appropriate.  The  problems  of  the  origin  of  the  American  race  have 
occupied  many  minds  since  the  discovery  of  the  continent,  but  it  is  only 
within  recent  years  that  anything  like  real  scientific  deductions  have 
become  possible.  It  was  made  apparent  that  there  is  but  one  American 
race,  and  that  no  trace  has  ever  been  found  of  any  other  than  the  Indian 
race  on  the  continent.  It  was  shown  that  this  people  represents  phys- 
ically an  advanced  and  hence  a  relatively  late  form  of  humanity;  that  it 
connects  in  its  physical  and  physiological  characteristics  with  the  yellow- 
born  people  of  eastern  Asia,  and  more  remotely,  in  all  probability,  with 
the  latest  paleolithic  or  early  neolithic  peoples  of  the  Old  World. 


54      FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

It  was  also  shown  that  the  original  inhabitants  of  America  must  have 
come  to  this  continent  by  the  several  northwestern  routes;  that  this 
advent  could  not  have  occurred  before  Asia  itself  was  well  peopled;  and 
that  immigrants  could  not  have  arrived  on  this  continent  in  any  consid- 
erable numbers  at  one  time,  but  rather  that  arrivals  were  in  relatively 
small  parties  and  extended  over  long  periods  of  time.  Among  the 
important  subjects  discussed  were  those  of  the  racial  elements  entering 
into  the  modern  population  of  America,  and  the  ethnic  problems  of 
immigration.  These  diversified  racial  elements  have  united  in  varying 
degrees  with  the  native  American  population  and  are  slowly  developing 
new  ethnic  variants,  the  study  of  which  is  of  great  interest  and  impor- 
tance. 

The  branch  of  anthropologic  science  known  as  ethnology  deals  mainly 
with  the  problems  of  the  present  and  historic  populations,  with  their 
physical  and  mental  characteristics,  and  with  every  department  of  their 
culture — language,  social  institutions,  religion,  technology,  esthetics, 
traditions,  and  lore.  There  are  upward  of  a  thousand  tribes,  and  each 
presents  an  ethnic  complex  so  intricate  and  so  obscure  that  no  single  one 
has  as  yet  been  exhaustively  studied  and  placed  upon  record. 

In  the  conferences  of  the  Section  attention  was  given  in  certain  meas- 
ure (i)  to  the  origin,  development,  characteristics,  and  relationships  of 
the  500  or  more  languages  distributed  over  the  continent  from  Alaska 
to  Patagonia;  (2)  to  the  problems  of  the  social  institutions  which,  when 
mastered,  will  become  available  to  the  historian  of  the  race  in  his  efforts 
to  determine  the  processes  and  laws  of  the  evolution  of  civilized  institu- 
tions; (3)  to  the  problems  of  the  diversified  systems  of  belief  which  men 
have  devised  to  explain  the  mysteries  of  the  cosmos  and  of  their  environ- 
ment and  their  relations  thereto,  and  to  the  endless  array  of  devices — the 
rites  and  ceremonies — by  means  of  which  primitive  man  has  sought  and 
still  seeks  to  influence  the  deities  which  he  has  created;  (4)  to  the  prob- 
lems of  technology,  which  involve  the  consideration  of  each  and  every 
art  and  industry  known  to  man,  and  the  activities  by  means  of  which 
he  has  advanced  through  a  long  series  of  experiments,  inventions,  and 
adaptations  to  his  present  state;  (5)  to  the  problems  of  the  esthetic  arts — 
the  embellishing  and  fine  arts — which  take  so  prominent  a  place  in  the 
history  of  civilization,  for  nowhere  are  these  more  readily  and  effectively 
studied  than  in  the  primitive  American  field;  (6)  to  the  problems  of 
geography  which  relate  to  the  original  habitat  and  migrations  and  the 
complicated  course  of  distribution  which  has  resulted  in  the  present 
geographical  position  of  the  tribes  and  nations. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       55 

Archaeological  research,  which  had  an  important  place  in  the  delibera- 
tions of  the  Section,  serves  to  carry  backward  into  the  past  the  story  of 
the  known  peoples  and  to  supplement  this  by  the  almost  endless  perspec- 
tive of  prehistory.  These  researches  make  clear  the  course  of  human  prog- 
ress from  the  first  weak  and  halting  step  in  the  manual  arts  to  the  build- 
ing of  temples,  the  invention  of  the  calendar,  and'  the  inception  of  pho- 
netic writing — the  latter  the  stepping  stone  to  the  state  known  as  civili- 
zation. Archaeology  has  to  solve  also  the  problems  of  chronology,  to 
determine  the  place  of  the  race  in  the  geological  scale,  and  in  the  ordinary 
scale  of  time.  The  solutions  await,  however,  prolonged  and  profound 
studies  which  involve  also  the  sciences  of  geology,  biology,  climatology, 
geography,  and  even  astronomy,  for  man's  career  in  the  world  has  inti- 
mate relations  with  all  of  these. 

It  is  believed  that  the  time  has  now  arrived  when  the  many  miscon-. 
ceptions  regarding  the  scope  and  significance  of  anthropological  science — 
the  science  of  human  history — must  disappear  and  the  importance  of  its 
position  in  the  hierarchy  of  sciences  will  be  fully  recognized.  The  Second 
Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  has  had  a  goodly  share  in  the  promotion 
of  this  great  end. 

ARTICLE  3.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 
that  the  American  Republics  undertake  as  soon  as  practicable — 

(a)  Accurate,  geodetic  measurements  which  may  serve  to  determine 
limits,  national  and  international,  and  to  contribute  to  the 
discovery  of  the  true  shape  of  our  planet; 

(6)  Magnetic  measurements  of  their  respective  areas,  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  several  permanent  magnetic  observatories  in  which 
it  may  be  possible  to  carry  on  during  long  periods  of  time 
observations  concerning  the  secular  variation  of  the  magnetic 
elements  of  the  earth ; 

(c)  To  extend  their  gravimetric  measures,  obtained  by  means  of 
the  pendulum,  to  those  regions  where  such  measurements 
have  not  been  undertaken,  in  order  to  obtain  more  informa- 
tion to  determine  the  true  shape  of  the  surface  and  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  terrestrial  mass. 

The  program  of  Section  II,  devoted  to  problems  of  astronomy,  geodesy, 
meteorology,  and  seismology,  was  planned  to  include  topics  of"  general 
international  interest  and  importance,  and  in  particular  topics  of  Pan 
American  interest.  Among  these  attention  and  discussion  were  concen- 
trated upon  the  subject  matter  of  the  recommendations  of  the  Congress 


56      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

contained  in  Article  3,  which  are  everywhere  recognized  as  of  interna- 
tional importance. 

First,  as  to  paragraph  (a),  which  recommends  a  new  determination 
of  the  lunar  parallax  and  of  the  flattening  of  the  earth  from  closely  simul- 
taneous observations  of  the  moon  when  on  or  near  the  same  meridian. 
It  is  known  that  the  seventieth  meridian  of  longitude  west  of  Greenwich 
passes  through  New  England  and  through  western  Patagonia  and  affords 
especially  favorable  conditions  for  nearly  simultaneous  meridian  obser- 
vations in  these  widely  separated  localities.  The  Observatory  of  Har- 
vard University  and  the  observatories  of  Argentina  are  not  far  from  this 
meridian,  and  hence  could  be  immediately  utilized  in  securing  data  for 
additions  to  our  knowledge  of  the  mean  distance  of  the  moon  and  of  the 
surface  shape  of  the  earth.  The  resources  of  modern  astronomy  render 
it  quite  practicable  also  to  establish  effective  temporary  observatories 
without  great  expense  on  a  given  meridian  and  to  secure  thus  strictly 
simultaneous  measures. 

Second,  as  to  paragraph  (6)  of  the  recommendation.  Of  equally  wide 
scientific  interest  and  of  much  greater  utilitarian  importance  is  a  project 
considered  at  length  by  the  Section  of  connecting  and  covering  the 
states  of  the  North  and  South  American  continent  by  a  continuous  and 
uniform  network  of  geodetic  triangulation.  When  such  a  network  is 
completed  its  projection  on  a  meridian  will  give  an  arc  of  about  126°  in 
latitude,  while  its  projection  on  the  equator  will  give  an  arc  of  about  153°. 
Such  arcs  will  afford  a  contribution  of  the  highest  value  in  increasing  the 
precision  of  our  knowledge  of  the  dimensions  of  the  earth.  But  the 
greatest  value  of  such  a  network  of  triangulation  will  consist  in  its  avail- 
ability as  a  basis  for  cadastral  surveys  and  for  the  delimitation  of  state 
divisional  and  interstate  boundaries. 

Considerable  progress  has  already  been  made  toward  the  consumma- 
tion of  this  project.  The  area  of  the  United  States  is  now  well  covered 
by  primary  triangulation.  Mexico  has  made  much  progress  in  covering 
its  area  with  a  geodetic  network.  The  famous  Peruvian  arc  of  meridian 
measured  by  Bouguer  and  Condamine  in  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century  has  been  recently  remeasured  and  extended,  while  similar  work 
is  projected  in  various  Latin  American  countries  and  in  Canada. 

Third,  as  regards  paragraph  (c)  of  the  recommendation.  Intimately 
related  to  the  two  preceding  topics  is  that  of  the  desirability  of  extending 
a  gravimetric^  or  pendulum  survey  over  the  areas  not  hitherto  covered  by 
such  work.  It  is  known  from  theoretical  considerations  that  the  time  of 
vibration  of  a  pendulum  of  given  length  or  the  length  of  a  second's 
pendulum  at  any  place  depends  upon  the  mass  distribution  of  the  earth, 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       57 

and  hence  upon  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  the  place  of  observation. 
The  development  of  our  knowledge  of  the  shape  of  the  earth  has  passed 
the  first  and  second  stages  of  approximation,  the  first  approximation 
being  a  spherical  surface  and  the  second  being  a  spheroidal  surface  of 
revolution.  The  third  approximation,  known  as  the  geoid,  requires  for 
its  determination  an  extended  gravimetric  survey  in  combination  with 
the  geodetic  measurements  already  referred  to. 

A  prime  requisite  in  connection  with  the  practicability  of  these  projects 
is  a  knowledge  of  the  costs  involved.  The  work  contemplated  will 
require  several  decades,  aggregating  perhaps  a  half  century,  for  its  accom- 
plishment. Hence  it  was  desirable  in  the  discussions  to  have  presented 
data  derived  from  recent  experience  on  the  costs  of  the  principal  items 
essential  in  such  work.  Accordingly,  a  member  of  the  Section  furnished 
elaborate  statistics  for  each  of  these  items,  along  with  indications  of  ways 
and  means  which  should  be  pursued  in  order  to  secure  the  requisite 
efficiencies  at  minimum  costs. 

ARTICLE  4.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 

that— 

The  Nations  of  the  American  Continent  establish,  by  means  of  their 
offices  of  geodesy  or  by  committees  appointed  for  that  purpose, 
an  international  triangulation; 

The  Governments  of  the  American  Nations  reach  an  agreement  for 
the  purpose  of  creating  an  office  or  congress  of  cartography 
and  geography. 

In  framing  the  program  for  the  Engineering  Section  of  the  Congress, 
which  proposed  this  undertaking,  it  was  deemed  best  to  limit  topics  for 
discussion  to  those  which  seemed  to  be  of  the  greatest  immediate  mutual 
interest  to  Pan  America,  to  give  special  prominence  to  the  matters  which 
had  been  considered  at  previous  Congresses,  and  especially  to  those 
referred  by  the  First  to  the  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress. 
Under  such  circumstances  particular  attention  was  given  to  matters 
pertaining  to  transportation,  to  electrical  engineering,  to  reclamation, 
irrigation  and  drainage,  to  sanitary  and  municipal  engineering,  and  to  a 
few  topics  of  mechanical  engineering,  omitting  as  of  lesser  importance 
all  subjects  which  might  be  considered  theoretical  rather  than  practical. 
The  topics  above  mentioned  were  later  enlarged  by  the  addition  of 
others  of  a  miscellaneous  nature,  such  as  standards,  surveys,  public 
parks,  public  buildings,  and  special  engineering  work  of  governmental 
departments  or  bureaus. 


58      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  topics  of  an  engineering  nature  especially  referred  to  the  Second 
by  the  preceding  Congress  were  those  of  the  type  of  construction  best 
adapted  for  piers  and  quays  in  locations  where  the  water  front  possessed 
great  depths  and  swift  currents;  the  laws  and  regulations  regarding  the 
use  of  water  for  combined  purposes  of  navigation,  irrigation,  municipal 
water  supply,  and  water-power  development;  methods  of  irrigation;  and 
the  compilation  of  engineering  terms  and  idioms  peculiar  to  each  Pan 
American  country,  with  their  Spanish,  Portuguese,  French,  and  English 
equivalents.  As  regards  the  latter  topic  it  was  not  expected  that  the 
work  of  the  Second  Congress  would  be  in  any  way  final  but  that  it  would 
be  rather  of  the  nature  of  a  report  of  progress,  looking  forward  to  com- 
pletion at  future  Congresses. 

The  various  subjects  enumerated  in  the  program  were  carefully 
discussed  by  persons  specially  qualified  by  their  training  so  to  do,  and 
it  is  a  gratifying  fact  that  fully  one-third  of  all  the  papers,  which  are  of 
great  value,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  proceedings,  were  contributed  by 
representative  Latin  American  scientists. 

As  an  indication  of  the  desire  of  the  engineers  of  North  America 
to  be  helpful  to  the  members  of  their  profession  in  the  Americas,  it  may 
be  stated  that,  at  the  first  general  session  of  the  Engineering  Section, 
the  attention  of  the  Latin  American  members  was  especially  invited  to  the 
desire  of  the  officers  and  committee  of  this  Section  freely  to  aid  all  Latin 
American  delegates  in  meeting  such  engineers  and  in  visiting  such 
engineering  works  and  manufacturing  plants  in  the  United  States  of 
America  as  the  Latin  American  delegates  might  wish  to  meet  and  to 
visit.  The  attention  of  the  visiting  delegates  was  especially  called  to 
the  existence  in  New  York  City  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers, the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  the  American 
Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers,  the  Society  of  Naval  Architects  and 
Marine  Engineers,  and  to  the  fact  that  each  of  these  Societies  would  be 
glad  to  extend  to  all  Latin  American  delegates,  after  the  conclusion 
of  the  sessions  of  the  Congress,  the  uses,  facilities,  and  courtesies  of  the 
societies,  libraries,  and  rooms  in  New  York  City;  that  their  officers  would 
be  happy  to  assist  all  Latin  American  delegates  in  making  any  necessary 
arrangements  for  desired  visits  to  the  various  engineering  societies  and 
factories  above  referred  to,  and  for  correspondence  with  North  American 
engineers  and  manufacturers  at  any  future  date  and  on  any  topic  of 
mutual  interest  to  Pan  American  engineers. 

The  Engineering  Section  hoped  that  the  participation  of  the  visiting 
delegates  in  the  proceedings  of  the  Congress  would  be  but  Ihe  beginning 
of  friendly  and  harmonious  cooperation,  and  the  members  of  the  Sec- 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND   PAN   AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      59 

tion  were  very  anxious  that  the  intercourse,  begun  under  such  happy 
auspices,  should  not  be  terminated  with  the  close  of  the  Congress,  but 
that  it  might  be  continued  through  the  years  to  come. 

Turning  now  to  the  specific  recommendation  of  the  Congress,  which 
has  already  been  set  forth,  the  Congress  felt  that  fixing  and  defining 
frontier  lines  would  not  only  be  a  useful  and  a  necessary  undertaking, 
but  that,  in  addition,  it  would  contribute  to  the  friendly  relations  be- 
tween American  countries,  because,  by  the  determination  of  frontier 
lines,  one  of  the  causes  of  friction  and  misunderstanding  between  the 
republics,  which  should  be  to  each  other  as  neighbors,  would  disappear, 
and  science  would  thus  become  a  factor  in  American  fraternity.  Scientifi- 
cally it  would  solve  in  part  the  problem  of  uniting  the  international  nets, 
without  the  inconvenience  now  encountered  after  the  triangular  system 
of  each  country  has  been  completed,  and,  in  addition  to  this  very  great 
service,  the  completion  of  the  labor  recommended  by  this  article  would 
offer  valuable  elements  for  the  study  of  great  meridian  arcs  and  parallels. 

In  like  manner,  the  second  paragraph  of  the  recommendation  has  a 
value  transcending  its  scientific  importance,  for  the  diffusion  of  knowl- 
edge contributes  to  the  friendship  of  Nations,  and  the  study  of  geography 
in  all  its  branches  and  the  unity  of  cartographic  systems  favor  commer- 
cial and  industrial  exchange. 

ARTICLE  5.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 

that- 
Proper  steps  and  measures  be  taken  to  bring  about  in  the  American 
Republics  a  general  use  of  the  metric  system  of  weights  and 
measures,  in  the  press,  magazines,  newspapers,  and  periodicals, 
in  educational  and  scientific  work,  in  the  industries,  in  com- 
merce, in  transportation,  and  in  all  the  activities  of  the  dif- 
ferent Governments. 

To  the  citizens  of  the  Latin  American  Republics  this  article  will  seem 
well-nigh  meaningless,  for  in  the -Western  Hemisphere  the  English  sys- 
tem of  weights  and  measures  obtains  only  in  the  United  States  and  the 
English-speaking  colonies,  whereas  the  remaining  American  Republics 
and  the  greater  part  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  use  the  metric  system. 
Measures  and  weights  are,  however,  an  important  part  of  the  vocabu- 
lary in  international  relations.  The  English  is  not  nearly  so  convenient 
and  simple  as  the  metric  system,  either  in  commercial  or  scientific  work. 
The  use  of  the  English  system  in  the  United  States  is  one  of  the 
important  obstacles,  in  the  opinion  of  the  American  delegates,  to  a  closer 


60      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

commercial  and  scientific  intercourse  and  cooperation  between  the 
United  States  and  the  other  American  Republics.  Therefore  the  adop- 
tion of  the  metric  system  by  the  United  States  would  be  a  great  benefit 
economically  to  the  general  public,  and  it  is  believed  that  it  would  not  be 
without  importance  in  promoting  good  will  and  mutual  understanding. 

ARTICLE  6.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress — 

Confirms  the  resolution  recommended  to  the  American  Republics 
by  the  First  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  regarding  the 
installation  of  meteorological  organizations  to  serve  as  a  basis 
for  the  establishment  of  a  Pan  American  meteorological 
service,  and  expresses  the  desire  that  the  Republics  not  yet 
possessing  organized  meteorological  services  establish  such  as 
soon  as  may  be  practicable. 

As  questions  of  international  importance,  the  various  topics  under 
meteorology  and  seismology  were  considered  in  the  Second  Section  of 
the  Congress.  The  needs  especially  of  the  organization  of  govern- 
mental services  for  continuous  observation  of  atmospheric  and  terrestrial 
phenomena  by  means  of  common  methods,  intercomparable  apparatus, 
and  common  units  were  dwelt  upon.  Much  attention  was  given  to 
the  modes  of  organization  and  conduct  of  existing  weather  bureaus, 
to  methods  of  forecasting  weather,  and  to  the  increasing  impor- 
tance of  the  application  of  these  as  an  aid  to  agriculture,  navigation, 
and  land  transportation  of  perishable  products.  Much  attention  was 
given  also  to  consideration  of  secular  phenomena  in  meteorology  and  to 
their  effects  in  the  habitable  as  well  as  in  the  uninhabitable  parts  of  the 
globe. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  topics  considered  as  a  by-product  of  the 
work  of  the  Second  Section  was  that  of  the  desirability  of  forming  an 
unofficial  international  association  of  meteorologists  and  seismologists  for 
the  mutual  exchange  of  ideas  and  experience  arising  from  these  sciences. 
It  was  thought  that  such  an  organization  might  accomplish  for  mete- 
orology and  seismology  results  similar  to  those  which  have  proved  highly 
beneficial  during  the  past  two  centuries  in  the  older  physical  sciences. 

It  will  be  observed  by  persons  familiar  with  the  Pan  American  Scientific 
Congresses,  and  indeed  it  is  expressly  stated  in  the  recommendation 
itself,  that  the  importance  of  the  present  recommendation  has  been 
hitherto  recognized  and  called  to  the  attention  of  the  American  coun- 
tries by  the  First  Pan  American  Congress;  so  that  the  recommenda- 
tion in  question  is  in  reality  a  reaffirmation  of  the  resolution  of  the  First 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       6 1 

Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  recommending  as  most  desirable  the 
establishment  of  official  meteorological  and  seismological  services  in 
countries  which  have  not  yet  established  such  agencies  for  the  advance- 
ment of  knowledge  of  our  planet  and  for  direct  aid  to  agriculture,  trans- 
portation, and  sanitation.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  recommendation  urged 
by  two  Scientific  Congresses  of  the  Americas  will  be  carried  into  effect, 
as  it  would  not  have  been  proposed  in  the  first  instance,  had  its  advisa- 
bility not  been  apparent,  and  it  would  not  have  been  reaffirmed  by  the 
present  Congress  unless  it  were  considered,  upon  reflection,  highly 
desirable.  For  this  reason  the  Congress,  in  making  the  recommendation, 
expressed  the  hope  that  the  services  would  be  established  where  they 
do  not  exist  as  soon  as  may  be  practicable. 

ARTICLE  7.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 

that— 

There  be  appointed  an  international  Pan  American  committee  to 
study  and  report  upon  the  question  of  establishing  such  a 
uniform  railway  gauge  as  will  best  serve  the  countries'  inter- 
est, their  international  communication,  and  the  communica- 
tion between  all  the  countries  of  America. 

The  place  of  communication  in  the  economy  of  nations  is  so  generally 
recognized  that  it  only  need  to  be  stated  in  order  to  be  accepted.  If  the 
republics  of  the  American  Continent  are  to  be  brought  into  close  and 
constant  intercourse,  with  resultant  friendship  and  mutual  appreciation, 
and  if  the  commercial  relations  of  the  Americas  are  to  become  closer  and 
mutually  more  advantageous,  as  is  the  hope  of  partisans  of  Pan  Ameri- 
canism, every  recommendation  tending  to  facilitate  communications 
between  and  among  the  republics  should  indeed  be  welcome. 

The  present  article,  which  came  to  the  Congress  with  the  approval 
and  at  the  instance  of  the  Section  on  Engineering,  recognizes  the  necessity 
of  establishing  a  uniform  railway  gauge  in  order  that  the  railways  of  all 
countries  might  be  uniform  and  therefore  be  of  common  use.  Recogniz- 
ing also  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  establishing  the  uniform  gauge,  the 
Engineering  Section  advocated  the  appointment  of  a  Pan  American  Com- 
mittee, to  study  and  to  report  upon  the  question,  in  the  hope,  if  not  the 
expectation,  that  the  investigation  and  report  of  such  a  committee  would 
tend  to  remove  the  obstacles  that  stand  in  the  way  and  which  have 
hitherto  stood  in  the  way  of  the  uniform  railway  gauge.  The  Congress 
shared  the  views  of  the  Section  as  to  the  importance  of  uniformity  in  this 
method  of  transportation  and  recommended  the  appointment  of  the 


62      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Committee  in  the  hope  that  steps  might  be  taken,  as  the  result  of  the 
Committee's  labors,  tending  to  establish  the  uniform  railroad  gauge, 
which  was  felt  to  be  not  merely  an  economic  factor  but  an  element 
in  bringing  about  and  maintaining  good  understanding  and  friendly 
relations  among  the  American  republics. 

ARTICLE  8.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends — 
The  appointment  of  an  American  committee  on  radio  communi- 
cation to  assist  in  the  development  of  the  science  and  art 
of  radio  communication,  to  the  end  that  it  may  serve  to 
convey  intelligence  over  long  distances  and  between  ships 
at  sea  more  quickly  and  accurately,  and  to  bring  into  closer 
contact  all  of  the  American  Republics. 

This  recommendation,  due  to  the  Engineering  Section,  states  the 
advisability,  indeed  the  need,  and  the  advantages  which  might  reasonably 
be  expected  to  accrue  from  the  appointment  of  a  Pan  American  Inter- 
national Commission  on  radiotelegraphic  communication.  These  advan- 
tages can  not  be  gainsaid,  for  it  surely  needs  no  argument  that  the  rapidity 
of  communication  between  all  countries  of  the  world  is  of  great  advantage 
to  their  governments  and  their  peoples,  and  the  growing  tendency  to 
increase  such  rapidity  suggests  the  advisability,  if  not  the  necessity, 
of  the  establishment  of  uniform  laws  and  methods. 

ARTICLE  9.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 

that— 

A  cooperative  study  of  forest  conditions  and  of  forest  utilization 
be  undertaken  by  governmental  agencies  of  the  American 
Republics  and  that  the  data  thereon  be  published. . 

Section  III  of  the  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  was 
designed  to  cover  the  subject  of  the  conservation  of  natural  resources, 
agriculture,  irrigation,  and  forestry. 

It  was  not  indeed  by  any  means  the  first  time  that  these  subjects  had 
been  discussed  in  conference  by  interested  persons  in  various  parts  of  the 
Americas,  but  it  was  probably  the  first  time  that  the  subject  of  con- 
servation of  resources  was  broadened  to  include  the  thought  that  sound 
economic  principles  of  conservation  should  be  applied,  not  only  to  our 
natural  resources  of  mineral,  forest,  and  water-power  wealth,  but  also 
to  the  food  supply  as  represented  in  our  animal  and  plant  industries, 
and  to  the  distribution  of  agricultural  products. 

The  administration  of  President  ROOSEVELT  was  peculiarly  interested 
in  questions  of  conservation. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      63 

In  May,  1908,  upon  the  invitation  of  President  Roosevelt,  the  Gover- 
nors of  the  States  and  Territories  of  the  United  States  met  in  Washing- 
ton in  conference  on  natural  resources.  Pursuant  to  the  suggestion  of 
the  governors,  President  Roosevelt  created,  on  June  8,  1908,  the  National 
Conservation  Commission,  and  under  the  direction  of  this  commission 
the  first  inventory  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  United-  States  was 
prepared.  A  joint  conservation  conference  was  held  in  Washington 
December  8-n,  1908,  composed  of  Governors  of  States  and  Territories, 
conservation  commissions,  and  interested  persons,  and  as  an  outgrowth 
of  this  conference  a  letter  of  invitation  to  Canada  and  Mexico  to  join 
with  the  United  States  in  a  North  American  conservation  conference 
was,  on  December  24,  1908,  written  by  President  Roosevelt.  In  view 
of  the  importance  of  the  subject,  the  material  portion  of  President 
Roosevelt's  letter  to  Earl  Grey,  then  Governor  General  of  Canada,  is 

quoted : 

In  May  of  the  present  year  the  Governors  of  the  several  States  and  Terri- 
tories of  this  Union  met  in  the  White  House  to  confer  with  the  President 
and  with  each  other  concerning  the  amount  and  condition  of  the  natural 
resources  of  this  country,  and  to  consider  the  most  effective  means  for 
conserving  them.  This  conference  included  also  the  members  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  the  Cabinet,  and  Members  of  both  Houses  of  Congress, 
together  with  representatives  of  the  great  associations  of  citizens  con- 
cerned with  natural  resources.  The  conference  was  followed  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  conservation  commissions  on  the  part  of  the  Nation  and  of 
a  majority  of  the  States. 

A  second  conference  of  the  national  commission  with  the  Governors, 
the  State  commissions,  and  the  conservation  committees  of  the  great 
associations  has  recently  been  held  in  this  city.  It  was  called  to  consider 
an  inventory  of  our  natural  resources  prepared  by  the  National  Conser- 
vation Commission.  Its  most  important  result  will  doubtless  appear  in 
cooperation  on  the  part  of  the  Nation,  the  States,  and  the  great  associations 
of  citizens  for  action  upon  this  great  question,  upon  which  the  progress 
of  the  people  of  the  United  States  obviously  depends. 

It  is  evident  that  natural  resources  are  not  limited  by  the  boundary 
lines  which  separate  nations,  and  that  the  need  for  conserving  them  upon 
this  continent  is  as  wide  as  the  area  upon  which  they  exist.  In  view, 
therefore,  of  these  considerations,  and  of  the  close  bonds  of  friendship  and 
mutual  aims  which  exist  between  Canada  and  the  United  States,  I  take 
especial  pleasure  in  inviting  you  to  designate  representatives  of  the  Gov- 
ment  of  Canada  to  meet  and  consult  with  representatives  of  the  State  and 
other  departments  of  this  Government,  and  the  National  Conservation 
Commission,  in  the  city  of  Washington  on  February  18,  1909.  The  pur- 
pose of  the  conference  I  have  the  honor  to  propose  is  to  consider  mutual 
interests  involved  in  the  conservation  of  natural  resources,  and  in  this 
great  field  deliberate  upon  the  practicability  of  preparing  a  general  plan 
adapted  to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  Nations  concerned. 


64     FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

I  have  this  day  addressed  a  similar  invitation  to  the  Republic  of  Mex- 
ico, expressing  my  hope  that  representatives  of  that  Government  also  will 
be  present  and  participate  in  the  proposed  conference  on  the  conservation 
of  the  natural  resources  of  North  America. 

The  conclusions  of  such  a  conference,  while  wholly  advisory  in  char- 
acter, could  hardly  fail  to  yield  important  beneficial  results,  both  in  a 
better  knowledge  of  the  natural  resources  of  each  nation  on  the  part  of 
the  others  and  in  suggestions  for  concurrent  action  for  the  protection  of 
mutual  interests  related  to  conservation. 

The  invitations  to  the  southern  and  to  the  two  northern  neighbors  of 
the  United  States  were  accepted,  and  the  delegates  of  the  different  coun- 
tries— on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  Gifford  Pinchot,  Robert  Bacon, 
James  R.  Garfield — met  at  Washington,  February  18,  1909,  remained  in 
session  five  days,  and  drafted  an  important  declaration  of  principles. 
For  present  purposes  it  is  not  necessary  either  to  quote  or  to  summarize 
the  declaration  of  principles,  but  it  is  advisable  to  quote  the  conclusion 
thereof,  as  it  related  to  the  call  of  an  international  conference  and  indi- 
rectly to  the  Pan  American  Conservation  Conference  of  Natural  Re- 
sources. The  passage  in  question  follows : 

The  conference  of  delegates,  representatives  of  the  United  States,  Mexico, 
Canada,  and  Newfoundland,  having  exchanged  views  and  considered  the 
information  supplied  from  the  respective  countries,  is  convinced  of  the 
importance  of  the  movement  for  the  conservation  of  natural  resources  on 
the  continent  of  North  America,  and  believes  that  it  is  of  such  a  nature  and 
of  such  general  importance  that  it  should  become  world-wide  in  its  scope, 
and  therefore  suggests  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  America 
that  all  Nations  should  be  invited  to  join  together  in  conference  on  the 
subject  of  world  resources  and  their  inventory,  conservation,  and  wise 
utilization. 

Anticipating  the  recommendation  of  the  conference  and  appreciating 
the  benefits  which  would  result  from  an  international  conference  com- 
posed of  the  nations  at  large,  represented  by  competent  and  experienced 
agents  of  their  own  choice,  an  aide-memoire,  dated  January  6,  1909,  was 
sent  to  the  various  Governments,  in  order  to  learn  whether  they  would 
look  with  favor  upon  an  invitation  to  send  delegates  to  participate  in 
such  a  conference. 

The  replies  were  so  uniformly  favorable  that  President  Roosevelt, 
deeply  interested  in  such  matters,  lent  more  than  a  willing  ear  to  the 
suggestion,  and  on  February  19,  1909,  the  Honorable  ROBERT  BACON, 
then  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States,  by  direction  of  the  Pres- 
ident, and  with  the  concurrence  of  the  Netherland  Government,  sent  a 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      65 

circular  instruction  to  American  diplomatic  officers  abroad  to  invite  the 
Governments  to  which  they  were  accredited — 

to  send  delegates  to  a  conference  to  be  held  at  The  Hague,  at  such  date  as 
may  be  found  convenient,  there  to  meet  and  consult  the  like  delegates  of 
the  other  countries,  with  a  view  to  considering  a  general  plan  for  an 
inventory  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  world  and  to  devising  a  uniform 
scheme  for  the  expression  of  the  results  of  such  inventory  to  the  end  that 
there  may  be  a  general  understanding  and  appreciation  of  the  world's 
supply  of  the  material  elements  which  underlie  the  development  of  civil- 
ization and  the  welfare  of  the  peoples  of  the  earth. 

The  general  and  specific  advantages  to  accrue  from  such  a  Congress  to 
each  Nation,  and  to  all,  as  all  are,  and  must  increasingly  be,  dependent 
upon  the  welfare  of  each,  are  thus  set  forth  in  Secretary  BACON'S  lan- 
guage: 

It  would  be  appropriate  also  for  the  Conference  to  consider  the  general 
phases  of  the  correlated  problem  of  checking  and,  when  possible,  repairing 
the  injuries  caused  by  the  waste  and  destruction  of  natural  resources  and 
utilities,  and  make  recommendations  in  the  interest  of  their  conservation, 
development,  and  replenishment. 

With  such  a  world  inventory  and  such  recommendations  the  various 
producing  countries  of  the  whole  world  would  be  in  a  better  position  to 
cooperate,  each  for  its  own  good  and  all  for  the  good  of  all,  toward  the  safe- 
guarding and  betterment  of  their  common  means  of  support.  As  was  said 
in  the  preliminary  Aide-Memoire  of  January  6th: 

"The  people  of  the  whole  world  are  interested  in  the  natural  resources 
of  the  whole  world,  benefited  by  their  conservation  and  injured  by  their 
destruction.  The  people  of  every  country  are  interested  in  the  supply 
of  food  and  of  material  for  manufacture  in  every  other  country,  not  only 
because  these  are  interchangeable  through  processes  of  trade,  but  because 
a  knowledge  of  the  total  supply  is  necessary  to  the  intelligent  treatment 
of  each  nation's  share  of  the  supply." 

Nor  is  this  all.  A  knowledge  of  the  continuance  and  stability  of  peren- 
nial and  renewable  resources  is  no  less  important  to  the  world  than  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  quantity  or  the  term  remaining  for  the  enjoyment  of  those 
resources  which  when  consumed  are  irreplaceable.  As  to  all  the  great 
natural  sources  of  national  welfare,  the  peoples  of  to-day  hold  the  earth  in 
trust  for  the  peoples  to  come  after  them.  Reading  the  lessons  of  the  past 
aright,  it  would  be  for  such  a  conference  to  look  beyond  the  present  to  the 
future. 

In  the  introductory  part  of  the  instruction  Secretary  BACON  stated 
the  special  needs  of  the  American  Governments  and  showed  at  the  same 
time  that  these  needs  were  common  alike  to  the  countries  of  the  older 
civilization.  Thus,  he  says: 

While  recognizing  the  imperative  necessity  for  the  development  and 
use  of  the  great  resources  upon  which  the  civilization  and  prosperity  of 
27750—16 5 


66      FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Nations  must  depend,  the  American  Governments  realize  the  vital  need  of 
arresting  the  inroads  improvidently  or  unnecessarily  made  upon  their 
natural  wealth.  They  comprehend  also  that,  as  to  many  of  their  national 
resources,  more  than  a  merely  conservative  treatment  is  required;  that 
reparatory  agencies  should  be  invoked  to  aid  the  processes  of  benefi- 
cent nature,  and  that  the  means  of  restoration  and  increase  should  be  sought 
whenever  practicable.  They  see  that  to  the  task  of  devising  economical 
expenditure  of  resources,  which,  once  gone,  are  lost  forever,  there  should 
be  superposed  the  duty  of  restoring  and  maintaining  productiveness  wher- 
ever impaired  or  menaced  by  wastefulness.  In  the  northern  part  of  the 
American  hemisphere  destruction  and  waste  bring  other  evils  in  their 
train.  The  removal  of  forests,  for  instance,  results  in  the  aridity  of  vast 
tracts,  torrential  rainfalls  break  down  and  carry  away  the  unprotected 
soil,  and  regions  once  abundant  in  vegetable  and  animal  life  become  barren. 
This  is  a  lesson  almost  as  old  as  the  human  race.  The  older  countries  of 
Europe,  Africa,  and  the  Orient  teach  a  lesson  in  this  regard  which  has  been 
too  little  heeded. 

Unfortunately  the  international  conference  which  had  been  proposed 
by  Secretary  BACON,  pursuant  to  the  direction  of  President  ROOSEVELT, 
was  not  held  as  its  august  initiators  had  hoped,  but  the  reasons  which 
prompted  it  then  exist  to-day,  and  indeed  make  a  stronger  appeal  than 
its  proposers  could  have  anticipated.  The  United  States,  therefore, 
recurred  to  Secretary  BACON'S  proposition  and  decided  to  enlarge  the 
scope  of  the  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  which  was  to  meet 
in  Washington,  in  order  that  it  might  include  in  its  various  sections  the 
subjects  which  would  have  been  embraced  in  the  program  of  the  original 
Conservation  Conference,  and  thus  to  bring  them  to  discussion  in  the 
Congress,  which  would,  as  far  as  this  topic  was  concerned,  properly  be 
considered  as  a  conference  of  the  American  Republics  on  the  Conserva- 
tion of  Natural  Resources. 

It  will  therefore  be  found  on  reverting  to  Section  III,  which  naturally 
covers  a  very  wide  range  of  subjects,  that  the  keynote  of  conservation  runs 
through  the  entire  program.  This  is  not  the  reckless  conservation  which 
would  restrict  the  use  of  resources  by  the  present  generation  regardless  of 
economic  laws,  but  the  wise  method  based  upon  the  recognition  of  the 
fact  that  conservation  implies  necessarily  the  means  with  which  to  con- 
serve, which  may  be  entirely  lacking  in  a  primitive  community.  Accord- 
ingly the  Section  opened  with  a  discussion  of  conservation  and  economic 
theory.  The  inevitable  law  of  sacrifice  was  cited  that  the  conser- 
vation !of  [natural  (resources  meets  [everywhere  its  sharp  limitation  in 
human  resources.  No  doubt  industrious  farmers  could  in  a  short  time 
double  or  treble  the  agricultural  output  of  the  Americas,  but  they 
would  have  to  be  assured  either  of  an  increase  of  prices  or  of  a  greatly 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      67 

reduced  cost  of  labor,  before  they  could  undertake  the  additional 
expense  needed  to  bring  about  such  an  increased  yield.  The  problem 
is  -therefore  to  adjust  what  may  be  regarded  as  due  to  posterity  with 
what  is  a  necessity  to  the  present  generation.  "Conservation  means 
the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number — and  that  for  the  longest  time.'' 

Thirty  years  ago,  when  the  great  farming  area  of  the  United  States 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River  was  being  developed  so  rapidly  that  the 
world  could  hardly  consume  its  output,  corn  (maize)  was  worth  so  little 
to  the  farmer  that  he  found  it  cheaper  to  use  it  as  a  source  of  fuel  than  to 
buy  coal.  At  the  same  time  hogs  were  relatively  so  numerous  that  the 
ravages  of  hog  cholera  acted  as  a  check  on  ruinous  price  depression. 
Water  power  remotely  located  from  the  center  of  industry  is  only  poten- 
tially valuable.  Low-grade  ores  and  the  waste  from  mines  may  be  of 
no  value  until  the  demands  of  commerce  develop  more  economic  methods 
of  extraction  and  utilization,  or  increase  the  prices  quoted  so  that  it 
becomes  profitable  to  work  them.  The  high  consumption  of  meat  per 
capita  in  some  of  the  American  countries  and  in  Australia  is  economically 
impossible  in  the  thickly  settled  countries  of  Continental  Europe. 

The  growth  of  population  has  warranted  the  rejuvenation  of  the 
Nile  Valley,  the  building  of  the  Assouan  Dam,  the  Roosevelt  Dam,  and 
similar  projects,  the  new  irrigation  projects  in  the  Province  of  Buenos 
Aires,  and  will  in  time  demand  the  restoration  and  use  of  the  irrigation 
canals  of  the  Incas.  Plant  diseases,  such  as  smuts  and  rusts  of  wheat, 
citrus  canker,  white  pine  blister  rust,  and  parasites,  such  as  the  San  Jos6 
scale  and  the  gipsy  moth,  would  not  concern  a  territory  so  sparsely 
settled  as  was  the  United  States  during  the  first  half  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  but  their  prevalence  now  demands  the  most  vigorous  efforts  of 
private  and  public  agencies  for  their  control.  A  system  of  pitiless  and 
wasteful  competitive  marketing  of  agricultural  products  may  serve  the 
purposes  of  a  community  in  which  good  prices  and  never-failing  crops 
insure  a  profit  to  the  producer,  but,  with  the  increase  in  the  value  of  land 
and  the  cost  of  labor,  the  elimination  of  marketing  wastes  is  imperative 
in  order  that  food  may  be  produced  at  prices  which  those  who  eat  it  can 
afford  to  pay. 

These  statements  are  self-evident  to  anyone  familiar  with  the  in- 
dustries in  question,  but  a  failure  to  give  proper  consideration  to  the 
economic  laws  underlying  them  is  largely  responsible  for  much  of  the 
loose  thinking  which  often  prevails  in  discussions  on  conservation. 
What  may  be  a  proper  use  of  resources  in  the  present  generation  may  be 
reckless  waste  in  the  next.  The  problem  of  each  generation  is  therefore 
to  determine  how  far  to  meet  its  demands  for  the  necessities  of  life,  and 


68      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

at  the  same  time  to  "conserve"  its  obligations  to  the  generations  which 
are  to  come.  It  follows,  therefore,  that  each  right-thinking  man  and 
woman  who  has  a  decent  regard  for  the  rights  of  his  neighbor  and  of 
posterity  is  a  true  conservationist.  They  agree  on  fundamental  prin- 
ciples and  differ  only  in  the  details  of  their  application. 

It  has  become  a  habit  in  the  United  States  to  rush  to  the  Government 
for  the  solution  of  any  and  all  of  these  problems.  Unquestionably  there 
are  many  phases  of  them  which  are  properly  within  governmental  juris- 
diction. How  far  we  should  look  to  the  direction  of  Government  in  these 
matters,  and  to  what  extent  the  Government  should  leave  them  to 
private  agencies,  were  questions  which  directly  and  indirectly  claimed 
a  large  share  of  attention  in  the  meetings  of  this  Section,  and  it  is  proper 
to  say  that  the  Section  reached  more  satisfactory  results  than  had  been 
thought  likely.  These  results  are,  of  course,  to  be  found  in  their  most 
concrete  form  in  the  resolutions  which  the  Section  adopted. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  resolutions  of  this  Section,  which  were 
approved  by  the  Executive  Committee  and  incorporated  by  the  Con- 
gress in  the  Final  Act  require  governmental  action.  It  is  evident, 
however,  that  the  recommendation  of  governmental  action  involves  ac- 
ceptance of  the  principles  upon  which  Governments  are  asked  to  act 
in  the  subject  matter  to  which  they  refer,  and  it  therefore  becomes  of 
importance  to  consider  and  to  state  these  principles. 

The  general  principles  to  which  reference  is  made  are  to  be  found  in  a 
series  of  resolutions,  five  in  number,  which  were  adopted  by  the  Section. 

The  First  Sectional  Resolution  is  as  follows : 

That  each  of  the  American  Nations  should  take  steps  to  conserve  its 
mineral  resources  for  the  purpose  of  yielding  to  its  citizens  the  greatest 
possible  returns,  as  well  as  serving  as  sources  of  supply  for  less  favored 
countries.  This  result  may  be  accomplished: 

I.  By  using  the  most  approved  scientific  methods  in  making  preliminary 
examinations,  thus  avoiding  the  expense  of  attempting  to  develop  non- 
productive areas; 

II.  By  improvements  in  mining,  quarrying,  and  drilling,  so  as  to  prevent 
or  reduce  loss,  either  by  individual  effort  or  by  governmental  regulation; 

III.  By  better  treatment  and  preparation  of  the  products  of  the  mines, 
the  quarries,  and  the  wells;  and 

IV.  By  more  efficient  methods  of  utilizing  the  finished  materials  when 
they  are  ready  for  the  market. 

The  above  resolution  contains  no  recommendation  for  joint  action 
by  the  several  American  Republics  because  it  was  thought  that  the  time 
had  not  yet  arrived  for  attempting  such  joint  action  on  the  conservation 
of  mineral  resources;  but,  desiring  that  some  action  be  taken  approving 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      69 

the  general  principles  of  conservation,  the  resolution  was  presented  to 
and  passed  by  the  Section. 

The  Second  Sectional  Resolution  deals  with  public  ownership  of  forest 
lands  and  is  as  follows: 

The  experience  of  nearly  all  countries  has  shown  that  the  private  owner- 
ship of  mountainous  forests,  on  lands  unsuited  to  agriculture,  endangers 
the  public  welfare.  The  burdens  of  private  ownership  during  the  long 
periods  necessary  to  grow  forest  crops  often  lead  to  wasteful  and  uneconom- 
ical utilization  of  the  forests  and  failure  to  conserve  and  renew  them.  Aside 
from  loss  of  present  and  future  timber  resources,  the  destruction  or  deple- 
tion of  mountain  forests  vitally  affects  the  flow  of  streams  and  other  physical 
conditions  bearing  directly  upon  the  general  economic  welfare.  There- 
fore, as  the  investigation  of  forest  conditions  progresses,  it  is  important  for 
the  American  countries  to  consider  to  what  extent  public  ownership  of 
their  forest  resources  may  be  necessary  to  utilize  and  conserve  them 
effectively. 

The  movement  for  the  conservation  of  forests  in  the  United  States  is 
practically  based  upon  the  recognition  of  the  need  of  governmental  owner- 
ship and  control  of  natural  resources.  This  is  now  the  established  policy 
of  the  United  States  and  of  nearly  all  European  countries,  particularly 
in  the  matter  of  forest  resources.  The  South  American  countries  are 
now  going  through  the  same  process  of  disposing  of  their  vast  public 
domains  as  the  United  States  went  through  in  the  sixties  and  seventies. 
The  irreparable  mistake  of  such  indiscriminate  disposition  by  the  United 
States  of  its  public  domain  is  evident  and  admitted,  and  the  newer  coun- 
tries of  America  have  now  the  opportunity  to  avoid  this  mistake  by 
retaining  their  public  domain  in  public  hands.  The  Section  felt  that  it 
would  not  have  fulfilled  its  object  if  it  had  failed  to  point  out  this 
cardinal  principle  of  the  movement  for  the  conservation  of  natural 
resources. 

The  Third  Sectional  Resolution,  with  reference  to  forest  education,  is 
thus  worded: 

The  vast  extent  and  enormous  value  of  the  tropical  forests  in  the  coun- 
tries of  the  Western  Hemisphere  make  it  imperative  that  a  school  of  tropical 
forestry  for  instruction  in  the  scientific  treatment  and  exploitation  of  such 
timber  lands  be  established,  preferably  in  a  Central  or  South  American 
country. 

There  are  large  tropical  forests  in  nearly  all  of  the  American  Republics, 
yet  there  is  not  at  present  a  single  school  which  devotes  any  atten- 
tion to  tropical  forestry.  Neither  the  reconnoissance  of  the  tropical 
forests  nor  the  establishment  of  efficient  methods  of  wood  utilization 
can  be  accomplished  without  a  corps  of  foresters,  trained  in  dealing  with 


70      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

the  problems  of  the  tropical  forest.     There  is  urgent  need  therefore  for  a 
school  of  such  a  character. 

The   Fourth   Sectional    Resolution,   concerning   trade   specifications, 

follows : 

To  bring  about  better  utilization  of  the  forests  of  the  American  countries 
and  to  establish  and  extend  their  trade  in  products  of  the  forest,  it  is  recom- 
mended that  uniform  grades  and  specifications  for  such  products,  based 
upon  the  commercial  qualities  and  uses  of  the  various  woods  concerned, 
be  mutually  adopted. 

There  are  considerable  demands  in  the  United  States  for  cabinet  woods, 
dye  woods,  and  other  rare  woods  of  Latin  America.  On  the  other  hand, 
Latin  America  imports  large  quantities  of  pine,  fir,  and  spruce  from  the 
United  States.  There  would  be  a  great  deal  of  saving  in  the  products 
exported,  and  trade  would  be  simplified  and  facilitated  if  uniform  grades 
and  specifications  were  established  of  the  products  imported  and 
exported.  At  present  boards  are  being  imported  into  South  America 
of  such  sizes  that  they  must  often  be  resawed  or  cut  over  again  in  order 
to  be  utilized  in  accordance  with  the  customs  of  trade  or  building 
requirements.  The  same  is  true  of  some  of  the  forest  products  im- 
ported into  the  United  States.  If  specifications  and  grades  were  made 
on  the  basis  of  the  actual  uses  to  which  the  woods  are  to  be  put  in  the 
country  of  importation,  much  saving  of  material  and  better  understand- 
ing among  traders  would  be  accomplished  and  commerce  in  these  articles 
increased. 

The  Fifth  Sectional  Resolution  stated: 

I.  That  the  development  and  use  of  water  power  is  the  essence  of 
conservation  as  applied  to  known  sources  of  power; 

II.  That   increasing   prices  for  fuels   and   their  ultimate   exhaustion 
render  advisable  the  use  of  water  power  wherever  practicable  in  place 
of  power  developed  from  fuel  and  lend  special  emphasis  to  the  desirability 
of  making  available  undeveloped  water  power; 

III.  That  the  development  of  central  electric  power  systems  as  opposed 
to  isolated  plants  and  the  physical  combination  of  such  systems  under 
public  control  make  for  reliability  of  service  and  for  the  more  complete 
utilization  of  sources  of  power,  and  that  the  growth  of  the  hydroelectric 
industry  along  those  lines  is  not  only  commendable  but  inevitable; 

IV.  That  the  increased  application  of  electric  energy  to  everyday  use 
over  a  rapidly  widening  area  of  distribution  and  the  natural  monopoly 
of  the  electric  service  inherent  in  the  central  electric  power  system  and 
their  physical  combination  render  essential,  when  the  development  is 
made  by  private  capital,  a  wise  degree  of  public  control  of  such  systems 
in  order  that  the  consumer,  the  operator,  and  the  investor  may  alike 
receive  fair  treatment. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      Jl 

The  subcommittee  on  Conservation  of  Water  for  Power,  subsection  3 
of  Section  III,  in  preparing  the  draft  of  resolutions  which  were  passed 
by  the  subsection  and  later  by  the  section,  and  therefore  called  Sec- 
tional, in  order  to  distinguish  them  from  those  acted  upon  by  the  Ex- 
ecutive Committee,  included  only  those  principles  which  have  been 
accepted  by  all  factions  interested  in  the  development  and  utilization 
of  water  power  and  the  conservation  of  natural  resources.  It  is  be- 
lieved that  these  principles,  which  are  the  result  of  active  agitation 
as  to  the  policies  proper  to  water  power  and  general  conservation, 
and  which  have  been  adopted  as  thoroughly  sound  rules  of  action 
by  federal  and  state  governmental  agencies  in  both  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  will  in  time  be  recognized  also  in  the  countries  of  Central 
and  South  America.  The  resolutions  did  not,  however,  contemplate 
cooperative  action  by  the  American  countries,  and  for  that  reason 
it  was  not  necessary  for  the  Congress  to  adopt  them  in  the  form  of 
recommendations  to  the  American  Republics. 

After  this  formulation  of  the  fundamental  principles  involved  in  the 
conservation  of  natural  resources,  and  without  whose  acceptance 
governmental  action  would  be  futile,  if  not  impossible,  the  various 
resolutions  passed  by  Section  III,  presented  by  it  to  the  Congress  and 
approved  by  this  body  and  incorporated  in  the  Final  Act,  will  now  be 
taken  up.  The  first  of  these  is  the  ninth  article,  which  precedes  these 
general  observations. 

Considerable  capital  from  the  United  States  is  now  being  employed  in 
the  development  of  the  natural  resources  of  Latin  America,  particularly 
the  timber  resources.  Governmental  agencies  are  constantly  receiving 
requests  from  prospective  investors  in  Latin  America  for  information 
as  to  the  extent  and  character  of  the  resources  in  timber  of  that  remark- 
able continent.  While  all  available  information  has  been  compiled,  it  is 
not  adequate  to  furnish  the  facts  desired.  On  the  other  hand,  Latin 
American  countries  are  desirous  of  attracting  foreign  capital  for  the 
development  of  their  resources,  and  if  they  possessed  better  and  more 
accurate  knowledge  of  these  resources,  they  would,  of  course,  be  able  to 
present  more  definite  propositions  to  the  capitalists  seeking  investments. 

Aside  from  the  purely  commercial  aspect  of  the  situation,  an  important 
scientific  interest  is  also  attached  to  the  exploration  of  the  forest  flora 
of  Latin  America.  There  are  probably  a  number  of  species  of  trees 
which  might  be  found  to  be  economically  important  to  the  United  States ; 
and  a  knowledge  of  the  distribution  and  growth  of  forests  under  new 
climatic  conditions  would  add  many  new  facts  to  the  proper  under- 
standing of  the  laws  of  forest  growth  in  general. 


72      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ARTICLE  10.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 

that— 

Kach  of  the  American  Republics  appoint  a  commission  to  investi- 
gate and  study  in  their  respective  countries  the  existing  laws 
and  regulations  affecting — 

(a)  The  administrative  practice  of  regulating  the  use  of 

water; 

(6)  The  adjudication  of  rights  pertaining  to  the  use  of 
surface  and  underground  water  for  irrigation 
purposes; 

(c)  The  distribution,  application,  and  use  of  water  upon 

arid  and  irrigable  lands; 

(d)  Methods  of  conservation  of  surface  and  underground 

waters  for  irrigation  or  industrial  purposes; 

And  to  suggest  laws  or  regulations  in  the  interest  of  general  industry, 
navigation,  and  commerce. 

Section  (a),  namely,  "The  administrative  practice  of  regulating  the 
use  of  water,"  is  a  subject  of  the  utmost  importance  to  irrigation  wherever 
practiced.  The  regulation  of  the  use  of  water  is,  of  course,  essential  to 
the  economy  of  agriculture  under  irrigation,  as  well  as  to  navigation, 
municipal  water  supply,  and  power  development,  and  it  is  important  to 
determine  the  best  methods  of  such  regulation,  so  that  the  interests  of 
all  may  be  properly  conserved. 

Section  (6),  concerning  the  adjudication  of  rights  pertaining  to  the  use 
of  surface  and  underground  water  for  irrigation  purposes,  offers  a  fruitful 
field  for  study  and  forms  a  large  part  of  the  legislation  in  states  where 
irrigation  is  a  prominent  feature  of  agriculture.  What  is  in  one  place 
surface  water  may  elsewhere  because  of  seepage  become  underground 
water  of  great  value  and  a  source  of  serious  litigation  if  not  properly 
regulated  by  adequate  legislation. 

Section  (c),  dealing  with  the  distribution,  application,  and  use  of  waters 
upon  arid  and  irrigable  lands,  opens  up  a  broad  field  of  agriculture  under 
irrigation  or  what  is  known  in  the  United  States  as  "dry  farming."  In 
view  of  the  fact  that  water  is  the  life  of  irrigation  agriculture,  the  impor- 
tance of  this  subject  is  self-evident.  In  dry  farming  the  conservation  of 
the  rainfall  is  a  vital  problem  in  the  growing  of  crops. 

Under  Section  (d),  namely,  methods  of  conservation  of  surface  and 
underground  waters  for  irrigation  and  industrial  purposes,  fall  questions 
relating  to  storage,  prevention  of  evaporation,  loss  by  seepage,  etc. 

The  final  paragraph  of  Article  10  is  self-explanatory  in  the  sense  that 
it  is  desirable  that  laws  or  regulations  in  the  interest  of  general  industry, 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       73 

navigation,  and  commerce  be  placed  upon  the  statute  books  of  the 
American  Republics. 

A  very  brief  and  rapid  survey  of  the  clauses  of  Article  10  has  been  given 
in  order  to  show  the  nature  and  extent  of  these  various  recommendations 
and  the  importance  of  careful  investigation  and  study  of  the  existing 
laws  and  regulations  concerning  them.  It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  any 
one  committee  could  adequately  deal  with  these  matters,  even  although 
it  were  an  international  committee  in  which  each  Republic  was  repre- 
sented. The  conditions  vary  with  different  localities.  The  laws  and 
regulations  to  be  framed  naturally  depend  upon  conditions  obtaining 
in  the  different  countries.  Persons  engaged  in  their  study  and  investi- 
gation must  be  familiar  with  these  local  conditions,  and,  therefore,  the 
Congress  determined  that,  instead  of  recommending  a  single  commission 
composed  of  a  representative  from  each  of  the  American  Republics,  each 
Government  thereof  should  be  requested  to  appoint  a  committee  to 
investigate  and  study  the  existing  laws  and  regulations  concerning  the 
subject  matter  of  Article  10,  and,  as  a  result  of  their  study  and  investiga- 
tion, to  suggest  such  laws  and  regulations  relating  to  the  specific  clauses 
and,  broadening  the  scope  of  their  inquiry  and  usefulness,  to  suggest 
laws  or  regulations  in  the  interest  of  general  industry,  navigation,  and 
commerce. 

ARTICLE  n.  The   Second   Pan   American   Scientific   Congress   suggests 

that— 

The  question  of  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands  is  one  that  should 
receive  immediate  and  careful  consideration  of  the  Govern- 
ments of  the  American  Republics,  to  the  end  that  there  may 
be  increased  areas  of  productive  lands  to  meet  the  needs  of 
their  increasing  populations. 

The  American  Governments,  particularly  those  in  the  Temperate 
Zone,  are  to-day  face  to  face  with  the  questions  covered  by  this  resolu- 
tion ;  it  is  a  subject  which  is  capable  of  grossly  improper  treatment,  and 
which  has  been  so  treated  in  some  instances.  A  careful  study  of  the 
situation  is  imperative  in  order  that  each  American  country  may  obtain 
from  the  others  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  their  experience. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  Congress  laid  very  great  stress,  and  properly, 
upon  the  importance  of  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands,  and  recommended 
the  careful  and  immediate  consideration  of  this  question  by  the  several 
Governments.  In  view  of  its  very  great  importance,  and  also  in  view 
of  conditions  prevailing  in  different  countries,  the  Congress  hesitated  to 
suggest  any  particular  method  of  consideration,  and  contented  itself  with 


74       FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

calling  the  attention  of  the  Governments  in  the  most  solemn  and  urgent 
manner  to  the  necessity  of  considering,  without  delay  and  in  all  thorough- 
ness, the  important  matter  contained  in  the  article,  confident  that  the 
Governments  would,  in  their  wisdom  and  as  the  result  of  their  experience, 
adopt  such  measures  as  to  each  might  seem  the  most  appropriate. 

ARTICLE  12.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 
that— 

(a)  Each  country  should  maintain  a  well-organized  and  competent 
live-stock  sanitary  service  comprising  executive  officers,  field 
inspectors,  and  a  laboratory  force; 

(6)  Each  country  should  enforce  live-stock  sanitary  laws  and  regu- 
lations with  the  view  of  preventing  the  exportation,  impor- 
tation, and  spread  within  the  country  of  any  infectious,  con- 
tagious, or  communicable  animal  disease  by  means  of  animals, 
animal  products,  ships,  cars,  forage,  etc.; 

(c)  Each  country  should  maintain  a  thorough  live-stock  sanitary 

survey  to  determine  what  communicable  diseases  of  animals 
are  present  and  the  localities  where  they  exist.  This  infor- 
mation should  be  furnished  regularly  to  each  of  the  other 
countries  at  stated  periods  as  a  matter  of  routine; 

(d)  Each  country  should  refrain  from  exporting  animals,  animal 

products,  forage,  and  similar  materials  which  are  capable  of 
conveying  infectious,  contagious,  or  communicable  animal 
diseases  to  the  receiving  country; 

(e)  Each  country  should  enforce  measures  to  prohibit  the  importa- 

tion of  animals,  animal  products,  forage,  and  other  materials 
which  may  convey  diseases  from  countries  where  dangerous 
communicable  diseases  such  as  rinderpest,  foot-and-mouth 
disease,  and  contagious  pleuropneumonia  exist,  and  which 
have  no  competent  live-stock  sanitary  service.  Animals, 
animal  products,  forage,  and  similar  materials  from  countries 
maintaining  a  competent  live-stock  sanitary  service  may  be 
admitted  under  proper  restrictions,  regulations,  and  inspec- 
tion, imposed  by  the  importing  country; 

(/)  Each  country,  through  its  live-stock  sanitary  service,  should 
endeavor  to  control  and,  if  possible,  eradicate  the  communi- 
cable animal  diseases  existing  therein.  There  should  be  an 
exchange  of  information  as  to  the  methods  followed  which 
have  proved  most  successful  in  combating  animal  diseases; 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       75 

(g)  Members  of  the  live-stock  sanitary  service  of  each  of  the  Ameri- 
can Republics  should  meet  at  regular  intervals  to  consult 
and  inform  each  other  regarding  the  measures  taken  for  fur- 
thering cooperation  in  protecting  the  live-stock  industry  of 
the  American  countries. 

In  adopting  this  resolution  the  Congress  made  official  for  Pan  America 
the  essentials  of  the  recommendations  of  the  convention  at  Montevideo, 
held  in  1912,  on  the  subject  of  "Live  Stock  Sanitary  Police."  By  this 
action  the  Governments  participating  in  the  Second  Pan  American  Sci- 
entific Congress  are  furnished  a  basis  upon  which  to  develop  a  competent 
and  effective  live-stock  sanitary  service.  A  somewhat  detailed  discus- 
sion of  the  provisions  of  this  resolution  seems  warranted,  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  animal  industry  is  probably  the  leading  branch  of  agriculture 
in  the  Western  Hemisphere.  The  importance  of  the  animal  industry  to 
the  maintenance  of  the  fertility  of  the  soil  necessitates  its  recognition  as 
of  fundamental  importance  in  agriculture.  The  importance  of  animal 
products  in  the  food  supply  of  the  world  necessitates  the  presence  of 
animal  industry  for  the  public  welfare.  Every  effort  should,  therefore, 
be  put  forth  to  conserve  this  great  industry  in  every  possible  way,  and 
to  control  and,  if  possible,  to  eradicate  the  diseases  which  threaten  it. 

In  considering  the  development  of  a  live-stock  sanitary  service  it  must 
be  clearly  recognized  that  such  a  service  is  for  the  purpose  of  protecting, 
conserving,  and  advancing  the  animal  industry  in  every  legitimate  way. 
It  has  not  yet  appeared  possible  properly  to  protect  this  industry  from  the 
spread  of  devastating  diseases  except  by  means  of  governmental  action. 
The  powers  of  government,  however,  must  be  used  with  careful  considera- 
tion of  the  industry  itself.  It  is  essential  that  the  laws  establishing  a 
live-stock  sanitary  service  and  the  regulations  promulgated  under  the 
authority  of  these  laws  be  framed  in  such  a  way  that  the  animal  industry 
of  the  entire  Nation  is  advanced  by  their  use.  It  may  frequently  occur 
that  one  section  of  a  country  is  compelled  to  subject  itself  to  inconvenience 
and  even  loss  in  order  that  the  industry  of  the  entire  country. may  be 
protected.  No  development  of  this  kind  should  be  considered,  however, 
which  will  enable  a  favored  section  or  a  favored  group  of  individuals  to 
profit  by  means  of  laws  or  regulations  which  are  improperly  drawn  or 
unfairly  enforced. 

Topic  (a)  of  the  resolution  is  a  skeleton  outline  for  a  competent  live- 
stock sanitary  service.  Executive  officers  are,  of  course,  necessary  in 
order  to  administer  the  work,  no  matter  how  small  the  country  may  be; 


76      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

field  inspectors  are  essential  to  determine  the  presence  of  animal  diseases 
and  to  assist  in  their  control ;  and  a  laboratory  force  is  required  in  order 
to  furnish  the  administrative  and  field  officers  with  correct  and  timely 
scientific  data  concerning  the  character  of  the  diseases  with  which  they 
have  to  contend. 

Topic  (6).  A  live-stock  sanitary  service  without  satisfactory  laws  to 
support  it  would  be  an  anomaly,  and  while  in  any  well-regulated  service 
the  powers  of  the  force  should  never  be  extended  to  the  utmost,  except 
in  cases  of  great  emergency,  the  authority  for  the  use  of  such  powers 
should  be  given,  in  order  that  it  may  be  available  when  needed.  This 
authority  should  extend,  as  the  item  provides,  to  the  control  of  common 
carriers  of  animals  and  of  animal  products.  A  chapter  from  the  experi- 
ence of  the  United  States  in  the  recent  outbreak  of  the  foot-and-mouth 
disease  forcibly  illustrates  the  importance  of  this  provision.  The  spread 
of  the  disease  through  twenty-two  States  of  the  North  American  Union 
resulted  from  receiving  infected  animals  at  the  Chicago  stockyards,  and 
the  presence  of  the  contagion  there  before  it  was  detected.  From  this 
point  it  was  spread  over  a  large  portion  of  the  country  by  means  of  rail- 
road shipments. 

Topic  (c).  An  intelligent  live-stock  sanitary  service  must  know  what 
communicable  animal  diseases  are  present  in  the  country  and  where 
they  exist.  If  the  conservation  of  the  animal  industry  in  the  Western 
Hemisphere  is  to  be  effectively  applied,  this  information  should  be  made 
public  as  soon  as  it  becomes  known.  This  is  a  feature  of  the  live-stock 
sanitary  service  in  many  of  the  European  countries  and  the  United 
States,  and  it  is  of  great  value. 

Topic  (d).  As  a  practical  application  of  the  "Golden  Rule,"  a  country 
should  be  fully  as  solicitous  in  preventing  the  exportation  of  animal  dis- 
eases as  it  is  in  forbidding  their  importation. 

Topic  (e)  is  one  of  the  most  important  provisions  of  the  resolution. 
Communicable  animal  diseases  are  spread  by  means  of  infected  animals 
themselves,  forage,  and  similar  materials.  If  there  is  to  be  effective 
control  of  animal  diseases  in  the  American  countries,  there  must  be 
official  supervision.  The  enforcement  of  this  provision  will  make  pos- 
sible the  opening  up  of  trade  between  countries  where  now  there  is 
none.  A  country  which  maintains  a  competent  live-stock  sanitary 
service  obviously  can  not  trade  with  one  concerning  whose  animal  dis- 
eases nothing  is  officially  known  without  subjecting  its  own  animal 
industry  to  grave  danger  of  infection. 

Topic  (/).  The  point  to  which  all  countries  are  working  through  a 
live-stock  sanitary  service  is  the  control  and,  indeed,  the  eradication  of 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.    77 

communicable  animal  diseases.  As  an  illustration  of  the  control  of  these 
diseases  may  be  cited  the  work  of  Argentina  and  of  the  United  States  in 
the  control  of  Texas  fever.  This  disease  is  now  limited  to  a  certain  area 
in  both  countries  and  the  cattle  trade  outside  of  the  restricted  area  can 
be  carried  on  without  hindrance.  Cattle  from  within  the  quarantined 
area  can  be  moved  safely  under  proper  supervision. 

Topic  (g) .  This  item  was  included  because  it  is  believed  essential  for 
officers  of  the  live-stock  sanitary  service  of  the  different  countries  to 
become  better  acquainted  and  to  work  in  harmony  in  developing  as  far 
as  may  be  possible  the  trade  in  live  stock  between  the  American  countries. 

ARTICLE   13.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  suggests 
that— 

An  American  Plant  Protection  Congress  be  convened  as  soon  as 
practicable,  composed  of  one  or  more  technical  experts  from 
each  of  the  American  Republics,  in  order — 
(a)  To  discuss  suitable  legislation; 

(6)  To   provide   the  means  of  establishing  competent 
scientific  bureaus; 

(c)  To  recommend  such  cooperative  research  work  and 

control  of  plant  introduction  as  may  be  advisable ; 
and 

(d)  To  make  all  reasonable  effort  to  secure  appropriate 

action  by  the  American  Republics. 

Like  Article  12,  this  recommendation  has  a  precedent  in  the  action 
of  the  Montevideo  Convention  of  1912,  in  which  a  number  of  the  South 
American  Republics  took  part  and  which  suggested  methods  for  the 
development  of  plant  protection,  legislation,  and  regulation.  An  early 
conference  for  the  consideration  of  this  subject  by  all  of  the  American 
countries  is  of  the  highest  importance.  Comparatively  few  plants  are 
indigenous  to  the  countries  in  which  they  have  reached  their  greatest 
economic  importance.  With  the  increasing  prevalence  of  plant  diseases 
and  parasites,  we  are  witnessing  a  strong  public  demand  for  their  control. 
This  public  demand  will  have  to  be  met  and  the  problems  underlying  it 
solved  in  such  a  way  that  the  interchange  of  plants  and  plant  products 
may  be  continued  without  injury  to  agriculture.  It  is  therefore  neces- 
sary for  the  persons  interested  in  plant  introduction  and  protection, 
as  well  as  in  the  control  and  eradication  of  plant  diseases  and  insect  pests, 
to  confer  at  an  early  date  and  to  work  out  in  a  comprehensive  and  prac- 
ticable manner  the  measures  to  meet  the  situation. 


78      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ARTICLE  14.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends — 
The  distribution  of  information  regarding  the  agricultural  produc- 
tion  of   the   American   Republics   and   of   the   publications 
relating  thereto.   . 

It  would  be  difficult  to  render  a  greater  service  to  the  cause  of  agri- 
culture in  the  different  American  countries  than  would  naturally  and 
inevitably  result  from  the  distribution  of  the  publications  of  an  official 
or  semiofficial  character  issued  by  governmental,  educational,  and  experi- 
mental station  authorities.  Those  of  a  statistical  character  are  necessary 
for  the  proper  understanding  of  the  world's  trade  in  agriculture;  the 
practices  in  trading  and  transportation  should  be  thoroughly  under- 
stood, and  publications  relating  thereto  made  at  frequent  intervals. 

ARTICLE  15.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  believes  it 

to  be  important  that — 

The  achievements  and  influence  of  the  founders  of  the  independence 
of  the  American  Republics  be  made  known  to  the  peoples 
thereof,  and  that  the  important  details  of  the  lives  of  the 
liberators  and  statesmen  of  the  continent  be  included  in 
courses  of  study  in  schools  of  the  American  Republics. 

In  order  to  appreciate  the  importance  of  this  simple  recommendation, 
it  will  not  be  necessary  to  consider  the  various  methods  of  writing  and  of 
teaching  history;  for  if  there  be  no  general  concensus  of  opinion  among 
historians  and  teachers  as  to  the  proper  methods  of  writing  and  of 
imparting  history,  the  children  and  indeed  many  of  their  parents  have 
learned  and  no  doubt  will  continue  to  learn  the  salient  facts  of  history 
through  biographies  of  illustrious  statesmen  and  public  benefactors. 

It  is  a  truism  that  what  is  learned  in  youth  remains  throughout  life,  and 
the  desire  of  the  Congress,  as  expressed  in  this  important  recommenda- 
tion was  and  is  that  the  youth  of  the  Americas,  while  still  impressionable 
and  in  the  formative  stage,  should  learn  in  their  schools  the  achieve- 
ments, and  the  influence  of  the  founders  of  the  independence  of  Ameri- 
can States,  that  they  should  become  familiar  with  the  careers  of  such 
men  as  Washington  in  North  America  and  with  the  careers  of  San  Martin 
and  Bolivar  in  South  America.  However,  the  recommendation  does  not 
stop  there,  for  the  Americas  have  had  an  illustrious  history  since  the 
days  of  the  liberators,  and  distinguished  statesmen  in  all  of  the  countries 
have  carried  on  their  work,  and  statesmen  of  the  future  in  each  of  the 
American  Republics  will  continue  to  carry  it  on  to  its  full  fruition. 
Therefore,  the  recommendation  not  only  includes  the  important  details 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       79 

of  the  lives  of  the  liberators,  but  also  of  the  statesmen  of  the  American 
countries. 

But  even  this  is  not  broad  enough  to  effect  the  purpose  which  the  Con- 
gress had  in  mind.  The  history  of  each  country  is  no  doubt  taught  in 
the  schools  thereof  and  the  information  recommended  by  this  resolution 
is  no  doubt  imparted  in  so  far  as  it  concerns  the  liberators  and  statesmen 
of  the  country  in  which  the  school  is  located.  The  hope  of  the  partisans 
of  the  resolution  was  that  the  history  of  the  different  American  countries 
be  taught  in  the  schools  of  every  American  country  and  that,  in  connec- 
tion therewith,  the  lives  and  the  achievements  of  the  liberators  and  of 
the  statesmen  of  the  different  countries  be  availed  of  as  far  as  the  circum- 
stances of  the  case  permit,  in  order  that  the  horizon  might  be  broadened 
and  that  there  might  be  no  intellectual  frontiers  in  the  Western  Continent. 

ARTICLE  1 6.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 

that— 

There  be  established  in  the  universities  of  the  United  States  chairs 
of  the  history,  development,  and  ideals  of  the  Latin- American 
peoples,  and  in  the  universities  of  Latin  America  chairs  of 
the  history,  development,  and  ideals  of  the  people  of  the 
United  States. 

This  important  article  may  be  considered  in  a  general  way  as  the  con- 
tinuation of  Article  15,  much  in  the  same  way  as  Article  17,  concerning 
the  study  of  the  Spanish  and  English  languages,  may  be  considered  as  the 
necessary  complement  to  the  article  under  consideration.  The  intention 
of  the  Congress  was  that  the  beginning  of  the  knowledge  of  things 
American  should  be  made  with  the  child,  but  that  it  was  necessary  to 
provide  greater  and  larger  facilities  for  the  young  men  and  women  of  the 
Americas.  The  details  of  the  lives  of  liberators  and  statesmen  are 
attractive  and  serve  to  create  an  interest  in  foreign  countries,  but  should 
we  stop  there  the  recommendation  would  fail  of  its  effect.  The  ideals 
of  the  different  American  countries  should  become  the  common  property 
of  the  American  Republics,  and  to  do  this  the  Congress  felt  that  it  was 
highly  desirable,  indeed  necessary,  that  chairs  of  the  history  and  of  the 
development  and  of  the  ideals  of  the  Latin  American  peoples  should  be 
established  in  the  United  States,  and  that  similar  chairs  should  be  estab- 
lished in  each  of  the  Latin  American  countries  to  offer  an  intelligent 
and  adequate  idea  of  the  history,  development,  and  ideals  of  the  people  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  gratifying  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  that 
so  much  attention  to  these  important  subjects  is  already  given  in  the 
various  American  Republics,  but  it  is  a  source  of  regret  to  the  advocates 


80      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

in  the  United  States  of  an  enlightened  and  intellectual  Pan  Americanism 
that  greater  attention  has  not  heretofore  been  given  in  the  Republic  of 
the  North  to  the  interesting  history,  the  continuous  development  and 
the  growth  and  realization  of  the  ideals  of  the  Latin  American  peoples. 
It  is,  however,  confidently  believed  that  the  meeting  of  this  Congress,  in 
the  capital  of  the  United  States,  composed  as  the  Congress  was  of  the 
representative  scholars,  economists,  and  publicists  from  each  of  the 
twenty-one  American  Republics,  will  be  both  an  impetus  and  an  incen- 
tive to  the  acquisition  of  such  knowledge.  Chairs  of  the'  kind  recom- 
mended have  already  been  established  in  a  few  universities  and  have 
exercised  a  marked  influence  upon  the  students  attending  them.  It 
would  be  ungracious  to  single  out  and  to  mention  any  institution  or 
institutions  in  the  different  countries,  but  the  Congress  hoped  by  this 
article,  and  by  the  experience  already  had  in  the  matter,  to  contribute 
by  its  measured  recommendation  to  the  establishment  of  such  chairs  in 
every  American  country;  for  it  is  not  enough  that  the  outward  and 
material  facts  be  known  to  the  exclusion  of  an  adequate  knowledge  and 
appreciation  of  the  inner  and  spiritual  life  and  growth  of  the  peoples  of 
the  American  Republics. 

ARTICLE   17.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  urgently 

recommends  that — 

Spanish  be  taught  more  generally  in  the  schools,  colleges,  and 
universities  of  the  United  States  and  that  English  be  taught 
more  generally  in  the  educational  institutions  of  the  Latin 
American  Republics,  and  that  both  languages  be  taught 
from  the  point  of  view  of  American  life,  literature,  history, 
and  social  institutions. 

As  a  practical  example  of  the  benefit  arising  from  a  greater  familiarity 
with  the  lives  of  the  liberators  and  statesmen  of  the  New  World,  a  passage 
from  the  writings  of  George  Washington  is  quoted  as  an  introduction  to 
the  comment  upon  this  article  and  as  a  justification  of  the  article  itself, 
if  one  were  needed. 

In  a  letter  wiitten  in  the  year  1788  to  a  comrade  in  arms,  who  had 
returned  to  his  home  in  a  foreign  country,  although  he  was  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States  as  well,  WASHINGTON,  then  living  in  private  life  but 
already  designated  as  President  of  the  Republic  due  to  his  constancy 
and  devotion,  said: 

To  know  the  affinity  of  tongues  seems  to  be  one  step  toward  promoting 
the  affinity  of  Nations.  Would  to  God  the  harmony  of  Nations  were  an 
object  that  lay  nearest  to  the  hearts  of  sovereigns,  and  that  the  incentives 
to  peace,  of  which  commerce  and  facility  of  understanding  each  other  are 
not  the  most  inconsiderable,  might  be  daily  increased. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       8 1 

The  Nations  of  the  world  must  needs  be  on  speaking  terms,  and  as 
Spanish  and  English  are  at  present  the  most  widely  spoken  of  any 
languages  in  the  Western  Continent,  the  Congress  felt  justified  in  singling 
them  out  by  way  of  illustration,  not  with  any  desire  to  restrict  the 
advocates  of  Pan  Americanism  to  those  two  languages,  for  Portuguese 
and  French  are  likewise  spoken  by  American  peoples.  But  a  beginning 
must  be  made,  and  the  Congress  felt  justified  in  recommending  Spanish 
because  it  is  the  official  language  of  eighteen  of  the  twenty-one  American 
Republics,  and  in  recommending  English,  because  it  is  spoken  by  approxi- 
mately one  hundred  million  people  in  the  United  States,  and  a  knowledge 
thereof  is  bound  to  become  more  essential  the  more  closely  the  Americas 
are  drawn  together. 

But  the  purpose  is  not  merely  that  Spanish  should  be  taught  in  schools, 
colleges,  and  universities  of  the  United  States  and  that  English  be  taught 
in  the  educational  institutions  of  Latin  America.  The  knowledge  of  the 
language  is  not  the  sole  aim,  but  of  language  as  the  key  to  unlock  the 
treasures  of  American  life,  literature,  history,  and  social  institutions.  It 
is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  word  commerce  does  not  figure  in  this 
article.  The  Congress  looked  beyond  material  interests  to  the  things  of 
the  spirit,  well  knowing  that  an  understanding  based  upon  an  appreciation 
of  and  a  respect  for  the  intellectual  life  and  the  achievements  of  the 
Americas  would  be  the  great  bond  of  sympathy  between  the  peoples  of 
all  the  American  countries. 

ARTICLE  18.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 

that— 

The  study  of  sociology  in  American  universities  where  it  is  not  at 
present  taught  be  inaugurated. 

One  of  the  purposes  of  the  Congress  is  to  bring  about  a  correct  under- 
standing of  the  relations  of  the  American  Republics  and  of  their  peoples 
one  with  another  through  a  common  interest  in  science,  industry,  and 
art,  and,  above  all,  through  the  development  of  their  bonds  of  sympathy, 
difficult  to  analyze  but  necessary  to  any  permanent  or  adequate  con- 
ception of  Pan  Americanism. 

One  of  the  means  to  this  better  understanding  is  an  accurate  knowledge 
of  the  social  environment  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  different  American 
countries,  of  the  elements  entering  into  their  social  conditions,  and  the 
factors  of  their  social  development.  These  are  difficult  and  delicate 
problems,  and  conclusions  of  value  can  only  be  reached  if  the  subject 
be  approached  in  the  spirit  of  the  investigator,  with  the  impartiality 
becoming  science  and  in  the  spirit  of  detachment  especially  difficult  in 
the  consideration  of  social  questions. 
27750—16 6 


82      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Believing  that  this  newcomer  in  the  domain  of  science  is  worthy  of 
scientific  treatment,  and  that  the  results  would  justify  the  exertions 
made,  the  Congress  recommended  that  chairs  of  sociology  be  founded  in 
institutions  where  they  do  not  exist,  in  order  to  give  direction  and  control 
in  the  examination  and  formulation  of  the  fundamental  laws  of  society 
and  of  social  evolution. 

ARTICLE  19.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  petitions — 
The  Governments  of  the  American  Republics  to  further  the  inter- 
change of  educators  of  all  grades  and  of  students  of  university, 
normal,   and  technical  training,   and  to  encourage  both  to 
make  visits  of  instruction  to  other  American  countries. 

It  has  long  been  a  favorite  proposition  of  the  friends  of  the  Americas 
to  secure  an  interchange  of  their  thought  and  of  their  methods,  and 
more  particularly  to  secure  the  interchange  of  educators  of  all  grades,  of 
university  students,  and  of  students  of  normal  and  of  technical  schools, 
to  visit  other  American  countries,  particularly  those  which  offer  ex- 
ceptional opportunities  for  study  and  investigation  of  the  subjects  in 
which  the  educators  and  students  may  be  especially  interested. 

It  would  be  gratifying  to  our  amour  propre  to  claim  the  exchange 
professor  as  an  innovation  of  our  day  and  generation,  but,  like  so  many 
things  which  strike  us  at  first  sight  to  be  new  and  are  found  to  be  old 
upon  further  thought  and  reflection,  the  exchange  professor  comes  to  us 
from  the  ancient  world,  a  fact  pointed  out  by  FRANCIS  LIEBER,  the  dis- 
tinguished international  lawyer  and  political  philosopher  of  the  Northern 
Republic,  in  the  following  passage,  and  to  whom  we  must  in  justice 
attribute  the  proposal  to  rehabilitate  the  traveling  professor  as  a  factor 
in  our  modern  life  and  intellectual  development : 

In  1846,  in  one  of  my  writings,  I  recalled  the  fact  that  under  Adrian 
professors  were  appointed  to  lecture  in  different  places,  and  Polemon  of 
Laodicea  instructed  in  oratory  at  Rome,  Laodicea,  Smyrna,  and  Alex- 
andria. The  traveling  professor  had  a  free  passage  on  the  emperor's  ships 
or  on  vessels  laden  with  grain.  In  our  days  of  steamboats  and  railroads 
the  traveling  professor  should  be  reinstated.  Why  should  not  the  same 
person  teach  in  New  York  and  in  Strasburg? 

To  which  we  might  add,  why  not  in  New  York,  Buenos  Aires,  and 
indeed  in  the  capital  of  every  American  Republic  ? 

The  aim  of  the  recommendation  of  Article  19  is  not  merely  to  maintain 
the  friendly  relations  subsisting  between  Latin  America  and  the  United 
States  but  to  increase  and  to  strengthen  them  by  mobilizing,  as  it  were, 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      83 

the  intelligence  and  intellectual  resources  of  the  various  countries  of  the 
Western  Hemisphere. 

No  nation,  more  than  any  man,  can  live  by  itself  alone,  and  the  coop- 
eration of  nations  is  as  essential  to  the  progress  of  the  world  as  is  the 
cooperation  of  individuals  for  the  advancement  of  society  within  national 
boundaries.  Commerce  and  industry  are  bringing  nations  closer  to- 
gether and  causing  them  to  rely  on  each  other  more  than  in  any  previous 
period  of  history.  Means  of  communication  are  not  only  facilitating 
commerce  and  gidustry  but  actually  bringing,  by  travel  and  commerce, 
the  various  nationalities  together;  and  travel,  personal  intercourse,  and  a 
knowledge  of  different  countries  and  their  institutions  tend  to  remove 
causes  of  suspicion  which  unfortunately  exist  among  nations,  as  well  as 
among  people,  who  are  not  brought  into  close  personal  contact.  The 
exchange  professor  is  not  intended  as  a  substitute  for  the  diplomatic 
agent;  it  is  obvious,  however,  that  the  system  of  exchange  professor- 
ships in  our  various  universities  would  familiarize  our  professors,  as  well 
as  theirs,  with  the  problems  of  scholarship,  the  aims  and  purposes  of  our 
respective  institutions,  the  means  by  which  they  have  been  created, 
maintained,  and  their  influence  extended,  and  would  carry  to  all  countries 
participating  in  the  exchange  a  message  of  sympathy  and  of  encourage- 
ment in  the  efforts  which  all  are  making  toward  a  common  goal. 

Professors  are,  to  cite  only  familiar  examples,  already  exchanged  be- 
tween two  American  universities,  Harvard  and  Columbia,  and  two  Euro- 
pean universities,  Berlin  and  Paris;  and  the  results  are  such  as  to  justify 
a  very  great  extension  of  the  system.  Dr.  NICHOLAS  MURRAY  BUTLKR, 
the  eminent  and  many-sided  President  of  Columbia  University,  thus 
briefly  summarizes  the  results  as  well  as  the  reasons: 

Public  interest  in  this  undertaking  has  been  very  great,  and  properly 
so,  for  what  is  being  created  is  a  new  force  to  guide  and  instruct  public 
opinion  in  international  affairs.  The  nations  of  the  world  are  clearly  com- 
ing into  closer  sympathy  and  relationship.  The  establishment  of  a  per- 
manent international  court  of  arbitration  at  The  Hague,  to  which  differences 
between  nations  are  to  be  submitted  for  judicial  determination,  marks  a 
long  step  forward  in  the  history  of  civilization.  The  universities,  always 
alert  where  great  public  interest  and  great  tendencies  are  concerned,  may 
lend  their  powerful  aid  to  the  promotion  of  peace  and  good  will  between 
nations  by  seeing  to  it  that  the  youth  of  each  is  given  opportunity  to  know 
and  to  understand  the  point  of  view  of  the  people  of  the  others.  It  is 
not  only  as  a  mere  academic  interchange  that  this  undertaking  is  impor- 
tant. It  has  far-reaching  national  and  international  significance. 

It  is  therefore  clear  that  the  organization  of  the  system  on  an  inter 
national  basis  by  extending  it  to  all  the  countries  of  the  Ameiican  conti- 


84      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

nent  would  greatly  benefit  Pan  America;  for  the  presence  of  Latin  Ameri- 
can professors  at  the  universities  of  the  United  States  would  enable  the 
people  of  the  North  to  understand  as  never  before,  not  merely  the 
difficulties  of  Latin  America,  but  the  progress  made  in  spite  of  all  those 
difficulties;  for  the  visiting  professors,  coming  alike  from  Latin 
America  and  the  United  States,  would  inform  themselves  as  to  the 
methods  of  instruction,  political  aims,  purposes,  and  ideals  of  the  coun- 
tries in  which  they  temporarily  reside,  and  on  returning  to  their 
homes  would  form  a  center  of  international  good  understanding.  With- 
out underestimating  the  value  of  formal  agreement  reached  through  diplo- 
matic channels,  experience  shows  us  that  informal  cooperation  with 
Nations  is  a  great  factor  in  the  progress  toward  international  unity,  and 
the  better  understanding  produced  by  the  presence  of  exchange  profes- 
sors, the  hospitable  and  sympathetic  reception  which  each  professor 
would  receive,  the  contributions  which  each  would  make  in  the  press,  by 
means  of  articles  in  magazines  and  perhaps  in  book  form,  would  undoubt- 
edly be  of  great  service  to  the  public,  which,  after  all,  determines  inter- 
national relations  in  all  countries  possessing  constitutional  and  repre- 
sentative goveinments. 

Heretofore  the  advantages  likely  to  accrue  from  the  interchange  of 
professors  has  been  considered ;  but  the  results  reasonably  to  be  expected 
from  the  interchange  of  students  in  the  universities  and  academies  of 
the  American  Republics,  can  not  be  overestimated,  for  students  in  the 
formative  period  are  peculiarly  impressionable  by  their  intellectual 
and  social  environment.  The  education  of  young  men  picked  from  the 
various  American  Republics  would  necessarily  make  them  friends  of  the 
countries  in  which  they  studied,  sympathetic  expounders  of  the  institu- 
tions and  enlightened  critics  of  the  Governments  with  which  they  were 
made  familiar.  Not  a  little  of  the  friendliness  existing  between  certain 
European  countries  and  the  United  States  is  due  to  the  residence  of 
American  students  in  foreign  countries  and  at  foreign  universities.  We 
may,  therefore,  confidently  expect  like,  indeed  greater,  results  from  the 
interchange  of  American  students,  and  predict,  with  very  considerable 
certainty,  the  popularization  of  institutions  of  the  Americas  and  of 
educational  methods.  In  a  word,  intellectual,  political,  and  social  under- 
standing is  destined  to  result  from  their  presence  in  the  various  American 
Republics. 

It  is  a  truism  that  misunderstanding  often  arises  from  the  lack  of 
acquaintance  of  the  contending  parties,  and  the  exchange  professors,  by 
disseminating  knowledge,  by  bringing  the  various  peoples  into  close 
social  and  intellectual  contact,  would  go  far  to  disarm  suspicion  and  to 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      85 

create  sympathetic  and  permanent  bonds  of  friendship.  The  system  of 
exchange  professorships  would  not  only  supplement  diplomatic  effort  in 
bringing  about  friendly  relations  but  would  increase  them  in  force  and 
intensity,  and  upon  a  basis  of  common  understanding  derived  from 
personal  knowledge,  interchange  of  thought,  and  a  comprehension  of 
American  ideals,  exchange  professors  would  tend  to  draw  all  portions 
of  the  American  Hemisphere  into  closer  contact. 

In  regard  to  the  proposed  exchange  of  professors  and  students,  it 
should  be  said  in  this  connection  that  in  1 909  the  Honorable  PHILANDER 
C.  KNOX,  when  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States,  directed  that  the 
subject  be  laid  before  the  Governing  Board  of  the  International  Bureau  of 
the  American  Republics  "not  only  for  discussion  and  consideration  but, 
if  approved,  for  the  elaboration  of  the  details  necessarily  incident  to 
the  establishment  of  exchange  professorships  in  Pan  America."  The 
Goveining  Board  approved  the  proposal  and  it  was  included  in  the 
program  for  the  Fourth  International  Pan  American  Conference,  and 
Mr.  KNOX  instructed  the  North  American  delegates  to  that  Conference, 
which  met  at  Buenos  Aires,  July  10,  1910,  to  give  their  "hearty  support 
to  any  practical  plan  tending  to  this  end  which  may  be  devised,"  stating 
that  "an  exchange  of  professors  and  students  among  the  universities  and 
academies  of  the  American  Republics  will  undoubtedly  promote  mutual 
intellectual  and  social  understanding  and  sympathy." 

As  a  result  of  this  enlightened  and  persistent  action  on  the  part  of 
Mr.  KNOX,  the  subject  was  considered  at  the  Conference  at  Buenos  Aires 
which  adopted  the  following  resolutions: 

The  Fourth  International  American  Conference,  assembled  at  Buenos  Aires,  resolves; 

I.  To  recommend  to  the  Governments  of  America  in  regard  to  their  public 
Universities  and  to  the  Universities  recognized  by  those  Govern- 
ments, that  they  establish  the  interchange  of  professors  on  the 
following  principles: 

First.  The  above-mentioned  Universities  shall  grant  facilities  for  pro- 
fessors sent  from  one  to  another  for  the  holding  of  classes  or  giving  lectures. 

Second.  Such  classes  or  lectures  shall  treat  chiefly  of  scientific  matters 
of  interest  to  America,  or  relating  to  the  conditions  of  one  or  more  of  the 
American  countries,  especially  that  in  which  the  professor  is  teaching. 

Third.  Every  year  the  Universities  desiring  the  interchange  shall  give 
notice  to  each  other  of  the  matters  of  which  their  professors  can  treat  and 
of  those  which  they  desire  to  be  treated  of,  respectively,  in  their  classes. 

Fourth.  The  remuneration  of  a  professor  shall  be  paid  by  the  university 
which  has  appointed  him,  unless  his  services  shall  have  been  expressly 
requested,  in  which  case  his  remuneration  shall  be  charged  to  the  Uni- 
versity which  has  engaged  his  services. 


86      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Fifth.  The  Universities  shall  determine  annually  the  amount,  to  be 
taken  from  their  own  funds,  should  they  have  any,  or  to  be  asked  from 
their  respective  Governments,  for  the  costs  incurred  in  fulfillment  of  the 
terms  of  this  Resolution. 

Sixth.  It  is  to  be  desired  that  the  Universities  of  America  should  assemble 
at  a  Congress  to  provide  for  University  extension  and  other  means  of 
American  intellectual  cooperation. 

II.  The  Fourth  International  American  Conference  being  of  the  opinion 
also  that  it  would  be  well  for  the  strengthening  of  the  solidarity  of 
the  Nations  of  the  Continent  that  there  should  be  an  interchange 
of  students  between  the  American  Universities,  resolves: 

1.  To  recommend  that  the  Universities  of  America  should  create  scholar- 
ships in  favor  of  students  of  other  countries  of  this  same  Continent,  with 
or  without  reciprocal  charges,  adopting,  either  directly  or  through  the 
Government  on  which  they  are  dependent,  the  necessary  measures  for  the 
practical  carrying  out  of  this  agreement. 

2.  Each  University  which  shall  have  created  such  scholarship  shall 
appoint  a  committee  to  be  charged  with  the  care  of  the  students  to  whom 
such  scholarships  have  been  given,  to  direct  their  studies  and  to  lay  down 
the  rules  necessary  to  secure  due  performance  of  their  duties. 

3.  The  Universities  so  attended  by  a  foreign  student  shall  enter  him  in 
his  corresponding  course  in  conformity  with  the  plan  of  studies  and  the 
respective  regulations. 

The  advantages  mentioned  by  Secretary  KNOX  of  the  exchange  of 
professors  and  of  students,  and  which  were  evident  to  the  official 
delegates  of  the  American  Republics  in  conference  at  Buenos  Aires, 
are  as  clear  if  not  clearer  to-day  than  they  were  then,  and  the 
Congress  stood  on  solid  and  incontrovertible  ground  when  it  not  merely 
approved  the  project  but  extended  it  to  educators  of  all  grades  and  to 
students  of  universities,  normal,  and  technical  schools.  It  will  be  noted 
that  the  language  of  Article  19  is  not  that  of  a  mere  recommendation. 
It  is  more  urgent,  more  personal,  if  the  expression  may  be  allowed  in 
relation  to  Governments,  because  the  partisans  of  the  exchange  of  pro- 
fessors and  students  as  outlined  in  the  article  are  "  to  petition  the  Gov- 
ernments of  the  American  Republics  to  further  the  exchange."  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  the  petition  of  the  Congress  will  not  fall  upon  deaf  ears. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       87 

ARTICLE  20.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  suggests  that — 
The  presidents  of  the  leading  architectural  societies  of  this  hemi- 
sphere shall  be  requested  to  communicate  with  one  another 
for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  Pan  American  federation  of  archi- 
tectural societies. 

Such  federation  should  hold  conferences  in  different  countries  at 
stated  periods. 

The  present  article  is  a  recognition,  as  applied  to  architects,  of  the 
truism  that  in  union  there  is  strength,  and  that  in  order  that  there  may 
grow  up  in  the  Americas  the  traditions  and  canons  of  the  art  worthy  of 
the  American  Republics,  the  Section  of  Engineering  drafted  this  article, 
believing  it  to  be  of  vast  educational  and  professional  import.  It  is  of 
course  not  to  be  understood  that  in  advocating  a  federation  of  archi- 
tectural societies  it  would  be  possible,  by  the  exchange  of  views  of  the 
accredited  representatives  of  the  different  countries  in  the  conferences 
to  be  held  in  accordance  with  the  article,  to  introduce  uniformity  in 
architectural  design  and  structure.  Without  attempting  in  any  way  to 
discuss  the  conditions  of  architecture  or  to  lay  down  its  canons,  it  must 
be  evident,  even  to  the  casual  reader,  that  architecture  is  largely  condi- 
tioned by  environment.  A  style  of  architecture  eminently  appropriate 
for  those  portions  of  America  where  the  winters  are  severe  and  much  of 
the  ground  covered  by  snow  would  be  equally  inappropriate  for  the 
more  tropical  regions  of  the  continent.  By  the  personal  intercourse  of 
architects  and  by  the  resultant  exchange  of  views  the  Congress  believed 
that  the  standard  of  architecture  as  an  art  would  be  raised,  and  ventured 
the  hope,  without,  however,  daring  to  voice  it,  that  in  the  course  of 
time  the  graceful  and  substantial  structures  of  the  New  World  may 
stand  upon  a  plane  of  equality  with  those  of  the  Old,  and  mayhap  of  the 
ancient  world. 

ARTICLE  .2 1 .  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 

that— 

There  be  published  a  series  of  volumes  entitled  the  "  Pan  American 
Library,"  with  the  object  of  popularizing,  in  the  several  lan- 
guages spoken  on  the  continent,  the  best  scientific,  literary, 
and  artistic  works  of  American  authors. 

It  is  a  trite  remark  that  community  of  spirit  is  one  of  the  strongest  ties 
which  can  exist  among  men  and  peoples,  and  the  sentiment  of  union 
which  already  exists  in  the  whole  American  Continent  can  be,  it  is 
believed,  greatly  augmented  and  solidified  by  the  establishment  of  a  Pan 


88      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

American  Library  such  as  is  recommended  by  this  article.  It  will  be 
seen  from  an  inspection  of  its  wording  that  it  relates  exclusively  to  the 
American  Continent,  because  the  works  to  be  popularized  are  not  the 
productions  of  foreign  authors,  for  if  Secretary  KNOX'S  happy  statement 
is  to  be  taken  literally  as  well  as  figuratively  that  "geographically 
America  is  a  unit;  commercially  each  of  its  members  is  being  brought 
into  more  frequent  contact;  intellectually  each  should  contribute  to  the 
knowledge  of  each  and  to  the  advancement  of  all." 

The  scope  of  this  article  is  very  broad,  although  it  consists  of  but  a 
few  lines,  namely,  to  collect  from  time  to  time  the  best  scientific,  literary, 
and  artistic  works  of  American  authors,  meaning  by  "American  authors" 
writers  of  each  and  every  one  of  the  American  Republics,  to 'have  the 
works  considered  worthy  of  a  wider  circulation  and  a  more  varied  public, 
translated  not  into  any  one  particular  language  but  into  any  and  perhaps 
all  of  the  languages  spoken  in  the  Western  world,  namely,  Spanish, 
Portuguese,  French,  and  English.  The  word  "library"  is  not  used  in  the 
sense  of  an  institution,  of  a  building  in  which  the  books  may  be  collected 
and  consulted  by  readers,  but  in  the  sense  of  an  apt  title  by  which  the 
series  should  be  known,  and  it  is  broad  enough  to  include  magazines  and 
periodicals  and  articles  of  value  which  they  may  contain. 

There  is  no  doubt  a  willingness  to  believe  on  the  part  of  the  authors  of 
North  America  that  the  publication  and  popularization  of  their  works 
in  the  other  American  countries  would  be  as  advantageous  to  the  reading 
public  thereof  as  it  would  be  pleasing  to  the  writers ;  and  the  same  might 
be  said  of  the  authors  of  each  and  every  American  country.  The  purpose, 
however,  of  this  article  was  not  to  secure  the  translation  and  circulation 
of  the  works  produced  in  any  one  country  to  the  exclusion  of  the  works 
produced  in  any  other  country,  or  indeed  in  all  other  American  countries. 
The  purpose  was  rather  to  call  the  attention  of  the  reading  and  scien- 
tific public  to  the  fact  that  scholars,  scientists,  literateurs,  and  men  of 
taste  and  refinement  of  all  of  the  American  Republics  are  contributing 
to  the  intellectual  treasures  of  the  Americas  and  that,  in  the  interest  of  a 
common  civilization  and  of  a  common  culture,  works  of  merit  of  the 
kind  specified  should  be  placed  at  the  disposal  of  persons  in  the  different 
countries  who  might  profit  by  them,  but  who  might  not  have  either  the 
inclination  or  the  time  to  master  the  languages  in  which  they  have  been 
written  and  published.  The  Congress  contented  itself  with  recognizing 
the  importance  of  such  an  undertaking ;  it  did  not  and  it  could  not  deter- 
mine the  details,  which  are  left  to  the  enlightened  enterprise  and  judg- 
ment of  the  publishers  of  the  American  Continent. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      89 

ARTICLE  22.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  confirming 
the  resolution  adopted  at  the  First  Pan  American  Scientific 
Congress  of  1908-9,  recommends  the  organization  in  connection 
with  the  Pan  American  Union  of  a  department  of  education, 
which  shall — 

(a)  Be    intrusted    with    the    publication,    in    Spanish,   Portuguese 

French,  and  English,  of  such  works  on  education  as  are  of 
importance  to  the  American  countries; 

(b)  Keep  the  different  Republics  in  touch  with  educational  progress ; 

(c)  Promote  in  each  country  the  scientific  study  of  educational 

problems  from  both  national  and  American  standpoints; 

(d)  Facilitate  the  interchange  of  ideas  and  information  among  the 

teachers  of  the  continent,  and  in  general  serve  the  educational 
interests  of  the  Americas. 

The   introduction   to   this   very   important   recommendation   of   the 
Congress  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  it  is  a  confirmation  of  the  resolu- 
tion adopted  by  the  First  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  of  1908-9. 
The  importance  of  educational  cooperation  has  long  since  been  recognized 
and  was  stated  by  the  Third  Latin  American  Scientific  Conference, 
held  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1905,  at  a  time  when  such  reunions  were  con- 
fined to  the  inhabitants  of  Latin  America.     The  resolution  of  the  First 
Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  to  which  reference  is  made,  is  as  follows : 
That,  in  accordance  with  the  resolution  of  the  Third  Pan  American 
Conference  the  several  Governments  be  requested  to  provide  for  the  creation 
in  the  International  Bureau  of  the  American  Republics  of  a  Pan  American 
department  of  education,  which  shall  be  charged  with  the  duty  of  publish- 
ing in  English,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  all  treatises  and  works  on  education 
which  may  possess  a  Pan-American  interest,  and  of  subserving  all  other 
educational  interests  in  America. 

The  recommendation  of  the  present  Congress  is  calculated  not  merely 
to  give  effect  to  the  resolution  of  its  immediate  predecessor,  but  at  one 
and  the  same  time  to  give  effect  to  the  resolution  of  the  Third  and  Fourth 
International  Conference  of  American  States,  held,  respectively,  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1906  and  at  Buenos  Aires  in  1910,  authorizing  the 
International  Union  of  the  American  Republics  "to  supply  information 
on  educational  matters." 

In  order  to  render  effective  the  recommendation  for  the  interchange 
of  educators  and  of  students  of  the  Americas,  there  should  be  some 
specific  organization  whose  duty  it  should  be  to  take  the  necessary 
steps  and  to  provide  the  necessary  information  upon  which  the  success  of 
the  interchange  must  depend.  As  to  the  necessity  of  some  organization 


90      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

devoted  exclusively  to  these  purposes,  there  can  be  no  two  opinions,  but 
there  may  well  be  a  divergence  of  views  as  to  whether  the  organization 
should  be  connected  with  the  Pan  American  Union,  which  is  a  diplomatic 
body,  or  whether  it  should  be  a  separate  and  distinct  organization  having 
the  confidence  of  the  Governments  of  the  Americas,  but  not  subject  to 
their  control  or  dictation,  as  must  necessarily  be  the  case  in  a  diplomatic 
or  political  organization.  In  other  words,  the  question  which  meets 
us  upon  the  threshold  is  whether  the  functions  if  not  the  scope  of  the 
Pan  American  Union  should  be  increased  by  imposing  upon  it  the  duties 
contained  in  this  article  and  assigning  them  to  what  the  article  calls 
a  department  of  education  thereof,  or  whether  there  should  be  formed  for 
educational  purposes  a  union  comparable  to  the  American  Institute  of 
International  Law,  which  is  a  private  organization  uniting  the  national 
societies  of  international  law  existing  in  each  of  the  American  Republics, 
in  which  the  Governments  are  interested  by  reason  of  the  services  which 
the  Institute  can  render,  but  in  which  and  over  which  the  Governments 
exercise  no  control. 

It  would  be  inadvisable,  and  indeed  it  would  be  out  of  place,  to  pursue 
this  matter  further,  as  the  Congress  recommends  that  the  existing 
machinery  of  the  Pan  American  Union  be  used  and  that  there  be  created 
in  the  Pan  American  Union  a  department  of  education.  This  recom- 
mendation is,  as  already  pointed  out,  in  accordance  with  the  resolution  of 
the  Third  and  Fourth  International  American  Conference  authorizing  the 
Pan  American  Union,  among  other  things,  "To  supply  information  on 
educational  matters,"  and  with  the  convention  adopted  by  the  Fourth 
Conference  and  since  approved  by  the  Governments  of  the  American 
Republics,  declaring,  in  Article  II  thereof,  as  one  of  the  purposes  of  the 
Pan  American  Union,  to  be  "To  compile  and  distribute  information  and 
reports  concerning  *  *  *  educational  development."  It  is  therefore 
clearly  within  the  competence  of  the  Pan  American  Union  to  assume 
and  to  perform  the  duties  sought  to  be  conferred  upon  it  by  the  Congress, 
whereby  the  Union  shall  become  the  agent  of  the  American  Republics  in 
educational  matters. 

It  is  of  interest  to  note,  in  this  connection,  that  the  proposal  to  create 
a  department  of  education  of  the  Pan  American  Union  for  the  purpose 
set  forth  in  the  article  was  made  by  one  very  familiar  with  the  aims, 
purposes,  and  procedure  of  the  Union,  namely,  the  President  of  the 
Congress,  His  Excellency  Sr.  BDUARDO  SUAREZ-MUJICA,  the  Chilean 
Ambassador.  It  is  difficult  briefly,  and  within  the  compass  of  this 
report,  to  comment  upon  the  specific  clauses  of  this  very  important 
article,  for,  taken  together,  they  state  in  general  the  duties  of  a  Minister 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      91 

of  Public  Instruction  in  any  one  of  the  American  Republics,  and,  in 
addition,  the  duties  and  functions  of  a  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  for 
the  twenty-one  American  Republics.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  the 
question  has  been  raised  in  this  report,  in  passing,  without  attempting  to 
decide  it,  whether  the  question  of  education  is  not  of  sufficient  importance 
to  establish  a  union  which  should  be  devoted  singly  and  solely  to  the 
consideration  of  educational  questions  rather  than  to  make  it  an  incident 
of  a  union  busied  with  other  and  important  duties. 

But  to  pass  to  the  duties  which  any  organization  must  assume  and 
perform  in  order  to  give  effect  to  the  article.  It  will  be  noted  that, 
in  the  first  place,  a  careful  study  and  investigation  and  report  must  be 
made  of  treatises  dealing  with  education,  and  it  will  be  observed  that  no 
limitation  is  placed  upon  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  study  and  investiga- 
tion, other  than  that  such  works  are  to  be  "  of  importance  to  the  American 
countries."  Non-American  publications  are,  therefore,  to  be  considered, 
as  well  as  the  Pan  American  literature  on  the  subject,  and,  after  such 
study,  investigation  and  report,  such  works  as  are  deemed  to  be  of 
importance  are  to  be  published  either  by  or  under  the  direction  of  the 
department,  in  Spanish,  Portugese,  French,  or  English. 

To  accomplish  this  single  purpose  requires  a  very  effective  organiza- 
tion and  careful  and  painstaking  study  and  devotion,  but  it  would  seem 
that  this  is  a  prerequisite  to  the  success  of  the  undertaking,  because  it  is 
essential  that  educators  of  the  different  countries  should  have  at  their 
disposal  and  placed  before  their  eyes  such  works  on  education  as  are  of 
importance  to  the  American  countries,  in  order  that  American  educators 
may  be  national  agents  in  the  execution  of  an  international  policy. 

In  the  second  place,  it  is  to  be  the  duty  of  the  department  of  education 
to  "keep  the  different  Republics  in  touch  with  educational  progress," 
which  is  a  very  brief  statement  of  a  very  difficult  duty.  Put  in  simple 
terms,  this  clause  requires  the  organization  to  collect  and  to  classify 
the  facts  of  educational  progress  in  every  one  of  the  American  Republics 
and  to  distribute  such  facts  in  a  classified  and  systematic  form  to  the 
appropriate  authorities  thereof. 

In  the  third  place,  the  organization  is  required,  not  merely  to  survey 
the  literary  field,  to  examine  and  to  report  the  details  of  educational 
progress,  but  it  is  specifically  charged  with  the  duty  of  promoting,  in  each 
of  the  twenty-one  American  Republics,  the  scientific  study  of  educational 
problems;  that  is  to  say,  the  organization  is  to  perform  the  functions 
of  a  Minister  of  Education  for  each  country. 

But  this  is  not  all,  because  the  problems  are  to  be  examined  and  studied, 
not  merely  from  a  national  but  from  a  Pan  American  standpoint,  thus 


92      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

elevating  the  organization  to  the  rank  and  investing  it  with  the  duties 
of  a  Ministry  of  Education  for  the  twenty-one  sovereign  and  equal 
Nations  of  the  American  Continent. 

Finally,  for  fear  lest  something  should  be  overlooked,  the  article  con- 
tains what  may  be  considered  a  blanket  clause,  as,  in  addition  to  the 
specific  duties  enumerated  in  clauses  (a) ,  (6) ,  and  (c) ,  the  organization 
is  to  "facilitate  the  interchange  of  ideas  and  information,"  not  merely 
among  the  Governments,  but  among  the  teachers  of  the  continent,  thus 
going  into  direct  contact  with  the  leaders  of  educational  thought  in  the 
Americas. 

The  article  creates  a  duty  under  which  the  broadest  shoulders  are 
likely  to  bend;  yet  more  than  this  is  required  of  the  organization,  for  it  is 
"in  general  to  serve  the  educational  interests  of  the  Americas."  That  is 
to  say,  the  organization  is  to  give  effect  to  the  specific  purposes  enum- 
erated in  sections  (a),  (6),  (c),  and  (d)  of  the  article  and,  in  addition, 
it  is  to  stand  forth  as  the  directing,  if  not  the  controlling,  agent  of  the 
general  educational  interests  of  the  Americas. 

,  Every  friend  of  Pan  Americanism  who  believes  in  the  possibilities  of 
intellectual  cooperation,  and  who  sees  in  education  the  hope  of  mankind, 
will  welcome  this  article,  and  every  friend  of  the  Americas  will  express 
the  hope  and  the  fervent  prayer  that  the  organization  created  to  render 
this  recommendation  effective  will  be  such  as  to  insure  its  success,  lest 
failure  should  seem  to  question  the  possibility  of  realizing  these  generous 
and  eminently  feasible  recommendations,  which  are,  as  it  were,  the 
threshold  to  the  successful  intellectual  cooperation  of  the  Americas. 

ARTICLE  23.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends, 
in  order  to  increase  the  study  of  international  law,  to  popularize 
its  just  principles,  and  to  secure  its  observance  and  application 
in  the  mutual  relations  of  the  Americas,  that  steps  be  taken  to 
improve  and  to  enlarge  library  and  reference  facilities : 
(a)  By  preparing  and  publishing  a  bibliography  of  international 
law  and  related  subjects,  furnishing  the  names  of  publishers 
and  prices  so  far  as  these  are  obtainable,  with  special  reference 
to  the  needs  of  poorly  endowed  libraries; 

(6)  By  preparing  and  publishing  a  carefully  prepared  index  or  digest 
of  the  various  heads  and  subheads  of  international  law,  with 
references  to  standard  sources  of  authority  under  each  head 
and  subhead  thereof; 

(c)  By  collecting  with  the  aid  wherever  possible  of  ministries  of 
foreign  affairs  and  publishing  from  official  copies  thus  secured, 
in  cheap  and  convenient  form,  all  official  documents,  both 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       93 

foreign  and  domestic,  bearing  upon  international  law,  includ- 
ing therein  treaties,  information  relating  to  arbitration, 
announcements  of  national  policy,  and  diplomatic  corre- 
spondence ; 

(d)  By  issuing  in  the  form  of  law  reports  judgments  of  national 
courts  involving  questions  of  international  law,  the  sen- 
tences of  arbitral  tribunals  and  the  awards  of  mixed  com- 
missions. 

The  subject  of  the  study  of  international  law  was  considered  in  very 
great  detail  at  a  conference  of  American  teachers  of  international  law, 
held  at  the  city  of  Washington  in  the  month  of  April,  1914,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  American  Society  of  International  Law.  Forty-one 
institutions  of  learning  of  the  United  States  accepted  the  invitation  to 
be  present  and  sent  accredited  representatives  to  take  part  in  the  pro- 
ceedings. 

The  result  was  a  series  of  recommendations,  unanimously  adopted  by 
the  conference,  which  form  the  basis  of  the  present  articles  relating  to 
the  study  of  the  law  of  nations,  with  omissions  and  other  modifications 
in  order  to  make  the  recommendations  apply  to  the  Republics  of  the 
American  continent  instead  of  applying  solely  to  the  Republic  of  the 
North  in  which  the  conference  of  teachers  was  held. 

In  an  article  written  by  the  Honorable  EUHU  ROOT  when  Secretary 
of  State,  and  published  as  the  introduction  to  the  first  number  of  the 
American  Journal  of  International  Law  in  1907,  he  called  attention  to  the 
conditions  required  for  the  settlement  of  international  disputes  without 
resort  to  war,  stating  that  the  people  of  the  countries  involved  should 
be  able  to  weigh  the  controversy  and  to  appreciate  the  action  of  their 
representatives  in  an  instructed  and  reasonable  way,  and  stating  also 
that  one  means  of  bringing  about  this  instructed  and  reasonable  way 
was  by  means  of  a  wider  and  broader  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  inter- 
national law  and  by  the  creation  of  an  international  habit  on  the  part 
of  the  people  of  reading  and  thinking  about  international  matters.  The 
language  of  Mr.  ROOT  on  this  point  is,  if  possible,  the  more  important, 
as  when  uttering  it  he  was  speaking  under  the  responsibility  of  office, 
shortly  after  his  return  from  his  visit  to  Latin  America.  It  therefore 
seems  advisable  to  quote  two  paragraphs  from  the  article  as  a  general 
introduction  to  this  section  of  the  report: 

In  the  great  business  of  settling  international  controversies  without  war' 
whether  it  be  by  negotiation  or  arbitration,  essential  conditions  are  reason- 
ableness and  good  temper,  a  willingness  to  recognize  facts  and  to  weigh 
arguments  which  make  against  one's  own  country  as  well  as  those  which 
make  for  one's  own  country;  and  it  is  very  important  that  in  every  country 


94      FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

the  people  whom  negotiators  represent  and  to  whom  arbitrators  must  return 
shall  be  able  to  consider  the  controversy  and  judge  the  action  of  their  rep- 
resentatives in  this  instructed  and  reasonable  way. 

One  means  to  bring  about  this  desirable  condition  is  to  increase  the 
general  public  knowledge  of  international  rights  and  duties  and  to  promote 
a  popular  habit  of  reading  and  thinking  about  international  affairs.  The 
more  clearly  the  people  of  a  country  understand  their  own  international 
rights  the  less  likely  they  are  to  take  extreme  and  extravagant  views  of 
their  rights  and  the  less  likely  they  are  to  be  ready  to  fight  for  something 
to  which  they  are  not  really  entitled.  The  more  clearly  and  universally 
the  people  of  a  country  realize  the  international  obligations  and  duties 
of  their  country,  "the  less  likely  they  will  be  to  resent  the  just  demands 
of  other  countries  that  those  obligations  and  duties  be  observed.  The  more 
familiar  the  people  of  a  country  are  with  the  rules  and  customs  of  self- 
restraint  and  courtesy  between  nations  which  long  experience  has  shown 
to  be  indispensable  for  preserving  the  peace  of  the  world,  the  greater  will 
be  the  tendency  to  refrain  from  publicly  discussing  controversies  with  other 
countries  in  such  a  way  as  to  hinder  peaceful  settlement  by  wounding 
sensibilities  or  arousing  anger  and  prejudice  on  the  other  side. 

At  the  Conference  of  Teachers  of  International  Law,  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Mr.  ROOT,  he  delivered  an  address  in  which,  while  dwelling 
upon  the  importance  of  international  law,  he  called  attention  to  the 
fact  that  more  and  more  democracy  was  coming  to  its  own  and  that 
unless  democracy  were  educated  in  its  duties  as  well  as  in  its  rights  it 
would  not  render  the  services  which  could  properly  be  expected  of  it 
and  which  would  justify  its  existence.  On  this  particular  point  he  said : 

I  think  no  one  can  study  the  movement  of  the  times  without  realizing 
that  the  democracy  of  the  world — for  it  is  not  alone  in  this  country — is 
realizing  its  rights  in  advance  of  its  realization  of  its  duties.  And  that  way 
lies  disaster.  That  way  lies  hideous  wrong.  That  way  lies  the  exercise  of 
the  mighty  powers  of  modern  democracies  to  destroy  themselves,  to  destroy 
the  vitality  of  the  principles  upon  which  they  depend.  And  there  is  no 
duty  more  incumbent  to-day  upon  the  men  whose  good  fortune  has  made  it 
possible  for  them  to  acquire  a  broader  knowledge  upon  the  subjects  with 
which  democracy  deals,  than  to  become  themselves  leaders  of  opinion  and 
teachers  of  their  people.  Unless  the  popular  will  responds  to  the  instructed 
and  competent  leadership  of  opinion  upon  the  vital  questions  of  our  foreign 
relations,  the  worst  impulses  of  democracy  will  control.  At  the  bottom  of 
wise  and  just  action  lies  an  understanding  of  national  rights  and  national 
duties.  Half  the  wars  of  history  have  come  because  of  mistaken  opinions 
as  to  national  rights  and  national  obligations,  have  come  from  the  unthink- 
ing assumption  that  all  the  right  is  on  the  side  of  one's  own  country,  alt  the 
duty  on  the  side  of  some  other  country.  Now,  I  say  the  thing  most  neces- 
sary for  the  good  of  our  country  in  the  foreign  relations  which  are  growing 
every  year  more  and  more  intricate  and  critical,  is  that  there  shall  be 
intelligent  leadership  of  opinion  as  to  national  rights  and  national  obliga- 
tions. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      95 

These  quotations  have  been  made,  both  from  the  article  and  the 
address  of  Mr.  ROOT  because  they  justify  of  themselves  the  recommen- 
dations made  by  the  Congress  in  regard  to  international  law.  The  rec- 
ommendations are  twofold:  First,  to  broaden  and  deepen  instruction  in 
international  law  in  American  seats  of  learning;  and  second,  to  reach 
the  peoples  of  the  American  Continent,  impressing  them  with  their  duties 
in  matters  international  and  instructing  them  in  their  international  rights. 

The  four  headings  of  Article  23,  numbered  respectively  (a),  (6),  (c),  and 
(d),  are  meant  to  furnish  teacher  and  student  with  necessary  information 
concerning  the  books  and  treatises  dealing  with  international  law;  to 
supply  the  references  to  standard  sources  of  authority  on  the  different 
headings  of  international  law;  to  secure  the  official  documents,  both 
foreign  and  domestic,  issued  by  the  various  Governments  bearing  upon 
international  law,  relating  to  treaties,  arbitrations,  and  the  international 
policy  of  the  different  governments ;  and  to  place  at  the  disposal  of  teacher 
and  student  decisions  of  national  and  of  international  courts  involving 
questions  of  international  law.  Experience  shows  that  it  is  difficult  to 
keep  abreast  of  treatises  and  monographs  dealing  with  international  law, 
issued  from  time  to  time  in  different  countries  and  in  various  languages, 
and  that  it  is  no  easy  matter  to  obtain  these  books  and  monographs 
unless  the  prospective  purchaser  has  relations  with  the  libraries  or  pub- 
lishers of  the  different  foreign  countries  in  which  they  appear.  The 
Congress  felt  that  the  publication  of  a  carefully  prepared  bibliography  of 
international  law  and  related  subjects,  giving  the  names  of  publishers  and 
prices,  would  tend  greatly  to  popularize  international  law  and  bring  the 
items  contained  in  the  bibliography  not  only  to  the  notice  of  the  libraries 
where  the  books  in  question  were  not  to  be  found,  but  also  exert 
indirect  but  substantial  pressure  upon  these  libraries  to  procure  the  pub- 
lications for  the  benefit  of  their  readers. 

It  often  happens  that  the  reader  of  a  newspaper  becomes  interested 
in  the  subject  of  which  he  is  reading  and  would  like  to  obtain  additional 
information  if  he  had  at  hand  a  ready-reference  manual.  This  is  par- 
ticularly the  case  at  the  present  day,  when  questions  of  international 
law  are  uppermost  in  the  minds  and  thoughts  of  men  and  when  they 
occupy  such  a  prominent  place  in  the  daily  press.  A  manual  or  treatise 
of  international  law  is  not  always  at  hand,  and  in  the  changing  conditions 
of  international  life  and  experience  many  topics  which  we-re  unknown  a 
decade  ago  and  which  are  unmentioned  in  recent  works  of  authority  are  of 
the  utmost  importance  at  the  present  day.  An  index  or  digest,  brought 
up-to-date  and  kept  up-to-date  of  the  various  heads  and  subheads  in 


96      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

international  law,  with  references  to  all  standard  sources  of  authority 
upon  each  head,  would  be  of  no  little  service  in  enabling  journalists  to 
create  a  correct  public  opinion  and  in  enabling  the  readers  to  follow  up  a 
subject  which  interested  them,  and  by  so  doing  to  take  part  in  creating 
the  enlightened  public  opinion  upon  which  the  administration  of  justice 
is  so  largely  founded. 

The  importance  placed  upon  public  opinion  by  countries  which  are 
unfortunately  at  war  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  each  of  them  has 
published  the  telegrams  and  other  documents,  either  in  whole  or  in  part, 
exchanged  by  them  before  the  outbreak  of  the  great  war  in  the  summer 
of  1914,  and  it  is  a  fact  that  these  documents  are  issued  by  the  belligerent 
Governments  not  only  in  their  own  but  in  foreign  languages,  which  can 
only  mean  that  the  appeal  is  made  not  merely  to  their  citizens  or  subjects 
but  to  enlightened  and  instructed  opinion  in  foreign  countries  in  the  hope 
of  winning  its  support. 

The  Congress  recognized  the  importance  of  a  knowledge  of  the  diplo- 
matic correspondence  bearing  upon  international  law,  of  treaties,  and  of 
the  authoritative  statements  of  national  policy  issued  by  Governments, 
by  recommending  that  copies  of  such  documents  be  secured  from  min- 
istries of  foreign  affairs,  and  that  they  be  published  in  cheap  and  con- 
venient form,  so  that  they  may  not  only  reach  the  hands  of  professional 
students  but  that  they  may  fall  also  under  the  eye  of  the  general,  and 
indeed  of  the  casual,  reader.  Knowledge  of  this  kind  is  especially  valuable 
to  democracies  where  in  last  resort  the  people  pass  upon  the  acts  of  the 
government  and  where  the  issues  of  war  and  peace  depend  upon  the 
enlightenment  or  ignorance  of  the  public.  It  is  not  enough  that  docu- 
ments of  this  kind  be  made  public;  they  must  be  circulated  if  the  actions 
of  the  government  are  to  be  weighed  with  intelligence;  and  unless  they  are 
issued  in  cheap  and  convenient  form  they  will  not  be  circulated  and  will 
be  little  better  than  secret  documents  preserved  in  archives  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  public. 

It  is  common  knowledge  that  international  law  has  a  preferred  position 
in  the  jurisprudence  of  the  American  Republics;  that,  whether  by  con- 
stitution, statute  or  custom,  it  is  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  law  of  each 
country  and  is  administered  as  national  law  in  cases  depending  upon  its 
application.  This  is  believed  to  be  the  case  in  varying  degrees  in  other 
civilized  countries.  This  being  so,  it  is  natural  that  many  and  important 
principles  of  international  law  are  to  be  found  in  domestic  judgments, 
and  as  an  illustration  of  this  it  may  be  said  that  upon  calculation,  there 
are  some  twenty-eight  hundred  cases,  decided  by  the  Supreme  Court  of 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      97 

the  United  States  since  the  organization  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1789, 
which  involve  in  a  larger  or  lesser  degree  principles  of  international  law. 
It  is  therefore  of  very  great  importance  for  the  future  of  international 
relations  to  understand  clearly  that  international  law  is  thus  susceptible 
of  judicial  interpretation  (because  it  has  been  interpreted  and  applied 
judicially  not  only  in  one  country  but  in  the  countries  generally)  and  that 
there  already  exists  a  large  body  of  judicial  precedent,  not  merely  in  prize 
cases  but  in  all  justiciable  cases  involving  questions  of  international  law, 
for  the  guidance  of  that  international  court  which  will  one  day  admin- 
ister justice  between  the  nations,  as  national  courts  administer  justice 
between  man  and  man  in  every  country  making  a  pretense  to 
civilization. 

These  judgments,  although  not  gathered  together  in  any  one  place, 
are  nevertheless  to  be  found  in  the  reports  of  judicial  proceedings,  and 
it  would  be  a  very  great  service  if  these  decisions  were  collected  in  appro- 
priate volumes  and  placed  at  the  disposal  of  professed  students  of 
international  law.  But  it  is  of  equal  if  not  of  greater  importance  that 
the  sentences  of  arbitral  tribunals  and  the  awards  of  international  com- 
missions be  collected  and  published,  in  addition  to  the  judgments  of 
national  courts  involving  questions  of  international  law,  in  order  that 
the  students  of  any  one  country  may  have  before  them  the  adjudged 
cases  dealing  with  international  law,  whether  by  national  courts,  arbitral 
tribunals,  or  mixed  commissions. 

The  Congress  therefore  recommended  that  a  law  reporter  of  inter- 
national cases  be  issued.  To  explain  exactly  the  meaning  of  this  recom- 
mendation, it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  judgments  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  are  issued  in  official  reports  and  that  the  deci- 
sions of  the  Federal  and  the  State  courts  are  likewise  published  serially  in 
permanent  form.  It  is  proposed  that  an  international  reporter  should 
do  for  the  decisions  of  international  and  national  courts  turning  upon 
questions  of  international  law  what  the  various  reports  issued  in  the 
United  States  have  done  for  the  decisions  of  Federal  and  State  courts. 
It  is  difficult  to  overestimate  the  service  which  collections  of  the  older 
decisions  and  of  the  future  holdings  of  national  and  international 
courts  would  render  to  the  cause  of  international  justice  and  the  very 
great  impetus  which  such  collections  would  give  to  the  establishment  of 
an  international  court  of  justice,  by  showing  that  international  law  can 
be  interpreted  and  applied  judicially  in  the  future  because  it  has  been  so 
interpreted  and  applied  in  times  past  as  well  as  in  the  immediate  present. 
27750—16 7 


98      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ARTICLE  24.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  is  of  the 
firm  conviction  that,  as  the  idea  of  direct  government  by  the 
people  grows,  it  becomes  increasingly  essential  to  the  well-being 
of  the  world  that  the  leaders  of  opinion  in  each  community  be 
familiar  with  the  duties  and  obligations  as  well  as  with  the  rights 
of  States,  as  recognized  in  international  law,  and  that  it  has 
become  a  patriotic  duty  resting  upon  our  educational  institu- 
tions to  give  as  thorough  and  as  extensive  courses  as  possible 
in  international  law  and  related  subjects.  The  Congress  therefore 
recommends : 

I.  That  steps  be  taken  to  extend  the  study  of  the  subject: 

(a)  By  increasing  the  number  of  schools  and  institu- 

tions   in    which    international   law    and    related 
subjects  are  taught; 

(b)  By  increasing  the  number  of  students  in  attend- 

ance upon  the  courses;  and 

(c)  By  diffusing  a  knowledge  of  its  principles  in  each 

American  Republic. 

II.  That  a  course  in  international  law,  where  possible,  should 
consist  of  systematic  instruction  during  at  least  a  full 
academic  year,  divided  between  international  law  and 
diplomacy ;  and 

III.  That  prominent  experts  in  international  law  and  diplomacy 
be  invited  from  time  to  time  to  lecture  upon  these 
subjects  in  the  institutions  of  learning  of  the  American 
Republics. 

The  recommendation  in  Article  24  is  general  in  its  nature  and  is  aimed 
to  supply  not  only  professional  students  but  the  general  public  with 
information  useful  to  both  in  forming  what  Dr.  NICHOLAS  MURRAY 
BuTLER  has  aptly  termed  "the  international  mind."  The  recommenda- 
tions under  this  article  are  specific  in  their  nature  and  aim  to  increase 
instruction  in  American  institutions  of  learning  where  courses  of  inter- 
national law  are  given,  and  to  secure  the  introduction  of  courses  on 
international  law  and  diplomacy  in  institutions  where  they  unfortu- 
nately are  not  given  at  present.  The  purpose  of  this  section  is  not  so 
much  to  scatter  the  principles  of  international  law  broadcast  among 
the  people  as  to  impress  students  at  American  institutions  of  learning 
with  the  importance  of  international  law  and  its  principles,  so  that  the 
leaders  of  opinion,  who  may  have  studied  in  American  institutions  of 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      99 

learning,  may,  while  they  are  still  open  to  conviction,  be  impressed 
with  the  necessity  of  a  knowledge  of  international  law  and  of  inter- 
national relations. 

The  Congress  regarded  knowledge  of  international  law  as  not  merely 
useful  but  as  essential,  and  declared  it  to  have  become,  by  reason  of  the 
democratic  control  everywhere  existing  in  the  western  continent,  a 
patriotic  duty. 

In  prescribing  that  systematic  instruction  which  should  be  offered  dur- 
ing a  full  academic  year  and  that  the  course  should  include  international 
law  and  diplomacy,  the  Congress  did  not  mean  that  only  one  year  should 
be  devoted  to  international  law  and  that  the  course  should  be  devoted 
only  to  international  law,  in  the  technical  sense  of  the  term,  and  to 
diplomacy.  The  Congress  had  in  mind  the  minimum,  not  the  maximum, 
of  instruction,  and  declared  its  opinion  that,  to  be  effective,  the  course 
of  instruction  should  not  be  confined  merely  to  the  principles  of  inter- 
national law  in  the  abstract  but  that  instruction  should  be  given  in 
diplomacy  and  in  the  fundamental  principles  of  foreign  policy,  so  that 
the  student  might  understand  the  agency  by  which  the  principles  of 
international  law  are  applied  in  the  relations  between  countries  and 
the  policies  which  nations  pursue  among  themselves.  No  maximum  of 
instruction  is  stated,  as  that  must  necessarily  depend  upon  the  univer- 
sities and  upon  the  students,  but  it  is  clear  from  the  recommendations 
already  cited,  and  to  be  referred  to  later,  that  the  Congress  fully  appre- 
ciated the  importance  of  careful  and  thorough  training  in  the  principles 
of  international  law  and  of  an  adequate  understanding  of  the  workings 
of  diplomacy,  both  by  the  public  generally  and  especially  by  those 
whose  good  fortune  it  may  be  to  create  and  to  guide  public  opinion. 

The  Congress  recognized  the  fact,  familiar  to  all  who  have  had  to 
do  with  the  class  room,  that  students  like  to  hear  those  who  have  had 
experience  in  international  law  discourse  upon  its  principles  and  its 
application.  The  professor  without  experience  in  the  actual  conduct 
of  affairs  may  be  more  deeply  versed  in  what  is  called  book  learning 
than  the  international  lawyer  or  the  professional  diplomatist,  and  yet 
the  latter  create  an  interest  and  an  enthusiasm  by  virtue  of  their  expe- 
rience and  the  confidence  which  they  create  beyond  the  reach  of  the 
academician.  The  Congress  therefore  recommended  that  international 
lawyers,  termed  experts  in  international  law,  and  that  preferred  diplo- 
mats be  invited  from  time  to  time  to  lecture  upon  the  subject  at  the 
several  institutions. 


100      FINAL  ACT  OP  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ARTICLE  25.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  in  order  to 
place  instruction  in  international  law  upon  a  more  uniform  and 
scientific  basis,  recommends  that: 

(a)  In  the  teaching  of  international  law  emphasis  be  laid  upon  the 
positive  nature  of  the  subject  and  the  definiteness  of  the 
rules,  for  whether  the  teaching  of  international  law  be 
regarded  as  of  value  as  a  disciplinary  subject  or  from  the 
standpoint  of  its  importance  in  giving  to  the  student  a  grasp 
of  the  rules  that  govern  the  relations  of  nations,  it  is  equally 
important  that  he  have  impressed  upon  his  mind  the  definite- 
ness  and  positive  character  of  the  rules  of  international  law; 
that  the  teaching  of  international  law  be  not  made  the 
occasion  for  a  universal  peace  propaganda;  that  the  interests 
of  the  students  in  and  their  enthusiasm  for  the  subject  can 
best  be  aroused  by  impressing  upon  them  the  evolutionary 
character  of  the  rules  of  international  law,  for  through  such 
a  presentation  of  the  subject  the  student  will  not  fail  to  see 
that  the  development  of  positive  rules  of  law  governing  the 
relations  of  States  has  contributed  toward  the  maintenance 
of  peace. 

(6)  In  order  to  emphasize  the  positive  character  of  international 
law  the  widest  possible  use  be  made  of  cases  and  the  con- 
crete facts  of  international  experience,  for  the  interest  of 
students  can  best  be  aroused  when  they  are  convinced  that 
they  are  dealing  with  such  concrete  facts,  and  that  the 
marshalling  of  such  facts  in  such  a  way  as  to  develop  or 
illustrate  general  principles  lends  dignity  to  the  subject, 
which  can  not  help  but  have  a  stimulating  influence;  that 
international  law  should  be  constantly  illustrated  from  the 
sources  recognized  as  ultimate  authority,  such  as  cases  both 
of  judicial  and  arbitral  determination;  treaties,  protocols, 
acts,  and  declarations  of  epoch-making  congresses,  such  as 
Westphalia  (1648),  Vienna  (1815),  Paris  (1856),  The  Hague 
(1899  and  1907),  and  London  (1909);  diplomatic  incidents 
ranking  as  precedents  for  action  of  an  international  charac- 
ter; and  the  great  classics  of  international  law. 

(c)  In  the  teaching  of  international  law  care  be  exercised  to  dis- 
tinguish the  accepted  rules  of  international  law  from  ques- 
tions of  international  policy. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC 


(d)  In  a  general  course  on  international  law  the  experience  of  no 
one  country  be  allowed  to  assume  a  consequence  out  of  pro- 
portion to  the  strictly  international  principles  it  may  illus- 
trate. 

Just  as  Article  24  urged  an  increase  of  the  instruction  in  international 
law  and  diplomacy,  so  Article  25  urges  that  the  instruction  itself  be  more 
thorough,  be  more  detailed,  and  be  more  efficient  than  heretofore. 

Section  (a)  recommends  that  the  positive  nature  of  international  law 
and  the  definiteness  of  its  rules  be  emphasized  —  and  wisely,  because  if 
international  law  is  not  law  but  a  system  of  morality,  of  ethics,  of 
philosophy  or  of  history,  it  has  no  place  in  positive  jurisprudence,  and 
it  can  make  no  claim  to  a  standard  of  conduct  by  which  the  rights  and 
duties  of  nations  are  to  be  measured.  If  the  definiteness  of  the  rule  be 
not  impressed  upon  the  student,  he  is  left  with  the  erroneous  conception 
that  international  law  is  a  loose  and  disjointed  system,  if  system  it  is 
to  be  called,  instead  of  a  system  of  law  whose  rules  are  definite  as  far 
as  they  go,  and  whose  imperfections  are  due  to  the  fact  that  it  is  a  grow- 
ing not  a  completed  system  as  is  the  case  with  municipal  law. 

In  stating  that  the  teaching  of  international  law  should  not  be  made 
the  occasion  for  a  universal  peace  propaganda,  the  Congress  meant  to 
convey  the  idea  that  through  the  application  of  the  principles  of  justice 
to  the  relations  of  nations,  peace  necessarily  results,  just  as  the  peace 
of  the  community  depends  upon  the  existence  of  principles  of  justice  and 
their  application  to  the  disputes  that  arise  among  the  people  composing 
the  community.  International  law  should,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Con- 
gress, be  taught  as  a  system  of  jurisprudence,  as  a  means  of  realizing 
justice,  and  not  perverted  to  the  advocacy  of  peace  as  such,  although  the 
highway  to  peace  does  undoubtedly  run  through  justice. 

That  the  Congress  had  in  mind  the  services  which  international  law 
could  render  to  the  cause  of  peace  is  seen  in  the  recommendation  that 
the  evolutionary  character  of  the  rules  of  international  law  should  be 
impressed  upon  the  student,  showing  how,  with  the  development  of 
rules  of  law,  order,  and  equilibrium  have  resulted.  The  Congress, 
however,  felt  that  the  influence  of  rules  of  law,  governing  the  relations 
of  equal  but  interdependent  nations  would  best'  be  seen  by  a  study  of 
the  development  of  the  rules  and  their  consequences;  and  it  therefore 
stated  that  such  a  presentation  was  best  calculated  to  show  how  "the 
development  of  positive  rules  of  law  governing  the  relations  between 
States  has  contributed  toward  the  maintenance  of  peace."  In  a  word, 
the  study  of  international  law  should  be  scientific,  it  should  not  be 
propagandistic. 


(02      FINAL    A.CT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  Congress  was  exceedingly  anxious  that  international  law  should  not 
be  studied  as  an  abstract  system  of  rights  and  duties,  but  that  it  should 
take  note  of  the  concrete  facts  of  international  experience.  It  therefore 
recommended  in  Section  (6)  that  the  widest  possible  use  be  made  of 
actual  cases  and  incidents,  in  order  that  the  positive  character  of  inter- 
national law  be  demonstrated,  and  that  it  be  held  up  as  the  measure 
of  international  right  and  of  international  duty.  It  appreciated  that 
the  enthusiasm  of  the  students  should  be  aroused  and  that  their  interest 
could  best  be  sustained  if  they  dealt  with  actual  not  with  hypothetical 
cases,  and  if  they  saw  that  they  were  dealing  with  -a  practical  not  with 
a  theoretical  science.  .  It  was  felt  that  such  a  point  of  approach  was  cal- 
culated to  lend  dignity  to  the  subject  and  to  stimulate  and  to  maintain 
the  interest  of  the  student. 

The  Congress,  advocating  the  concrete,  dealt  in  the  concrete,  and  speci- 
fied the  sources  which  should  be  used  in  order  to  create  and  to  stimulate 
interest,  and  which  it  ventured  to  call  the  ultimate  sources  of  authority. 
In  the  first  place,  it  called  attention  to  the  judgments  of  courts  and  to 
sentences  of  arbitral  tribunals,  and  although  judgments  of  courts  and 
arbitral  awards  are  not  usually  given  the  first  place  among  the  sources 
of  international  law,  it  is  believed  that  the  Congress  was  right  in  assigning 
them  this  unusual  rank,  because  the  judgment  of  the  court  is  decided  by 
professional  judges  without  interest  in  the  subject  in  dispute  and  accord- 
ing to  principles  of  law  which  have  stood  the  test  of  time ;  and  in  the  same 
way,  although  perhaps  in  a  lesser  degree,  the  award  of  arbitral  tribunals  and 
of  mixed  commissions  are  the  holdings  of  persons  of  different  countries, 
and  the  decision  is  reached  at  least  by  a  majority  of  disinterested  per- 
sons, bringing  to  the  performance  of  their  task  an  international  outlook. 
The. same  can  not  be  said  of  diplomatic  incidents,  which  figure  so  promi- 
nently among  the  sources  and  which  are  often  the  concessions  of  the 
weak  to  the  strong,  rather  than  the  passionless  application  of  principles  of 
justice.  They  can  not,  however,  be  ignored,  for,  right  or  wrong,  they 
are  milestones  in  the  evolution  of  international  law. 

In  the  next  place,  treaties,  protocols,  acts  and  declarations  of  epoch- 
making  congresses  are  recommended  as  a  source  of  authority  and  as  a 
means  of  illustration.  .  Naturally  the  congresses  mentioned  are  those  of 
Westphalia,  Vienna  and  Paris,  and  it  is  especially  encouraging  to  observe 
that  a  Congress  composed  of  American  delegates  ventured  to  proclaim 
The  Hague  Conferences  as  sources  of  international  law  and  to  confess 
their  faith  in  them  at  a  time  when  many  partisans  of  international 
organization  are  discouraged  at  the  present  and  despondent  of  the  future. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       103 

In  the  next  place,  diplomatic  incidents  of  an  international  character 
are  recommended  for  study  and  discussion,  although  they  can  not  com- 
pete with  judgments  of  courts  and  holdings  of  arbitral  tribunals  and  mixed 
commissions,  as  they  are  too  often  the  concessions  of  the  weak  to  the 
strong  rather  than  the  passionless  application  of  the  principles  of  justice. 
Finally,  the  classics  of  international  law  are  recommended,  for  the  great 
writers  on  international  law  have  not  only  expounded  the  law  of  nations 
but  they  have  also  made  and  enlarged  the  law  which  they  professed  to  ex- 
pound. By  a  study  of  their  masterly  productions,  beginning  with  the 
philosophers  and  canonists  of  the  Middle  Ages,  including  FRANCISCO 
VICTORIA,  AYALA,  GENTIUS,  and  SUAREZ,  the  predecessors  of  GROTIUS, 
the  immortal  three  books  on  the  right  of  war  and  peace  by  the  illustrious 
GROTIUS  himself,  and  the  works  of  his  successors,  we  see  how  the  little 
stream,  fed  by  many  sources,  has  grown  into  a  mighty  torrent,  colored 
it  may  be  by  the  soil  over  which  it  flows  but  reaching  with  irresistible 
force  the  ocean. 

The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  declared  in  the  case  of  the 
Paquete  Habana  (176  U.  S.,  677),  decided  in  1899,  that  "international 
law  is  part  of  our  law,  and  must  be  ascertained  and  administered  by 
the  courts  of  justice  of  appropriate  jurisdiction,  as  often  as  questions  of 
right  depending  upon  it  are  duly  presented  for  their  determination." 
The  opinion,  delivered  by  a  very  learned  judge,  the  late  Mr.  Justice 
Gray,  then  proceeded  to  enumerate  the  sources  of  authority  as  follows: 

For  this  purpose,  where  there  is  no  treaty,  and  no  controlling  executive 
or  legislative  act  or  judicial  decision,  resort  must  be  had  to  the  customs  and 
usages  of  civilized  nations;  and,  as  evidence  of  these,  to  the  works  of  jurists 
and  commentators  who,  by  years  of  labor,  research  and  experience,  have 
made  themselves  peculiarly  well  acquainted  with  the  subjects  of  which  they 
treat.  Such  works  are  resorted  to  by  judicial  tribunals,  not  for  the  specula- 
tions of  their  authors  concerning  what  the  law  ought  to  be,  but  for  trust- 
worthy evidence  of  what  the  law  really  is. 

Supplementing  the  enumeration  of  sources  of  authority  which  the 
Congress  ventured  to  make  by  the  decision  of  the  learned  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  deciding  the  case  of  the  Paquete  Habana  we  have  a  firm 
and  a  sure  measure  of  international  right  and  of  international  duty,  and 
of  the  means  of  ascertaining  it  in  almost  any  case. 

The  Congress,  it  will  be  recalled,  recommended  that  particular  stress 
should  be  laid  upon  the  positive  nature  of  international  law  and  the  defi- 
niteness  of  its  rules.  This  recommendation  appears  in  a  slightly  different 
form  in  Section  (c),  where  the  Congress  advises  that  the  lines  be  clearly 
drawn  between  the  accepted  rules  of  international  law  on  the  one  hand 
and  questions  of  international  policy  on  the  other  hand. 


FINAL  ACT  OK  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

It  is  not  difficult  to  illustrate  what  the  Congress  had  in  mind  in  this 
recommendation,  and  it  is  perhaps  neither  necessary  to  cite  an  illustra- 
tion nor  to  enlarge  upon  the  importance  of  the  recommendation.  The 
distinction  is  between  law  and  policy,  a  distinction  which  citizens  of  a 
particular  country  are  apt  to  forget  in  their  eagerness  to  justify  the  con- 
tentions put  forward  by  their  country  on  any  and  every  occasion.  The 
test  of  law  is  not  policy,  rather  the  test  of  policy  is  law.  Much  is  lost  by 
their  confusion;  everything  is  gained  by  separating  them  and,  when  sep- 
arating them,  by  discussing  them  in  their  various  elements  and  in  all 
their  bearings. 

And  finally,  in  dealing  with  this  phase  of  instruction,  the  Congress  ad- 
vised that  the  experience  of  no  one  country  should  be  dwelt  upon  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  experience  of  other  countries.  For  if  international  law 
be  in  reality  the  law  of  nations  it  is  universal  and  it  should  be  studied  in 
its  universal  applications,  although  it  may  often  be  most  entertainingly  ii 
not  best  illustrated  by  examples  taken  from  the  experience  of  the  home 
country.  In  so  doing,  however,  great  care  should  be  exercised,  in  the 
present  unsatisfactory  state  of  affairs,  because,  while  international  law 
is  universal,  it  is  interpreted  by  each  nation  and  is  not  infrequently  per- 
verted in  the  process.  In  any  event,  the  precedents  of  no  one  country 
should  be  studied  to  the  exclusion  of  precedents  from  other  countries; 
otherwise  a  belief  is  likely  to  grow  up  in  the  mind  of  the  student  that  his 
country  is  the  favorite  home  of  international  law  and  the  international 
is  likely  to  yield  to  the  national  aspect. 

ARTICLE  26.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  in  order  still 
further  to  advance  the  cause  of  international  law  and  the  devel- 
opment of  international  justice,  recommends  that  a  major  in  inter- 
national law  in  a  university  course,  leading  to  the  degree  of  doctor 
of  philosophy,  be  followed  if  possible  by  residence  at  The  Hague 
in  attendance  upon  the  Academy  of  International  Law,  installed 
in  1914  in  the  Peace  Palace  in  that  city;  and  that,  as  no  better 
means  has  been  devised  for  affording  a  just  appreciation  of  the 
diverse  and  conflicting  national  views  concerning  international  law 
or  for  developing  that  "international  mind"  which  is  so  essential 
in  a  teacher  of  that  subject,  as  many  fellowships  as  possible  should 
be  established  in  the  Academy  at  The  Hague  and  put  at  the  dis- 
position of  advanced  students  of  international  law  in  the  different 
American  Republics. 

In  addition  to  courses  of  international  law  in  national  institutions  the 
Congress  recommends  the  advantage  of  studying  international  law  in 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       105 

what  may  be  called  an  international  institution,  in  order  that  the  concep- 
tion of  international  law  may,  as  it  were,  be  internationalized. 
A  distinguished  teacher  of  the  law  of  nations  has  said : 

It  is  to  be  deplored  that  many  writers  on  the  law  of  war  and  neutrality 
should  take  every  opportunity  of  displaying  their  political  sympathies  and 
antipathies,  and  should  confound  their  own  ideas  of  justice,  humanity, 
and  morality  with  the  universally  recognized  rules  of  warfare  and  neutral- 
ity. French  books  often  contain  denunciation  of  the  Germans  and  the 
English;  English  books — Hall's  classical  treatise  furnishes  at  once  an  illus- 
tration and  a  warning — frequently  condemn  the  Germans  and  the  Rus- 
sians; and  the  Germans  on  many  occasions  retaliate  by  reproaching  the 
French  and  the  English.1 

This  tendency  to  defend  the  policy  of  one's  own  country  is  the  more  in- 
sidious because  it  is  often  unconscious,  and  the  best  way,  it  is  believed,  to 
overcome  this  tendency  seems  to  be  to  come  into  contact  with  teachers 
of  reputation  of  different  countries  in  some  international  institution, 
where  the  bias  of  one,  if  it  exist,  may  be  offset  by  the  views  of  another 
teacher  of  equal  repute  and  of  a  different  nationality. 

On  the  1 2th  day  of  January,  1914,  the  Academy  of  International  Law 
was  founded  at  The  Hague,  and  arrangements  had  been  made  for  its 
formal  opening  on  the  ist  day  of  October,  1914.  It  was  not  opened  on 
that  date,  for  reasons  which  need  not  be  mentioned  in  this  connection. 
It  should  be  said,  however,  that  arrangements  had  already  been  made 
for  courses  of  instruction  by  distinguished  teachers  and  professors  of 
international  law  drawn  from  different  countries,  as  it  is  a  fundamental 
rule  of  the  Academy  that  no  two  instructors  should  be  chosen  during  one 
and  the  same  period  from  the  same  country.  The  student  body  was  to 
be  drawn  from  advanced  students  of  different  foreign  countries,  and  it 
was  believed  by  the  most  distinguished  publicists  that,  by  the  presence 
of  professors  selected  from  different  countries  and  by  the  intercourse  of 
students,  likewise  coming  from  different  countries,  the  horizon  of  the 
professors  would  be  broadened  and  their  views,  as  well  as  the  views  of 
the  students,  internationalized.  The  great  experiment  remains  to  be 
tried,  as  the  Academy  is  to  be  opened  in  the  Peace  Palace  at  The  Hague 
at  no  distant  date,  and  the  students  will,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  press  in  in- 
creasing numbers  to  this  Mecca  of  internationalism. 

Arrangements  were  in  contemplation  and  indeed  well  under  way  to 
establish  one  or  more  fellowships  in  all  countries  parties  to  The  Hague 
Conventions,  so  that  young  men  planning  to  engage  in  the  practice  of 
international  law  or  to  devote  themselves  to  diplomacy  might  perfect 
their  studies  at  this  international  center.  For  the  time  being  the  process 

1  Oppenheim,  International  I,aw,  ist  ed.,  vol.  ii,  p.  vii. 


106    FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND.  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

is  delayed  and  the  doors  of  the  Academy  are  closed,  but  it  is  not  too 
much  to  hope  that  they  will  swing  open  on  a  happier  morrow,  and  that 
in  the  Peace  Palace  at  The  Hague,  where  justice  is  administered  by  the 
Permanent  Court  of  Arbitration  between  nation  and  nation,  the  prin- 
ciples of  international  law  will  be  taught  by  accredited  teachers  thereof 
drawn  from  the  various  countries  of  the  world  to  a  student  body 
likewise  coming  from  afar. 

ARTICLE  27.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  expresses  the 
opinion  that  the  present  development  of  higher  education  in  the 
American  Republics  and  the  place  which  they  have  now  assumed 
in  the  affairs  of  the  society  of  nations  justify  and  demand  that  the 
study  of  the  science  and  historic  applications  of  international  law 
be  treated  on  a  plane  of  equality  with  other  subjects  in  the  cur- 
riculum of  colleges  and  universities,  and  that  professorships  or 
departments  devoted  to  its  study  be  established  where  they  do 
not  exist  in  every  institutionof  higher  learning. 

The  Congress  calls  attention  to  the  development  of  the  higher  education 
in  the  American  Republics  and  to  the  place  which  these  Republics 
assume  in  the  affairs  of  the  society  of  nations.  It  squarely  states  its 
measured  judgment  that  international  law  is  a  science;  that  in  its  historic 
applications  it  should  stand  upon  a  plane  of  equality  with  other  studies  in 
the  curriculum  of  American  institutions  of  learning,  and  that  professor- 
ships or  departments  devoted  to  the  study  of  international  law  of  inter- 
national relations  should  be  created  in  every  higher  institution  of  learning 
in  the  American  Continent  where  they  do  not  already  exist. 

It  has  long  been  the  habit  of  a  certain  type  of  mind  to  question  the 
existence  of  such  a  thing  as  international  law.  This  type  of  mind,  how- 
ever, does  not  appear  to  have  been  represented  in  the  Congress,  and  it  is 
authoritatively  stated  in  this  article  by  accredited  representatives  of  the 
Governments  of  the  American  Republics  that  international  law  does  in 
fact  exist  and  that  it  should  regulate  their  mutual  intercourse;  and  in 
the  passage  previously  quoted  from  the  Paquete  Habana,  on  page  103 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  solemnly  declared  international 
law  to  be  a  part  of  the  law  of  the  United  States  and  that  it  should  be 
applied  in  the  decision  of  cases  properly  involving  it.  The  judges  of 
this  august  tribunal  are  not  ordinarily  regarded  as  idealists  but  as  men 
of  affairs  and  leaders  of  the  bar  who  have  achieved  distinction  in  their 
chosen  profession. 

For  the  Western  Continent  the  law  of  nations  therefore  exists.  As 
democracy  comes  to  its  own,  the  knowledge  of  international  law  becomes 


FINAI,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       IOy 

more  essential.  The  participation  of  the  American  Republics  in  The 
Hague  Conference  is  assured,  and  to  render  their  influence  effective  their 
delegates  must  be  versed  in  the  principles  of  international  law.  The 
future  leaders  of  opinion,  here  or  elsewhere,  should  have  opportunities 
in  their  university  days  of  perfecting  themselves  in  the  knowledge  of 
international  law  and  of  international  relations  which  are  based  upon 
the  law  of  Nations,  and  international  law  should  not  be  lowered  in  the 
opinion  of  the  student  by  being  placed  upon  a  lower  plane  than  any  other 
branches  of  law  or  of  political  science.  Professorships  of  international 
law  should  exist  in  every  institution  of  higher  learning  in  the  American 
Continent,  and  departments  thereof  should,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Congress, 
be  created  in  every  such  institution. 

ARTICLE  28.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  recognizing 
the  growing  importance  of  a  knowledge  of  international  law  to  all 
persons  who  intend  to  devote  themselves  to  the  administration 
of  justice,  and  who,  through  their  professional  occupation,  may 
contribute  largely  to  the  formation  of  public  opinion  and  who  may 
often  be  vested  with  the  highest  offices  in  the  state  and  nation, 
earnestly  requests  all  law  schools  which  now  offer  no  instruction 
in  international  law  to  add  to  their  curriculum  a  thorough  course 
in  that  subject. 

Article  28  specifically  considers  the  advisability  of  offering  courses  on 
international  law  in  the  law  schools  of  the  American  countries  and  the 
necessity  of  having  lawyers  thoroughly  grounded  in  the  principles  of 
international  law.  Given  the  fact  that  lawyers  are  members  of  the 
congresses  of  the  different  American  countries,  that  they  are  very  often 
members  of  the  cabinets  and  presidents  of  the  American  Republics ;  that  in 
their  various  public  offices  they  are  called  upon  to  interpret  the  principles 
of  international  law,  and  in  many  instances  to  apply  them  as  interpreted 
to  the  foreign  relations  of  their  country,  it  needs  no  argument  that  per- 
sons entering  Congress  and  the  higher  service  of  the  governments  require 
a  knowledge  of  international  law  to  enable  them  to  perform  success- 
fully or  even  acceptably  the  duties  of  their  offices.  All  members  of  the 
diplomatic  service  must  needs  be  trained  in  international  law  and  in  a 
lesser,  but  nevertheless  to  a  marked  degree,  journalists,  whose  business 
it  is  to  guide  and  to  mold  public  opinion,  should  be  trained  in  the  law 
of  nations. 

As  the  result  of  an  elaborate  investigation  it  has  been  ascertained  that 
international  law  is  not  taught  universally  in  law  schools,  and  indeed 
that  it  is  omitted  from  the  courses  of  many  of  them.  The  Congress 


108      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

therefore  supplements  its  general  recommendations  as  to  the  value  and 
advisability  of  an  adequate  knowledge  of  international  law  by  earnestly 
recommending  that  courses  of  international  law  be  offered  in  law  schools, 
which  at  present  do  not  have  thorough  courses  in  that  subject. 

ARTICLE  29.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  regards  it  as 
highly  desirable,  upon  the  initiative  of  institutions  where  instruc- 
tion in  international  law  is  lacking,  to  take  steps  toward  providing 
such  instruction  by  visiting  professors  or  lecturers,  this  instruc- 
tion to  be  given  in  courses,  and  not  in  single  lectures,  upon  sub- 
stantive principles,  not  upon  popular  questions  of  momentary 
interest,  and  in  a  scientific  spirit,  not  in  the  interest  of  any  propa- 
ganda. 

It  is  of  course  one  thing  to  know  the  defect  and  another  to  provide 
the  adequate  remedy.  In  previous  recommendations  the  Congress  has 
urged  that  international  law  be  taught  in  the  universities  of  the  Americas, 
and  more  especially  in  the  law  schools  thereof,  that  international  law 
be  placed  upon  a  plane  of  equality  with  other  branches  of  law  and  of 
political  science  and  that  special  departments  be  created  for  its  teaching 
and  study. 

But  it  may  be  difficult  or  embarrassing  to  provide  courses  of  instruc- 
tion in  the  way  previously  recommended.  Therefore  the  Congress,  look- 
ing through  the  form  to  the  substance,  recommended  it  as  particularly 
desirable  that  instruction  should  be  given  in  international  law  by  visit- 
ing professors  or  lecturers,  when  for  one  reason  or  another  it  should  be 
found  inconvenient  or  impossible  to  establish  professorships  and  depart- 
ments of  international  law.  The  Congress,  however,  recognizes  the  fact, 
patent  to  all  persons  interested  in  education,  that  single  lectures  on 
isolated  subjects  upon  matters  of  momentary  interest  are  not  calculated 
to  impart  a  knowledge  of  or  to  create  an  interest  in  the  law  of  nations. 
Therefore,  the  Congress  urges  that  courses  of  lectures,  instead  of  single 
lectures,  be  given  and  that  these  courses  be  devoted  to  the  exposition  of 
substantive  principles  of  international  law,  not  to  the  elucidation,  how- 
ever interesting,  of  popular  questions  of  passing  interest.  Above  and 
beyond  all,  the  Congress  urges  that  the  courses  of  instruction  be  per- 
meated with  the  scientific  spirit  and  not  conceived  in  the  interest  of 
any  propaganda,  which,  it  is  feared,  would  be  detrimental  to  a  scientific 
method  and  would  fail  of  its  purpose  to  incline  the  minds  and  the  hearts 
of  the  students  to  the  propaganda  even  if  it  were  attempted  so  to  do. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       109 

ARTICLE  30.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 
the  establishment  and  encouragement  in  institutions  of  specialized 
courses  in  preparation  for  the  diplomatic  and  consular  services. 

The  need  of  international  law  for  the  diplomatic  service  has  already 
been  mentioned,,  although  briefly  and  in  passing,  but  the  Congress  felt 
that  this  subject  was  one  of  such  grave  importance  that  it  should  not  be 
passed  over  in  silence.  Therefore,  Article  30  deals  with  preparation  for 
the  diplomatic  and  consular  services,  and  urges  the  establishment  and 
encouragement  of  specialized  courses  to  render  the  services  more  valu- 
able, both  to  those  who  make  of  them  a  career  and  to  the  countries  to 
which  they  belong. 

The  place  which  international  law  occupies  in  the  outfit  of  a  diplomat 
and  in  the  daily  duties  of  a  consul  is  evident  upon  the  merest  consideration 
of  their  functions,  so  evident  indeed  as  not  to  require  special  mention. 
And  yet,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  international  law  is  largely  a  thing  of 
usage  and  custom,  that  diplomatic  incidents  have  entered  into  and  form 
such  a  large  part  of  the  system,  and  that  the  question  of  peace  and  of  war 
has  so  often  depended  upon  the  mastery  of  international  law  by  diplomats 
and  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  it  seems  necessary  to  enlarge  upon  the 
importance  of  the  subject,  even  although  it  be  unnecessary  to  enter  into 
details.  And  what  has  been  said  of  the  diplomatic  applies  in  no  less  a 
degree  to  the  consular  service;  for  as  the  diplomatist  deals  largely  with 
what  may  be  called  political  questions  pending  between  the  different 
countries,  the  consul  handles  the  great  commercial  questions  which  so 
intimately  concern  the  prosperity  of  nations. 

The  Congress  did  not  feel  justified  in  recommending  that  training  in 
international  law  should  be  a  prerequisite  to  admission  to  the  diplomatic 
and  consular  services,  because  this  is  a  political  question  and  one  which 
each  country  must  necessarily  determine  for  itself.  In  recommending, 
however,  specialized  courses  in  preparation  for  the  services  in  question, 
it  expressed  in  no  uncertain  terms  the  advisability  of  a  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  international  law  for  any  and  all  persons  in  the  Americas  who 
might  think  of  making  of  the  diplomatic  or  consular  service  a  career. 

ARTICLE  31.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  advises  that 
the  study  of  international  law  be  required  in  specialized  courses  in 
preparation  for  business. 

Perhaps  the  Congress  stated  most  unequivocally  its  appreciation  and 
conviction  of  the  advantages  of  a  training  in  international  law  in  the 


IIO      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

present  paragraph,  which  is  the  shortest  of  the  articles  dealing  with  this 
topic,  and  which,  looking  away  from  the  special  uses  which  might  be 
made  of  international  law,  declares  that  "the  study  of  international  law 
be  required  in  specialized  courses  in  preparation  for  business." 

ARTICLE  32.  The  Second  Pan  American  vScientific  Congress  urges  that 
in  the  study  and  teaching  of  international  law  in  American  insti- 
tutions of  learning  special  stress  be  laid  upon  problems  affecting 
the  American  Republics  and  upon  doctrines  of  American  origin. 

Heretofore  the  desirability  of  a  training  in  international  law  has  been 
stated  in  general  and  with  reference  to  particular  callings  in  terms 
applicable  alike  to  Europe  and  Asia  as  well  as  the  Americas,  but  in  Article 
32  the  Congress  recognizes,  without  attempting  to  enter  into  detail  or  to 
specify  them,  that  there  are  problems  affecting  the  American  republics 
which  do  not  of  necessity  affect  other  countries,  or  which  do  not  affect 
them  in  the  same  way  or  to  the  same  extent.  At  the  same  time  it  recog- 
nizes, without  stating  or  defining  them,  that  there  are  what  may  be  called 
doctrines  of  American  origin. 

Regarding  these  problems  and  these  doctrines  the  Congress  makes  a 
very  simple,  a  very  specific  and  a  very  wise  recommendation,  namely, 
that,  by  reason  of  the  effect  which  these  problems  have  upon  American 
countries  and  by  reason  of  the  American  origin  of  certain  doctrines, 
special  stress  should  be  laid  upon  them  in  all  courses  of  international  law 
offered  in  American  institutions. 

The  recommendation  of  the  Congress  accords  with  the  views  of  Ameri- 
can publicists  as  expressed  in  the  Constitution  of  the  American  Institute 
of  International  Law,  which  is  the  object  of  the  next  article,  and  in  the 
constitutions  of  the  societies  of  international  law  which  happily  exist  in 
every  American  Republic.  A  single  example  will  suffice.  Thus,  Article 
2  of  the  Constitution  of  the  American  Institute  of  International  Law 
states  the  purpose  of  this  body  to  be  "to  study  questions  of  interna- 
tional law,  particularly  questions  of  an  American  character,  by  endeav- 
oring to  decide  them  either  in  conformity  with  generally  accepted  prin- 
ciples, or  by  enlarging  and  developing  these  principles,  or  by  creating 
them  in  conformity  with  the  special  conditions  obtaining  in  the  American 
continent." 

This  article  has  the  advantage  of  stating  the  point  of  approach  to 
American  problems  and  questions  and  proposes  a  method  of  solving  them. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       Ill 

ARTICLE  33.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  extends  to  the 
American  Institute  of  International  Law  a  cordial  welcome  into 
the  circles  of  scientific  organizations  of  Pan  America,  and  records 
a  sincere  wish  for  its  successful  career  and  the  achievement  of  the 
highest  aims  of  its  important  labors. 

The  welcome  extended  by  the  Congress  to  the  American  Institute  of 
International  Law  was  the  culmination  of  a  remarkable  series  of  reso- 
lutions adopted  by  legal,  political,  and  scientific  assemblies  officially 
representing  all  of  the  American  Republics,  because,  as  will  be  seen,  the 
Pan  American  Union  tendered  a  vote  of  commendation  and  encourage- 
ment shortly  before  the  meeting  of  the  Congress  to  the  founders  and 
members  of  the  Institute,  and  the  Commission  of  American  Jurists, 
assembled  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  to  consider  the  codification  of  international 
law,  adopted  on  July  16,  1912,  a  resolution  "commending  the  initiative 
taken  to  found  an  American  Institute  of  International  Law,  as  the  com- 
mittee considers  an  institution  of  this  kind  of  great  usefulness  to  assist 
in  the  work  of  codification  that  the  statesmen  of  the  New  World  have 
in  view." 

It  is  difficult  to  explain  the  origin  and  development  of  the  American 
Institute  of  International  Law  in  briefer  and  more  apt  terms  than  those 
employed  by  His  Excellency  Sr.  BDUARDO  SUAREZ  MUJICA,  the  Chilean 
Ambassador,  President  of  the  Congress,  who,  at  the  meeting  of  the  Gov- 
erning Board  of  the  Pan  American  Union,  held  on  December  i,  1915, 
moved  a  resolution  of  encouragement  to  the  founders  of  the  Institute, 
and  who,  in  the  remarks  upon  his  motion,  unanimously  carried  by  the 
Governing  Board,  spoke  as  follows: 

As  my  colleagues  are  undoubtedly  aware,  in  October,  1912,  the  founda- 
tions were  laid  in  Washington  for  an  organization  of  a  most  interesting 
character.  Under  the  auspices  of  the  prominent  internationalists  of  the 
whole  world,  under  the  honorary  presidency  and  the  wise  counsel  of  the 
ex-Secretary  of  State  and  distinguished  North  American  statesman 
Mr.  ELIHU  ROOT,  and  through  the  unremitting  and  intelligent  effort  of 
two  men  of  action  and  scholars,  well  known  to  the  international  world, 
Messrs.  JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT  and  ALEJANDRO  ALVAREZ,  there  was  born 
into  the  realm  of  scientific  life  the  American  Institute  of  International  Law, 
the  object  of  which  is,  briefly  stated,  to  combine  and  utilize,  through  a 
central  organization  in  Washington  and  the  cooperation  of  affiliated  or 
corresponding  associations  in  all  the  other  American  nations,  the  intellec- 
tual efforts  of  jurists  and  thinkers  of  the  continent,  for  the  development  of 
international  law,  the  generalization  of  its  principles,  and  the  adoption 
of  a  common  standard  to  insure  the  enforcement  of  law  and  justice  among 
the  countries  of  the  New  World. 


112      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  corresponding  or  affiliated  associations  have  already  been  organized 
in  eighteen  out  of  the  twenty-one  American  Republics,  and  steps  are  being 
taken  to  constitute  the  other  three. 

International  law  is  not  the  patrimony  of  a  single  nation.  It  is  the  law 
of  all  nations,  and  must  therefore  be  formed  and  assented  to  by  all;  and 
thus  the  cooperation  of  nations  is  essential  to  its  enactment  or  amendment. 
Hence  the  enormous  importance  of  an  organization  having  a  brain  and 
a  voice  in  every  one  of  the  nations  of  America,  whose  action  must  be  the 
fruit  of  continental  thought. 

Such  an  organization  embodies,  I  believe,  one  of  the  most  powerful 
auxiliaries  for  progress  and  civilization  in  the  Americas,  and  for  the  per- 
manent maintenance  of  peace  from  one  end  to  the  other  of  their  frontiers. 
Such  an  organization  deserves,  without  doubt,  the  good  will  of  the  peoples 
and  Governments  of  the  continent,  which  we  represent  here. 

During  the  month  commencing  to-day  the  Second  Pan  American 
Scientific  Congress  is  to  meet  in  Washington,  and  one  of  the  most  important 
events  that  are  to  take  place  during  its  sessions  is  the  official,  solemn 
inauguration,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Congress,  of  the  American  Institute 
of  International  Law.  I  believe  this  is  a  fitting  occasion  on  which  to  offer 
a  vote  of  commendation  and  encouragement  for  this  work  of  common 
interest  to  our  countries — a  vote  which  I  hope  will  be  accepted  by  all — 
and  therefore  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  for  the  approval  of  the  board  the 
following  resolution : 

The  Governing  Board  of  the  Pan  American  Union,  considering  that  the 
official  inauguration  of  the  American  Institute  of  International  Law, 
founded  in  Washington  October  12,  1912,  is  soon  to  take  place  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress ;  and 

Considering  that  said  Institute,  consisting  of  representatives  of  every  one 
of  the  American  Republics,  recommended  by  the  International  Law 
Associations  of  their  respective  countries,  will  result  in  strengthening, 
through  the  active  cooperation  of  jurists  and  thinkers  of  the  whole 
continent,  the  bonds  of  friendship  and  union  now  existing  between 
these  republics,  and  will  contribute  to  the  development  of  a  common 
sentiment  of  international  justice  among  them,  the  Governing  Board  of 
the  Pan  American  Union 

Resolves,  To  tender  to  the  founders  and  members  of  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  International  Law  a  vote  of  commendation  and  encouragement 
for  the  foundation  of  said  organization,  which  represents  a  step  of  the  highest 
importance  in  the  moral  advancement  of  the  continent  and  in  the  strength- 
ening of  the  sentiments  of  friendship  and  harmony  among  the  Republics. 

Since  the  date  of  His  Excellency's  address  and  motion,  which  was 
warmly  seconded  by  the  Honorable  ROBERT  LANSING,  Secretary  of 
State  of  the  United  States,  and  unanimously  carried,  societies  of  inter- 
national law  have  been  formed  in  the  three  American  Republics  where 
they  were  then  lacking,  so  that  on  the  opening  of  the  Congress  a 
national  society  of  international  law  existed  in  the  capital  of  every 
American  State.  The  Institute  is  composed  of  five  members  from 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.        113 

each  of  the  twenty-one  national  societies,  recommended  by  the  socie- 
ties for  membership  in  the  Institute. 

It  is  proper  to  say,  before  leaving  this  subject,  that  His  Excellency 
the  President  of  the  Congress,  is  himself  a  member  of  the  Institute  and 
that  the  members  from  the  United  States  are:  the  Honorable  ROBERT 
BACON,  formerly  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States  and  Am- 
bassador to  France;  the  Honorable  ROBERT  LANSING,  Secretary  of  State 
of  the  United  States;  the  Honorable  EUHU  ROOT,  formerly  Secretary  of 
State  of  the  United  States  and  always  a  friend  of  the  Americas ;  Dr.  LEO 
S.  RowE,  Professor  of  Political  Science  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania and  personally  known  and  appreciated  in  Latin  America  through 
his  repeated  visits  to  all  the  American  countries;  and  JAMES  BROWN 
SCOTT,  Esq.,  Secretary  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International 
Peace  and  Chairman  of  the  Joint  State  and  Navy  Neutrality  Board  of 
the  United  States. 

It  is  proper  also  to  add,  in  this*  connection,  that  the  American  Institute 
met  in  connection  with  and  under  the  auspices  of  the  Congress,  that  it  was 
formally  opened  on  December  29,  191 5,  and  welcomed  by  the  Honorable 
ROBERT  LANSING,  on  behalf  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States, 
by  His  Excellency,  the  Chilean  Ambassador,  on  behalf  of  the  Congress,  of 
which  he  was  President,  and  by  the  Honorable  EUHU  ROOT,  on  behalf 
of  American  publicists.  It  completed  its  organization  by  admitting  the 
five  members  from  each  national  society  and  selected  the  following  offi- 
cers: Honorary  President,  ELIHU  ROOT;  President,  JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT; 
Secretary  General,  ALEJANDRO  ALVAREZ;  Treasurer,  Luis  ANDERSON. 

On  the  3d  of  January,  1916,  the  Honorable  ROBERT  LANSING,  Secretary 
of  State  of  the  United  States,  addressed  a  letter  to  the  President  of  the 
Institute,  lequesting  it  to  consider  the  matter  of  neutrality,  from  which 
very  important  letter  the  following  passage  is  quoted : 

I  would,  therefore,  suggest  that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  study  the 
problem  of  neutral  rights  and  neutral  duties  seeking  to  formulate  in  terms 
the  principle  underlying  the  relations  of  belligerency  to  neutrality  rather 
than  the  express  rules  governing  the  conduct  of  a  nation  at  war  to  a  nation 
at  peace. 

I  would  further  suggest  that  the  subject  might  be  advantageously  di- 
vided into  two  parts,  namely,  the  rights  of  neutrals  on  the  high  seas,  and 
the  duties  of  neutrals  dependent  upon  territorial  jurisdiction. 

In  view  of  the  past  year  and  half  of  war  the  present  time  seems  particu- 
larly opportune  to  study  this  question  and  this  Institute  being  composed 
of  members  from  neutral  nations  is  especially  fitted  to  do  this  from  the 
proper  point  of  view  and  with  the  definite  purpose  of  protecting  the  liberty 
of  neutrals  from  unjustifiable  restrictions  on  the  high  seas  and  from  the 
imposition  of  needless  burdens  in  preserving  their  neutrality  on  land. 
27750—16 8 


114      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Three  days  later  the  Institute  adopted  a  Declaration  of  the  Rights  and 
Duties  of  Nations,  based  upon  the  political  philosophy  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  of  the  United  States,  and  the  practice  of  the  American 
Republics.  Inasmuch  as  the  Institute  was  formally  welcomed  by  the 
President  of  the  Congress,  held  its  sessions  in  connection  with  and  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Congress,  and  that  the  members  of  the  Institute  were 
likewise  delegates  to  the  Congress  and  participated  in  its  labors,  it  is 
advisable  to  include  the  text  of  the  Declaration  accompanied  by  a 
resume  of  the  elaborate  commentary  which  explains  it.  The  text  of  the 
Declaration  therefore  follows : 

Whereas,  the  municipal  law  of  civilized  nations  recognizes  and  protects 
the  right  to  life,  the  right  to  liberty,  the  right  to  the  pursuit  of  happiness, 
as  added  by  the  Declaration  of  Independence  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  the  right  to  legal  equality,  the  right  to  property,  and  the  right 
to  the  enjoyment  of  the  aforesaid  rights;  and 

Whereas,  these  fundamental  rights,  thus  universally  recognized,  create  a 
duty  on  the  part  of  the  peoples  of  all  nations  to  observe  them ;  and 

Whereas,  according  to  the  political  philosophy  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  of  the  United  States,  and  the  universal  practice  of  the 
American  Republics,  nations  or  governments  are  regarded  as  created 
by  the  people,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the  governed, 
and  are  instituted  among  men  to  promote  their  safety  and  happiness 
and  to  secure  to  the  people  the  enjoyment  of  their  fundamental  rights; 
and 

Whereas,  the  rights  and  duties  of  nations  are,  by  virtue  of  membership  in 
the  society  of  nations,  exercised  and  performed  conformably  to  the 
requirements  of  the  solidarity  uniting  the  members  of  the  society  of 
civilized  nations,  recognized  by  the  First  Hague  Peace  Conference  in 
1899,  and  reaffirmed  by  the  second  Hague  Peace  Conference  in  1907;  and 

Whereas,  the  Nation  is  a  moral  or  juristic  person,  the  creature  of  law, 
and  subordinated  to  law  as  is  the  natural  person  in  political  society;  and 

Whereas,  we  deem  that  these  fundamental  rights  can  be  stated  in  terms 
of  international  law  and  applied  to  the  relations  of  the  members  of  the 
society  of  nations,  one  with  another,  just  as  they  have  been  applied  in 
the  relations  of  the  citizens  or  subjects  of  the  states  forming  the  Society 
of  Nations;  and 

Whereas,  these  fundamental  rights  of  national  jurisprudence,  namely,  the 
right  to  life,  the  right  to  liberty,  the  right  to  the  pursuit  of  happiness,  the 
right  to  equality  before  the  law,  the  right  to  property,  and  the  right  to  the 
observance  thereof  are,  when  stated  in  terms  of  international  law,  the 
right  of  the  nation  to  exist  and  to  protect  and  to  conserve  its  existence  ; 
the  right  of  independence  and  the  freedom  to  develop  itself  without 
interference  or  control  from  other  nations;  the  right  of  equality  in  law 
and  before  law;  the  right  to  territory  within  defined  boundaries  and  to 
exclusive  jurisdiction  therein;  and  the  right  to  the  observance  of  these 
fundamental  rights;  and 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       115 

Whereas,  the  rights  and  duties  of  nations  are,  by  virtue  of  membership  in 
the  society  thereof,  to  be  exercised  and  performed  in  accordance  with 
the  exigincies  of  their  mutual  interdependence  expressed  in  the  pre- 
amble of  the  Convention  for  the  pacific  settlement  of  international  dis- 
putes of  the  First  and  Second  Hague  Peace  Conferences,  recognizing  the 
solidarity  which  unites  the  members^of  the  society  of  civilized  nations; 
Therefore,  The  American  Institute  of  International  Law,  at  its  first  ses- 
sion, held  in  the  City  of  Washington,  in  the  United  States  of  America, 
on  the  sixth  day  of  January,  1916,  adopts  the  following  six  articles,  together 
with  the  commentary  thereon,  to  be  known  as  its  Declaration  of  the  Rights 
and  Duties  of  Nations. 

I.  Every  nation  has  the  right  to  exist  and   to  protect  and  to  conserve  its 

existence;  but  this  right  neither  implies  the  right  nor  justifies 
the  act  of  the  state  to  protect  itself  or  to  conserve  its  existence 
by  the  commission  of  unlawful  acts  against  innocent  and 
unoffending  states. 

II.  Every  nation  has  the  right  to  independence  in  the  sense  that  it  has  a  right 

to  the  pursuit  of  happiness  and  is  free  to  develop  itself  without 
interference  or  control  from  other  states,  provided  that  in  so  doing 
it  does  not  interfere  with  or  violate  the  rights  of  other  states. 

III.  Every  nation  is  in  law  and  before  law  the  equal  of  every  other  nation 

belonging  to  the  society  of  nations,  and  all  nations  have  the  right 
to  claim  and,  according  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence  of  the 
United  States,  "to  assume,  among  the  powers  of  the  earth,  the 
separate  and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of 
nature's  God  entitle  them" 

IV.  Every  nation  has  the  right  to  territory  within  defined  boundaries,  and 

to  exercise  exclusive  jurisdiction  over  its  territory,  and  all  persons 
whether  native  or  foreign  found  therein. 

V.  Every  nation  entitled  to  a  right  by  the  law  of  nations  is   entitled  to 

have  that  right  respected  and  protected  by  all  other  nations,  for 
right  and  duty  are  correlative,  and  the  right  of  one  is  the  duty  of 
all  to  observe. 

VI.  International  law  is  at  one  and  the  same  time  both  national  and  inter- 

national; national  in  the  sense  that  it  is  the  law  of  the  land  and 
applicable  as  such  to  the  decision  of  all  questions  involving  its 
principles;  international  in  the  sense  that  it  is  the  law  of  the 
society  of  nations  and  applicable  as  such  to  all  questions  between 
and  among  the  members  of  the  society  of  nations  involving  its 
principles. 


Il6      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

/.  Every  nation  has  the  right  to  exist  and  to  protect  and  to  conserve  its 
existence;  but  this  right  neither  implies  the  right  nor  justifies 
the  act  of  the  state  to  protect  itself  or  to  conserve  its  existence 
by  the  commission  of  unlawful  acts  against  innocent  and 
unoffending  states. 

The  official  commentary  states  that  this  right  and  duty  is  to  be  under- 
stood as  interpreted  (a)  by  the  Chinese  Exclusion  Case  (reported  in  130 
United  States  Reports,  pp.  581,  606),  decided  by  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States  in  1888,  holding  that  to  preserve  its  independence  and 
give  security  against  foreign  aggression  and  encroachment  is  the  highest 
duty  of  every  nation,  and  to  attain  these  ends  nearly  all  other  considera- 
tions are  to  be  subordinated ;  (6)  by  the  case  of  Regina  v.  Dudley  (reported 
in  15  Cox's  Criminal  Cases,  p.  624;  14  Queen's  Bench  Division,  p.  273), 
decided  by  the  Queen's  Bench  Division  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice  in 
1884,  to  the  effect  that  it  was  unlawful  for  shipwrecked  sailors  to  take  the 
life  of  one  of  their  number,  in  order  to  preserve  their  own  lives,  because 
it  was  unlawful  according  to  the  common  law  of  England  for  an  English 
subject  to  take  human  life,  unless  to  defend  himself  against  an  unlawful 
attack  of  the  assailant  threatening  the  life  of  the  party  unlawfully 
attacked;  (c)  by  BELLO  in  his  Principios  de  Derecho  de  Jentes,  pt.  i, 
ch.  i,  sec.  7,  edition  of  1832,  and  by  CALVO  in  his  Droit  International 
Theorique  et  Pratique,  5th  ed.,  Vol.  I,  sec.  208. 

//.  Every  Nation  has  the  right  to  independence  in  the  sense  that  it  has 
a  right  to  the  pursuit  of  happiness  and  is  free  to  develop  itself 
without  interference  or  control  from  other  states,  provided  that  in  so 
doing  it  does  not  interfere  with  or  violate  the  rights  of  other  states. 
HI.  Every  nation  is  in  law  and  before  law  the  equal  of  every  other  nation 
belonging  to  the  society  of  nations,  and  all  nations  have  the  right 
to  claim  and,  according  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence  of 
the  United  States,  "to  assume,  among  the  powers  of  the  earth, 
the  separate  and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of 
nature's  God  entitle  them." 

The  rights  and  duties  of  independence  and  of  equality  stated  in  Articles 
2  and  3  are,  according  to  the  official  commentary,  to  be  understood  as 
interpreted — 

(a)  By  Sir  WILLIAM  ScoTT  in  the  case  of  The  Louis  (reported  in 
2  Dodson's  Reports,  pp.  210,  243-244),  decided  in  1817,  in  which  he 
said:  "Two  principles  of  public  law  are  generally  recognized  as  fun- 
damental. One  is  the  perfect  equality  and  entire  independence  of  all 
distinct  states." 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       117 

(6)  By  Chief  Justice  MARSHALL  in  the  case  of  The  Antelope  (reported 
in  10  Wheaton's  Reports,  pp.  66,  122),  decided  by  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States  in  1825,  who  said:  "No  principle  of  general  law  is 
more  universally  acknowledged  than  the  perfect  equality  of  nations. 
Russia  and  Geneva  have  equal  rights.  It  results  from  this  equality  that 
no  one  can  rightfully  impose  a  rule  on  another.  Bach  legislates  for 
itself,  but  its  legislation  can  operate  on  itself  alone." 

(c)  By  the  Honorable  BLIHU  ROOT,  in  his  address  before  the  Third 
Pan  American  Conference  held  at  Rio  Janeiro  on  July  31,  1906. 

(d)  By  BELLO  in  his  Principios  de  Derecho  de  Jentes,  pt.  i ,  ch.  i ,  sec.  7,  and 

(e)  By  CALVO  in  his  Droit  International  Theorique  et  Pratique,  5th  ed., 
vol.  i,  sec.  208. 

IV.  Every  Nation  has  the  right  to  territory  within  defined  boundaries, 

and  to  exercise  exclusive  jurisdiction  over  its  territory,  and  all 
persons  whether  native  or  foreign  found  therein. 

This  right  and  duty  are,  according  to  the  official  commentary,  to  be 
undei  stood  in  the  sense  in  which  they  were  interpreted  by  Chief  Justice 
MARSHALL  in  the  case  of  the  schooner  Exchange  (reported  in  7  Cranch's 
Reports,  pp.  116,  136—137),  decided  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  in  1812,  who  said: 

The  jurisdiction  of  the  nation,  within  its  own  territory,  is  necessarily 
exclusive  and  absolute;  it  is  susceptible  of  no  limitation,  not  imposed  by 
itself.  *  *  * 

A  nation  would  justly  be  considered  as  violating  its  faith,  although  that 
faith  might  not  be  expressly  plighted,  which  should  suddenly  and  without 
previous  notice  exercise  its  territorial  powers  in  a  manner  not  consonant 
to  the  usages  and  received  obligations  of  the  civilized  world. 

V.  Every  nation  entitled  to  a  right   by  the  law  of  nations  is  entitled  to 

have  that  right  respected  and  protected  by  all  other  nations,  for 
right  and  duty  are  correlative,  and  the  right  of  one  is  the  duty  of 
all  to  observe. 

This  right  is  to  be  understood  in  the  sense  in  which  it  was  stated  and 
denned  by  Chief  Justice  WAITE  in  the  case  of  United  States  v.  Arjona 
(reported  in  120  United  States  Reports,  pp.  479,  487),  decided  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  in  1886,  who  said: 

But  if  the  United  States  can  require  this  of  another,  that  other  may 
require  it  of  them,  because  international  obligations  are  of  necessity 
reciprocal  in  their  nature.  The  right,  if  it  exists  at  all,  is  given  by  the  law 
of  nations,  and  what  is  law  for  one  is,  under  the  same  circumstances,  law 
for  the  other.  A  right  secured  by  the  law  of  nations  to  a  nation,  or  its 
people,  is  one  the  United  States  as  the  representatives  of  this  nation  are 
bound  to  protect. 


Il8      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

VI.  International  law  is  at  one  and  the  same  time  both  national  and  inter- 
national; national  in  the  sense  that  it  is  the  law  of  the  land  and 
•  applicable  as  such  to  the  decision  of  all  questions  involving  its 
principles;  international  in  the  sense  that  it  is  the  law  of  the 
society  of  nations  and  applicable  as  such  to  all  questions  between 
and  among  the  members  of  the  society  of  nations  involving  its 
principles. 

The  relation  of  international  to  national  law  is  to  be  understood  (i)  in 
the  sense  in  which  the  relationship  is  stated  by  Mr.  Justice  GRAY  in  the 
case  of  The  Paquete  Habana,  quoted  on  page  103,  under  Article  25  of 
this  report;  and  (2)  in  the  sense  of  the  official  commentary,  according  to 
which  international  law  is  to  be  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  law  of  the 
American  countries  and  is  to  be  applied  as  national  law  by  their  courts, 
and  to  be  also  applied  by  the  respective  Republics  in  their  relations  one 
with  another. 

The  spirit  which  should  animate  the  American  Republics  is,  according 
to  the  official  commentary,  the  following  statement  by  DANIEL  WEB- 
STER, written  as  Secretary  of  State : 

Every  nation,  on  being  received,  at  her  own  request,  into  the  circle  of 
civilized  governments  must  understand  that  she  not  only  attains  rights 
of  sovereignty  and  the  dignity  of  national  character,  but  that  she  binds  her- 
self to  the  strict  and  faithful  observance  of  all  those  principles,  laws,  and 
usages  which  have  obtained  currency  among  civilized  states,  and  which 
have  for  their  object  the  mitigation  of  the  miseries  of  war. 

Before  adjournment  on  the  8th  day  of  January,  1916,  the  Institute  was 
invited  to  hold  its  next  session  in  Havana  as  the  guest  of  the  Cuban 
Government,  an  invitation  calculated  to  encourage  its  members  to  be 
worthy  of  the  invitation  which  was  so  graciously  and  so  unexpectedly 
tendered  it. 

ARTICLE  34.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 
to  all  educational  establishments  of  America  the  special  study  of 
the  constitutions,  laws,  and  institutions  of  the  Republics  of  this 
continent. 

It  is  difficult  to  comment  upon  the  simple  recommendation  of  the  Con- 
gress that  the  constitutions,  laws,  and  institutions  of  the  Republics  of 
this  continent  be  made  the  subject  of  special  study  in  all  educational 
establishments  of  America.  The  importance  of  it  is  evident  and,  in  the 
happy  expression  of  a  distinguished  English  judge,  it  can  only  be  ob- 
scured by  argument.  And  yet  the  advantages  that  would  accrue  from  a 
knowledge  of  the  constitutions,  laws,  and  institutions  of  the  Republics  of 
this  continent  are  so  manifold  that  it  would  seem  to  be  a  sign  of  indiffer- 
ence if  they  were  not  dwelt  upon. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       1 19 

The  Western  World  was  an  accidental  discovery  and  the  continent 
has  been,  without  exception,  the  land  of  experiments.  Starting  without 
the  traditions  of  the  Old  World,  it  has  been  the  laboratory  of  modern 
political  thought.  The  experiment  of  republican,  that  is  to  say  demo- 
cratic, government  has  been  tried  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  upon  a 
larger  and  broader  scale  than  ever  before  in  the  world's  history,  and  the 
experience  had  with  democratic  government  has  been  such  as  to  endear 
it  to  the  hearts  and  to  commend  it  to  the  intelligence,  not  merely  of  Ameri- 
cans as  such  but  to  the  enlightened  throughout  the  world.  The  specific 
advantage  that  would  accrue  to  American  peoples  by  the  study  of  their 
respective  constitutions  and  of  their  laws  and  of  their  institutions  is  that 
each  would  be  able  to  profit  by  the  experiments,  and  by  the  departures 
in  political  life  and  thought  of  each  of  the  countries,  and  by  appropriating 
the  innovations  which  have  proved  successful  and  by  modifying  them  to 
meet  special  conditions  they  would  be  able  to  add  to  their  own  happiness 
and  to  increase  the  heritage  of  their  offspring. 

ARTICLE  35.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recom- 
mends to  the  various  universities  of  the  American  Republics 
that  a  comparative  study  of  judicial  institutions  be  undertaken 
in  order — 

(a)  To  create  special  interest  therein  in  the  several  countries  of  the 

continent ; 

(b)  To  facilitate  the  knowledge  and  solution  of  problems  of  private 

international  law  in  the  American  countries;  and 

(c)  To  bring  about  as  far  as  possible  uniformity  in  jurisprudence 

and  legislation. 

Articles  23—33  dealt  with  international  law.  Article  34  forsook 
international  law  and  urged  the  desirability  of  a  knowledge  and  study 
of  the  constitutions,  laws  and  institutions  of  the  Western  World.  Article 
35,  without  returning  to  international  law,  nevertheless  narrows  the 
field  of  its  recommendation  and  commends  the  study  not  merely  of 
institutions  as  such  and  of  all  institutions  of  the  American  countries 
but  the  comparative  study  of  judicial  institutions,  in  the  hope  if  not 
in  the  belief  that  such  a  comparative  study  would  create  special  interest 
therein  in  the  several  countries  of  the  continent  and  redound  to  the 
benefits  of  each  one  thereof.  A  question  of  very  great  importance 
and  of  equal  difficulty  is  that  of  the  conflict  of  laws,  very  frequently  called 
private  international  law.  The  great  difficulty  in  this  subject  is  that 
countries  deriving  their  systems  of  law  from  England  have  adopted 
the  principle  of  domicile,  whereas  the  countries  drawing  their  inspira- 
tion and  their  systems  of  law  from  the  civil  law  of  Rome  are  inclined 


129      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

to  the  principle  of  nationality.  The  conflict  between  the  two  is  evident 
and  as  it  is  one  of  principle  it  is  difficult  of  compromise.  Nevertheless, 
the  Congress  recommends  the  solution  of  problems  of  this  nature,  and 
ventures  a  step  further  in  the  field  of  jurisprudence  by  recommending 
as  far  as  possible  uniformity  in  legislation  as  well  as  in  jurisprudence. 
Whether  it  would  be  possible  to  reach  a  working  compromise  in  the 
domain  of  international  private  law,  and  whether  it  would  be  possible 
to  secure  in  any  considerable  degree  uniformity  of  legislation  and  of 
jurisprudence  in  the  various  countries,  it  can  not  be  gainsaid  that  it 
is  the  goal  that  we  of  the  Americas  should  have  before  our  eyes.  If  it 
be  solved  the  triumph  is  greater,  because  of  the  difficulties,  and  perhaps 
a  very  desire  to  solve  the  problems  may,  with  good  will,  much  patience 
and  infinite  tact  overcome  many  if  not  all  of  the  obstacles  which  stand 
in  the  way  of  the  realization  of  this  counsel  of  perfection  which  the 
Congress  recommends. 

ARTICLE  36.  The  Second   Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  in  order 
to  broaden  the  outlook  and  to  bring  into  closer  contact  the  mem- 
bers of  the  legal  profession,  urges  that  the  bar  association  exchange 
among  themselves : 
(a)  Law    books    and    publications    affecting    the    legal    profession 

and  the  practice  of  law. 

(6)  New  codes  of  law  and  rules  of  procedure  as  they  are  hereafter 
published. 

It  was  natural  that  the  recommendations  in  Section  VI  dealing  with 
international  law,  public  law  and  jurisprudence  should  cover  a  very 
broad  field,  and  that  some  of  them,  going  beyond  the  subject-matter, 
should  not  merely  refer  to  subjects  of  international  law,  of  public  law, 
or  of  jurisprudence,  but  should  suggest  that  the  persons  following 
these  various  callings  regard  themselves  as  bound  by  the  ties  of  their 
profession  and  that,  if  they  were  unable  to  meet  personally,  there  should 
nevertheless  be  an  exchange  of  ideas,  of  ideals,  and  of  the  things  of  the 
spirit.  Therefore,  in  order  to  raise  the  standard,  if  possible,  of  the 
legal  profession  in  all  parts  of  the  Americas,  the  Congress  urged  that  the 
bar  associations  made  up  of  the  votaries  of  law  should  exchange  among 
themselves  law  books  and  publications  affecting  the  legal  profession 
and  the  practice  of  law;  for  it  was  recognized  that,  without  this,  they 
would  stand  as  it  were  in  isolation  but  that  with  this  exchange  there 
would  be  developed,  little  by  little,  a  common  knowledge,  a  common 
standard,  a  broader  outlook,  and  a  feeling  of  mutual  dependence  and 
respect.  This  recommendation,  seemingly  broad,  is  in  reality  narrower 
than  that  contained  in  the  final  paragraphs  of  the  article,  because  in 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS.        121 

the  one  lawyers  as  such  are  affected,  whereas  in  the  other  not  only  lawyers 
but  men  of  affairs  are  included,  because  it  is  of  advantage  to  men  engaged 
in  business  extending  beyond  the  confines  of  their  country  to  have  the 
codes  of  law  in  their  hands  and  to  be  familiar  with  the  rules  of  procedure, 
lest  through  ignorance  and  neglect  their  feet  become  entangled  in  the 
meshes  of  foreign  law.  Of  course  neither  codes  nor  rules  of  procedure 
can  dispense  with  the  lawyer,  for  we  must  needs  have  a  professional 
class  devoting  itself  to  the  interpretation  and  the  application  of  laws; 
and  yet  the  codes  and  rules  of  procedure  would  often  prevent  the  com- 
mission of  a  mistake  and  their  very  presence  and  their  very  difficulty 
would  urge  the  taking  of  advice  of  the  profession  before  it  is  too  late. 

The  recommendations  of  Section  VI  as  a  whole  aim  to  make  inter- 
national law  a  thing  of  flesh  and  blood,  a  living  organism,  as  necessary 
to  nations  in  their  mutual  intercourse  as  is  national  law  to  individuals  in 
political  society;  to  impart  to  the  peoples  of  the  Americas  a  knowledge 
of  the  constitutions,  laws  and  institutions  of  the  Republics  of  our  be- 
loved continent;  to  strive  for  uniformity  both  in  the  framing  and  in  the 
interpretation  of  laws,  in  so  far  as  this  may  be  possible,  and  by  broaden- 
ing the  legal  profession  and  bringing  its  members  into  correspondence,  if 
not  into  actual  personal  touch,  to  create  a  community  of  ideals,  to 
raise  the  standard  of  the  profession  in  all  the  Americas  and  to  make  it 
worthy  of  the  trust  and  confidence  which  it  has  enjoyed  and  without 
which  its  members  can  not  render  effective  service. 

ARTICLE  37.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 
that— 

(a)  A  compilation  be  made,  according  to  a  definite  plan,  of  the 
mining  laws  of  the  American  Republics,  not  only  in  their 
original  languages  but  also  in  Spanish,  Portuguese,  French, 
and  English  translations,  as  the  case  may  be,  with  a  view  to 
the  reciprocal  improvement  of  the  laws  of  each  of  the 
American  Republics; 

(7>)  The  several  American  Governments  appoint  a  committee  to  con- 
sider the  uniformity  of  mining  statistics  and  to  make  recom- 
mendations to  their  respective  Governments  in  order  to 
systematize,  simplify,  and  standardize  such  statistics. 

This  article  was  recommended  by  Section  VII  of  the  Congress,  dealing 
with  mining,  metallurgy,  economic  geology,  and  applied  chemistry,  and, 
in  view  of  the  very  great  importance  to  the  American  countries  of  the 
subjects  discussed  in  the  Section,  although  not  made  the  basis  of  recom- 
mendations, it  seems  advisable  to  consider  briefly  and  to  state  in  outline 
the  nature  of  the  problems  discussed  by  the  Section.  For  this  reason  a 


122      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

few  sentences  are  quoted  by  way  of  introduction  from   the  opening 
remarks  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Section: 

Mining  and  agriculture  are  the  only  basic  productive  pursuits  of  man, 
and  they  are  both  fostered  each  by  the  other,  and  both  dependent  on 
Mother  Earth.  The  one  skims  her  surface;  the  other  goes  deeper.  Agri- 
culture furnishes  man  with  food  for  existence,  but  mining  gives  him  the 
materials  for  power,  art,  and  civilization.  Without  metals  the  scientists' 
tools  for  experimentation  and  determination  would  not  be  possible,  nor  the 
great  diffusion  of  knowledge  and  thought  by  means  of  the  printing  press, 
photographic  appliances,  telegraph,  cable,  and  the  telephone.  *  *  * 

Mining  and  metallurgy  must  go  hand  in  hand,  for  each  would  be  impos- 
sible or  impotent  without  the  other.  Economic  geology  and  applied 
chemistry  are  the  necessary  lights,  guides,  and  inspirations  to  advance  the 
power  and  usefulness  of  the  miner  and  metallurgist.  *  *  * 

With  the  steam  engine,  the  turbine,  and  dynamo  there  was  placed  in 
man's  hands  the  fundamental  implements  of  manufacture  and  the  flexible 
distribution  of  force.  The  main  restraining  bonds  that  confine  and  make 
effective  the  steam  are  iron  and  metal;  those  of  the  turbine  and  dynamo, 
iron,  steel,  copper,  and  aluminum;  while  coal,  petroleum,  gas,  and  water 
are  the  mighty  driving  forces.  And  gold  must  not  be  forgotten.  It  made 
all  possible  through  its  stored  cells  of  human  energy  that  radiated  genial 
currents  of  trade  confidence  which  inspired  and  gave  courage  to  gigantic 
undertakings. 

In  the  manufacture  of  force  the  miner,  scientist,  engineer,  and  mechanic 
all  had  to  do  teamwork  and  each  aid  the  other,  the  miner  giving  to  all 
others  the  necessary  materials.  In  return,  knowledge  and  skill  were  given 
mining  projects  that  multiplied  and  expanded  their  outputs.  And  so  the 
forces  have  traveled  in  cycles — the  miner  giving  to  the  engineer,  the 
engineer  giving  to  the  miner,  and  in  such  wonderful  and  startling  way 
that  the  gold,  coal,  iron,  copper,  and  petroleum  demanded  in  the  manu- 
facture of  force  and  other  needs  of  modern  civilization  have  so  pro- 
gressively increased  within  the  last  half  century  that  the  past  fifteen 
years'  output  of  these  fundamental  force  producers  and  force  restrainers 
have  probably,  with  the  exception  of  gold,  more  than  equaled  the  total 
output  of  all  previous  time  in  the  history  of  the  world.  With  these  out- 
puts bank  deposits,  railroad  construction,  war  armaments,  steam  vessels, 
and  other  forms  of  wealth  and  power  have  sympathetically  advanced. 

Contemplate,  then  calculate,  what  is  the  force  that  has  been  unlocked 
by  the  mining  of  535,000,000  tons  of  coal  and  222,000,000  barrels  of 
petroleum  produced  in  1912  in  the  United  States.  This  force,  if  all  used 
for  steam  and  expressed  even  in  the  imperfect  efficiency  of  the  steam 
engine,  would  still  show,  in  terms  of  man's  muscular  capacity,  an  equiva- 
lent of  the  work  of  2,700,000,000  strong  men  working  continuously  for  ten 
hours  a  day  throughout  the  entire  year. 

Falling  water  has  also  been  harnessed  and  made1  use  of  by  the  copper 
band  windings  of  the  dynamo,  and  generates  still  other  great  forces.  The 
chemist's  great  might,  expressed  through  explosives,  has  also  been  given 
man  within  comparatively  few  years,  and  is  being  progressively  increased. 
Thus,  in  so  short  a  time,  has  the  miner,  metallurgist,  scientist,  and  engi- 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       123 

neer  unlocked  and  tapped  great  force-fountains  that  the  world  has  not 
had  time  to  digest  properly  its  uses  or  control  the  haste,  greed,  and  waste 
that  has  been  brought  in  its  train. 

Coming  to  the  work  of  the  Section,  it  is  to  be  noted  in  the  first  place 
that  the  subsection  on  mining  and  metallurgy  considered  only  those 
mining  problems  of  direct  importance  to  the  development  of  the  mineral 
wealth  and  to  the  promotion  of  commeice  between  the  American 
Republics.  The  aims  and  purposes  of  this  Section,  as  stated  in  the  pre- 
liminary program,  were: 

(i)  The  assembling  of  laws  governing  titles  to  mineral  lands  or  mineral 
rights,  or  specifically  applying  to  the  operations  of  mines,  quarries,  oil 
wells,  and  plants  for  treating  minerals;  (2)  the  discussion  of  the  methods 
of  mining  and  treating  ores  and  minerals  of  possible  commercial  impor- 
tance, with  a  view  to  the  devising  of  methods  of  greater  economy  and 
efficiency  or  increased  safety — chemical  processes  to  be  considered  by  the 
conference  on  applied  chemistry  at  joint  sessions;  (3)  showing  the  items  of 
cost,  including  mining,  treatment,  and  transportation,  that  determine  the 
price  at  which  a  raw  material  or  mineral  product  can  be  profitably  sold 
at  a  shipping  port  or  point  of  export,  and  the  possible  means  by  which  costs 
of  production  can  be  lessened  and  the  development  of  mineral  resources 
thereby  increased;  (4)  the  development  of  increased  efficiency  in  the  pur- 
chase of  minerals  and  mineral  products,  through  the  use  of  uniform  tests 
and  specifications,  and  the  promotion  of  economy  and  efficiency  in  the 
utilization  of  mineral  products  through  the  use  of  improved  methods  and 
apparatus,  it  being  recognized  that  this  purpose  will  also  be  within  the 
province  of  the  conferences  on  applied  chemistry  and  of  mechanical 
engineering. 

The  program  of  the  subsection,  as  actually  carried  out,  has  already 
been  given  in  the  preamble  to  the  Final  Act,  and  the  topics  treated,  the 
papers  presented,  and  the  specialists  who  took  part,  are  shown  in  the 
detailed  program  appended  to  the  Final  Act,  from  an  inspection  of 
which  an  idea  can  be  had  of  the  value  and  of  the  importance  to  the 
Americas  of  the  proceedings  in  this  subsection  of  the  Congress. 

In  the  subsection  on  economic  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the 
American  Republics,  the  contributions  and  discussions  were  largely 
regional  rather  than  local  in  interest.  They  describe  in  detail  the  area, 
distribution,  and  mode  of  occurrences  of  deposits  of  iron,  coal,  petroleum, 
potash  and  niter,  gold,  silver,  tin,  vanadium,  sulphur,  lead,  etc. 

The  underlying  thought  of  this  subsection  and  the  method  devised  to 
make  its  deliberations  of  value  to  the  Americas  are  thus  stated  in  the 
Preliminary  Program: 

Contributions  on  Economic  Geology  and  Mineral  Resources  should  be 
regional  rather  than  local  in  interest;  should  describe  and  map  the  dis- 
tribution, area,  and  mode  of  occurrence  (economic  geology)  of  the  par- 
ticular kinds  of  deposits,  such  as  iron,  coal,  petroleum,  copper,  potash,  and 


124      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

niter,  gold,  silver,  tin,  vanadium,  sulphur,  lead,  etc.;  their  qualities, 
characters,  and  adaptations;  the  quantities  in  each  area,  so  far  as  they  may 
at  present  be  estimated;  the  state  of  development  in  and  the  accessibility 
of  each  area  and  the  present  capacity  of  production  of  each  kind  of  mineral 
resources  that  may  be  contributed  to  international  trade. 

It  will  be  opportune  that  each  participating  country  shall  present  for 
the  information  of  its  sister  republics  and  of  the  world  an  exposition ,  through 
reports  and  maps,  of  the  mineral  resources  and  products  which  it  has  to 
offer  the  world  in  trade,  and  to  invite  attention  to  its  important  undeveloped 
mineral  deposits,  the  exploitation  of  which  would  increase  the  prosperity 
of  the  country,  while  contributing  to  Pan  American  commerce.  It  is 
designed  that  the  section  of  economic  geology  and  mineral  resources  shall 
have  for  its  principal  aim  the  presentation  of  reports,  with  maps,  covering 
the  important  mineral  resources,  both  developed  and  undeveloped,  of 
each  Republic.  It  is  hoped  that  these  reports,  when  combined,  will  con- 
stitute in  effect  a  census  of  the  important  mineral  resources  that  have 
been  discovered  in  each  country. 

The  topics  in  the  subsection  of  applied  chemistry  were  largely  of 
international  importance,  and  related  to  fertilizers,  petroleum  refining, 
explosives,  dyestuffs,  and  tanning,  leather,  and  other  industries,  including 
those  of  manufacture  of  acids,  bases  and  salts,  usually  styled  chemicals. 

As  stated  in  the  Preliminary  Program : 

Applied  Chemistry  has  for  its  purpose  the  isolation  and  purification  of 
chemical  substances  found  in  nature  or  else  the  rearrangement  of  such  sub- 
stances through  their  interactions  so  as  to  produce  new  chemical  substances 
of  benefit  to  man.  In  dealing  with  this  subject  broadly  it  is  essential  to 
know  the  sources  of  supply  of  raw  material  and  the  extent  of  each,  the 
kind  and  extent  of  the  energy  to  be  used  in  effecting  these  chemical 
changes,  and  how  largely  these  resources  are  availed  of  in  the  several 
countries  sending  delegates  to  this  Congress. 

Notwithstanding  the  importance  of  all  the  subjects  included  in  the 
program  of  this  Section  and  assigned  to  the  several  subsections  for 
appropriate  treatment,  some  topics,  by  reason  of  their  prominence  at 
the  present  time,  and  of  the  especial  appeal  that  they  make  to  different 
countries  or  regions  thereof,  were  more  elaborately  discussed  than 
others,  and  it  is  believed  to  be  of  more  than  passing  interest  to  mention 
some  of  these  as  tending  to  show  the  topics  which  appealed  to  the  dele- 
gates present  and  participating  in  the  proceedings  of  the  section.  The 
nitrate  industry  of  Chile  and  its  relation  to  the  chemical  industries  of 
the  Americas  was  considered.  The  genesis  of  the  Chilean  nitrate 
deposits  was  also  the  basis  of  an  important  discussion.  The  possibility 
of  utilizing  the  nitrate  deposits  of  the  United  States  and  the  fixation  of 
atmospheric  nitrogen  were  also  set  forth. 

The  uniformity  of  the  methods  of  chemical  analyses  and  standard 
methods  for  analyzing  coal  and  coke  were  also  considered  in  open  session. 


FINAI,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       125 

The  value  of  such  uniform  standards  was  brought  out  with  reference  to 
commercial  requirements  in  buying  and  selling  ores,  minerals,  and  chemi- 
cals. The  discussions  of  mining  in  the  various  American  countries 
showed  the  need  of  the  unification  of  the  laws  relating  thereto  as  far  as 
practicable,  with  special  reference  to  the  importance  of  securing  statistics 
of  the  mineral  industry.  The  lack  of  uniformity  of  mineral  statistics 
makes  it  impossible  to  bring  together,  for  comparative  purposes,  the 
figures  of  production  of  different  countries,  as  well  as  figures  relating  to 
labor  and  accidents  in  mines. 

Another  important  topic  considered  at  length  was  the  conservation  of 
petroleum  and  of  the  gas  resources  of  the  Americas,  together  with 
methods  to  be  devised  by  means  of  which  better  and  more  economic 
extraction  and  utilization  could  be  made.  With  reference  to  petroleum, 
it  was  brought  out  by  the  discussion  that  the  production  of  gasoline 
from  petroleum,  which  is  now  from  25  to  30  per  cent,  could  be  increased 
to  approximately  50,  or  possibly  60,  per  cent. 

The  conservation  of  iron  and  copper  ores  of  the  United  States  was  also 
discussed,  with  special  reference  to  improved  methods  of  mining  and 
practices  in  metallurgy  as  an  aid  in  conserving  the  resources  of  the 
country.  It  was  shown  that  under  the  present  methods  of  mining  and 
metallurgy  much  ore,  considered  absolutely  worthless  ten  years  ago,  now 
pays  handsome  dividends. 

The. public  interest  in  mineral  resources  and  the  cost  of  geological 
surveys  were  also  treated  in  various  papers  on  the  topics  relating  to 
economic  geology. 

The  question  of  dyestuffs  and  of  tanning  materials  coming  from  Latin 
American  countries  was  also  presented  and  discussed,  as  became  its 
importance,  as  indicated  in  the  list  of  topics  under  applied  chemistry. 

Passing  now  to  the  recommendations  of  the  Congress  dealing  with  the 
Section  on  mining,  metallurgy,  economic  geology,  and  chemistry,  it  will 
be  observed  that,  although  they  are  important,  they  nevertheless  give  no 
adequate  idea  of  the  value  and  far-reaching  nature  of  the  papers  and 
discussions  of  the  Section. 

The  study  of  mining  laws  was  one  of  the  important  topics  suggested  as 
a  Pan  American  subject  to  be  discussed  during  the  Congress,  as  the 
mining  industry  is  of  prime  necessity  to  the  majority  of  the  American 
countries.  Because  of  the  lack  of  uniformity  in  their  mining  laws,  the 
Section  adopted  a  resolution  forming  the  first  paragraph  of  Article  37. 
and  which,  if  carried  into  effect,  will  undoubtedly  be  of  great  service. 
Neither  the  Section  nor  the  Congress  ventured  to  suggest  the  plan  to  be 
followed,  as  this  must  be  the  result  of  careful  thought  and  reflection  and 
of  comparison  with  different  methods  of  training  in  the  different  coun- 


126      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

tries,  but  the  necessity  of  a  compilation  according  to  a  definite  plan  was 
recognized,  and,  in  view  of  the  importance  of  the  subject,  the  compilation 
according  to  this  definite  plan  was  not  only  to  be  published  in  any  one 
language,  but  in  the  languages  spoken  in  the  American  Continent,  namely, 
Spanish,  Portuguese,  French,  and  English. 

The  purpose  of  this  recommendation  was  far  from  academic,  although 
the  compilation  according  to  a  definite  plan  and  the  publication  in  the 
different  languages  might  be  considered  as  an  end  in  itself  and  justify  the 
time  and  labor  involved.  The  Congress,  however,  felt  that  the  com- 
pilation according  to  a  definite  plan  to  be  adopted  was  a  prerequisite  to 
the  proposals  for  an  improvement  of  the  laws  of  the  different  countries, 
because  any  reform  of  this  kind,  and  indeed  any  reform,  should  be 
undertaken  in  the  fullness  of  knowledge.  Not  the  least  valuable  result 
of  the  recommendation  is  that  the  compilation  according  to  a  definite 
plan  to  be  adopted,  published  in  the  different  languages  of  the  Americas, 
will  give  rise  to  the  criticism  and  comment  of  those  most  interested  and 
most  competent  to  criticise,  with  the  result  that  proposals  will  not  be 
adopted,  even  if  made,  without  regard  to  the  experience  of  the  different 
countries  in  fostering  and  regulating  the  mining  industry. 

In  connection  with  the  improvement  of  the  mining  laws  of  the  Ameri- 
cas, there  are  many  features  wherein  they  might  be  made  more  nearly 
uniform,  especially  in  the  matter  of  reporting  the  statistics  of  mineral 
production,  of  labor,  and  of  accidents. 

Furthermore,  uniform  laws  on  these  subjects  would  render  the  mining 
and  metallurgical  reports  of  the  various  countries  comparable  one  with 
the  other,  which  is  highly  desirable  for  the  consideration  of  data  drawn 
from  so  many  and  so  varied  sources.  And  in  this  connection  it  is  well 
to  point  out,  in  further  justification  of  the  recommendation,  the  large 
amount  of  duplication  in  statistical  work  and  the  lack  of  uniformity  in 
the  data  collected  to  be  compiled,  as  well  as  in  the  method  of  presenta- 
tion, making  it  necessary,  for  the  purpose  of  comparative  study,  that  a 
higher  degree  of  uniformity  of  statistical  methods  be  secured,  that  the 
duplication  of  work  on  the  part  of  statisticians  and  producers  be  minim- 
ized, and  that  the  suggestion  of  uniformity  be  extended  to  cover  all 
statistical  work  relating  to  the  development  of  mining  in  North,  Central, 
and  South  America. 

For  these  reasons,  which  could  be  elaborated  upon,  the  Congress 
decided  to  recommend  that  the  different  Governments  appoint  a  com- 
mittee to  consider  the  question  of  the  uniformity  of  mining  statistics 
and  as  a  result  of  its  investigation  to  recommend  to  the  respective  Gov- 
ernments such  measures  as,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Committee,  would  tend 
to  systematize,  simplify,  and  standardize  such  statistics. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       127 

ARTICLE  38.  The  Second   Pan  American  Scientific   Congress  suggests 

that— 

It  is  desirable  to  establish  institutions  for  the  study  of  drugs  and 
other  economic  plants  at  their  place  of  origin. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  recommendation,  if  such  it  can  properly  be 
called,  is  very  tentative  and  of  a  general  nature,  for  the  Congress  does  not 
recommend  that  institutions  be  established  for  the  study  of  drugs  and 
other  economic  plants  at  the  place  of  their  origin.  It  contents  itself 
with  mentioning  the  desirability  of  such  institutions.  The  article  in  ques- 
tion seems  to  owe  its  origin  to  the  fact  that  such  laboratories  have  been 
established  in  other  portions  of  the  world  with  resultant  benefits,  and  it 
seems  fair  to  presume  that  they  would  render  like  benefits  to  commerce 
in  the  matter  of  food  and  drugs  if  established  in  the  American  Republics. 
Couched  as  it  is  in  such  general  form,  the  article  does  not  suggest  a  duty, 
but  the  expression  that  it  is  desirable  will  doubtless  cause  it  to  be  con- 
sidered, with  the  result  that  the  experiment  may  be  tried,  and  if  success- 
ful it  will  undoubtedly  lead  to  the  establishment  of  similar  institutions 
in  the  countries  generally. 

Before  leaving  the  resolutions  drafted  by  the  Seventh  Section,  and 
which  were  approved  by  the  Congress,  and  passing  to  the  labors  of 
Section  VIII,  dealing  with  Public  Health  and  Medical  Science,  it  is 
proper  to  mention  that  the  Seventh  Section  also  devoted  attention  to 
standard  methods  of  sampling  and  testing,  both  chemical  and  physical, 
and  came  to  the  conclusion  that  on  account  of  the  lack  of  uniformity 
therein  it  was  highly  desirable  to  take  steps  to  devise  more  uniform  and 
standard  methods  and  to  secure  their  introduction  in  practice.  The 
Section  on  Chemical  and  Physical  Sciences  of  the  First  Pan  American 
Scientific  Congress  adopted  the  following  article  as  its  Fifteenth  Con- 
clusion or  resolution : 

The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan  American)  in  order  to  give 
effect  to  the  conclusions  numbered  7,  8,  13,  and  14,  and  eventually  to  any 
other  conclusion  of  the  Second  Section  (of  Physical  and  Chemical  Sciences), 
nominates  the  following  committee :  ARTURO  E.  SALAZAR,  CARLOS  MALSCH, 
FRANCISCO  SERRATO,  Luis  E.  MOURGUES,  PABLO  MARTENS,  BEUSARIO 
DIAZ  OSSA,  and  Jos£  Ducci  KALLENS. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  this  committee  to  promote  the  appointment  of 
similar  ones  in  the  other  countries  of  America,  having  recourse  for  this  end 
to  the  institutions  and  delegates  represented  in  this  Congress.  It  shall  be 
its  further  duty  to  report  to  the  proper  section  of  the  Congress  at  Washington 
in  1912, 1  where  a  committee  shall  be  named  to  supplant  it. 

1  This  Congress  convened  Dec.  27,  1915. 


128       FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Sections  7,  8,  13,  and  14,  mentioned  in  the  conclusion  or  resolution 
just  quoted,  follow : 

7.  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan  American)  recommends  the 
use  of  an  uniform  chemical  nomenclature,  conformably  to  the  Convention 
of  Geneva  (1892),  and  proposes  the  nomination  of  a  Latin- American  com- 
mission, whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  present  at  the  next  Congress  a  joint  study 
of  how  to  apply  existing  agreements  most  in  harmony  with  the  genius  of 
the  Castilian  language. 

8.  The   Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan  American)  recommends 
to  American  Governments  and  learned  societies  the  adoption  of  the  con- 
clusions reached  by — 

(a)  The  six  international  congresses  of  applied  chemistry,  especially  in 
respect  to  the  methods  of  analysis. 

(6)  The  first  international  congress  for  the  suppression  of  adulterations 
in  foods  and  drugs,  assembled  in  Geneva  in  1908. 

13.  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan  American)  recommends 
the  formation  of  a  Pan-American  Society  of  Physics  and  Chemistry,  in- 
tended to  unify  the  work  in  each  country  and  to  present  the  results  of 
investigation  and  at  the  same  time  the  establishment  of  a  bibliographic 
review,  to  serve  as  organ  of  the  society. 

14.  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan  American)  recommends 
to  governments  and  institutions  of  learning,  as  a  means  of  promoting  the 
industrial  and  intellectual  progress  of  American  nations,  the  foundation  of 
independent  institutes  and  laboratories  of  physics  and  chemistry,  pure  and 
applied,  in  all  departments,  which  shall  be  devoted  to  scientific  study 
and  investigation  and  to  the  teaching  and  application  of  the  sciences 
named. 

The  Seventh  Section  therefore  considered  the  matters  contained  in  sec- 
tions 7,  8,  13,  and  14  above  quoted,  as  well  as  the  procedure  outlined  in 
Article  15,  and  to  give  effect  thereto  agreed  upon  the  following  resolution : 

1.  That,  in  order  to  carry  out  the  injunction  of  the  closing  sentence  of 
resolution  15,  Section  II,  First  Pan  American  Congress,  a  committee  be 
constituted  with  the  following  functions: 

To  promote  in  whatsoever  way  shall  appear  feasible  and  not  in  conflict 
with  the  provisions  of  any  other  resolution  adopted  by  this  Congress,  the 
adoption  of  uniform  or  standard  specifications  as  to  composition  or  quality 
and  of  uniform  or  standard  methods  of  sampling  and  testing  (chemical  and 
physical),  particularly  with  respect  to  such  materials  or  commodities  as  enter 
into  commerce  and  whose  composition  or  quality  can  be  determined  by 
tests  of  the  kind  named. 

2 .  That  the  active  nucleus  of  this  committee  shall  consist  of  not  more  than 
five  members,  to  be  drawn  (with  the  consent  of  those  in  authority)  from  the 
scientific  Bureaus  most  concerned  of  the  following  governmental  depart- 
ments in  Washington:   Agriculture,  Interior,  and  Commerce. 

3 .  That  each  Republic  of  Latin  America  is  entitled  to  a  representation  on 
this  committee  of  one  member,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  further  within  his 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS        129 

own  country  the  purposes  and  aims  of  the  committee  and  to  this  end  to  work 
always  in  harmony  with  the  active  nucleus  at  Washington. 

4.  That,  in  order  to  give  this  committee  added  dignity  and  the  largest 
measure  of  usefulness  through  increased  facilities  for  procuring  and  dissemi- 
nating information  pertaining  to  its  special  field  throughout  the  republics 
of  America,  the  Pan  American  Union  be  asked  to  permit  the  committee  to 
act  under  its  auspices  and  with  its  active  assistance. 

5.  That  the  committee,  if  constituted,  be  requested  to  report  to  the  Third 
Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  upon  its  activities  and  to  offer  recommen- 
dations for  the  future. 

6.  That  the  name  of  this  committee  shall  be  Committee  on  Promotion 
of  the  Use  of  Standard  Specifications  and  of  Standard  Methods  of  Sampling 
and  Testing. 

This  resolution,  by  reason  of  accidental  causes,  although  adopted  by 
the  Section,  was  not  presented  by  it  to  the  Secretary  General  or  to  any 
member  of  the  executive  committee  of  the  Congress  appointed  to  pass 
upon  resolutions  and  recommendations.  It  was  only  received  by  the 
authorities  of  the  Congress  after  its  adjournment.  It  seems,  therefore,  to 
be  improper  to  comment  upon  it  in  this  general  report,  devoted,  as  it  is,  to 
the  resolutions  of  the  Sections  and  the  recommendations  which  met  with 
the  approval  of  the  Congress,  as  it  can  not  be  said  definitely  that  the  reso- 
lution would  have  been  approved  in  its  present  form  or  with  modifications 
by  the  executive  committee  and  the  Congress.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  it 
was  a  Sectional  resolution,  drafted  for  the  express  purpose  of  carrying  into 
effect  a  conclusion  or  resolution  of  the  First  Pan  American  Scientific  Con- 
gress, and  inasmuch  as  it  proposes  a  method  of  procedure  which  the  Gov- 
erning Board  of  the  Pan  American  Union  is  in  a  position  to  consider  and 
to  accept  with  or  without  modifications,  it  seems  to  be  advisable  to  in- 
clude it  in  the  general  report  and  to  bring  it  in  this  way  to  the  attention 
of  the  authorities  of  the  Pan  American  Union  for  such  consideration  as 
the  members  of  the  Governing  Board  may  be  disposed  to  give  to  it. 

ARTICLE  39.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  recognizing 
that  the  education  of  the  public  in  the  elementary  facts  of  malaria 
is  of  the  utmost  importance,  requests  that — 

The  American  Republics  inaugurate  a  well-considered  plan  of  malaria 
eradication,  based  upon  the  recognition  of  the  principle  that 
the  disease  is  preventable  to  a  much  larger  degree  than  has 
thus  far  been  achieved. 

The  Eighth  Section  of  the  Congress  considered  and  discussed  at  great 

length  questions  of  public  health  and  medical  science,  and  its  resolutions 

concerning  the  eradication  of  malaria  and  of  yellow  fever,  although 

couched  in  brief  and  summary  terms,  are  of  the  utmost  importance.     That 

27750—16 9 


130      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

the  eradication  of  malaria  would  be  a  benefit  to  all  the  countries  where  it 
exists  needs  neither  elaborate  statement  nor  comment.  The  difficulty 
in  this,  as  in  most  cases,  is  to  devise  "a  well-considered  plan"  for  the 
eradication  of  the  evil. 

The  Congress  did  not  attempt  to  do  so,  but  contented  itself  with  advo- 
cating the  inauguration  of  a  well-considered  plan,  when  found,  because, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  Congress,  the  disease  can  be  prevented  to  a  much 
greater  degree  than  has  hitherto  been  the  case,  and  that,  as  a  prerequisite 
to  any  plan  and  to  its  application,  the  public  should  be  educated  in  the 
elementary  facts  concerning  the  matter. 

It  was  pointed  out  in  the  discussions  of  the  Section  that  in  semi-tropical 
and  tropical  regions  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  the  supreme  importance 
of  malaria  as  a  problem  of  public  health  was  recognized  by  all  govern- 
mental, medical,  and  sanitary  authorities. 

It  was  stated  by  competent  authorities  that  the  economic  loss  due  to  the 
prevalence  of  malaria  could  be  overcome  by  diminishing  the  mortality, 
that  the  loss  occasioned  by  mortality  due  to  malarial  fever  is  one  of 
the  most  serious  evils  affecting  the  health  and  happiness  of  the  people, 
and  that  the  problem  in  all  its  aspects  has  not  yet  received  the 
amount  of  public  interest  and  scientific  investigation  commensurate  .with 
its  world-wide  importance.  The  recommendation  which  was  made  by  the 
Section  and  approved  by  the  Congress  is  calculated  to  call  the  attention 
of  governments  to  the  problem  and  to  the  fact  that  it  is  preventable  and 
will,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  cause  all  American  countries  where  malaria  exists  to 
inaugurate  the  well-considered  plan,  when  devised,  for  its  eradication  and 
control,  based  upon  the  recognition  of  the  fact  that  the  disease  is  in  reality 
much  more  preventable  than  hitherto. 

ARTICLE  40.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  urges  that — 
The  American  Republics  in  which  yellow  fever  prevails  or  is  sus- 
pected of  prevailing  enact  such  laws  for  its  eradication  as  will 
best  accomplish  that  result; 

Inasmuch  as  yellow  fever  exists  in  some  of  the  European  colonies 
in  America,  they  be  invited  to  adopt  measures  for  its  elimina- 
tion. 

It  is  common  knowledge  and  indeed  common  experience  that  yellow 
fever  has  been  a  plague  to  the  American  countries,  and  it  is  a  matter  of 
congratulation  that  the  patient  and 'sacrificing  devotion  of  scientists  has 
discovered  the  cause  and  has  applied  the  remedy,  whereby  our  continent 
may  be  freed  from  this  great  scourge.  Notwithstanding  the  possibility 
of  its  eradication,  it  nevertheless  prevails  in  certain  American  countries 
and  in  certain  of  the  European  colonies  of  America. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       131 

The  Congress,  therefore,  urged  that  such  laws  be  enacted  as  will  best 
accomplish  its  eradication,  and,  in  view  of  the  existence  of  the  disease  in 
some  of  the  European  colonies  of  the  American  continent,  that  the  Gov- 
ernments thereof  be  invited  to  adopt  measures  of  a  kind  calculated  to 
secure  its  elimination. 

Although  yellow  fever  now  exists  in  America  in  but  few  foci,  yet  the 
increase  in  the  susceptibility  of  the  population  renders  the  risk  greater 
from  such  foci  than  formerly,  as  under  present  conditions  epidemic  out- 
breaks are  likely  to  occur  in  such  places,  which  was  not  previously  the 
case.  This  danger  will  increase  from  year  to  year,  as  the  susceptible 
population  increases  as  long  as  the  foci  of  yellow  fever  exist.  The  difficulty 
of  absolutely  eradicating  yellow  fever  may,  therefore,  be  decidedly  greater 
in  the  future  than  at  present,  on  account  of  the  greater  number  of  infected 
loci  which  will  then  exist. 

If,  however,  yellow  fever  is  once  completely  eliminated,  there  will  be 
no  danger  of  its  reappearance  at  any  place,  no  matter  what  the  local  con- 
ditions of  mosquito  production  may  be.  A  result  so  beneficial  to  all 
mankind  should  appeal  to  philanthropists  the  world  over  and  enlist  their 
sympathy  and  aid. 

The  present  time  seems  to  be  propitious  for  undertaking  the  eradication 
of  yellow  fever  from  the  Americas,  and  for  this  reason  the  resolution, was 
adopted.  It  may  be  that,  owing  to  the  political  organization  of  the 
American  Republics,  measures  of  the  nature  required  can  only  be  taken 
by  the  States  or  municipalities.  If  such  be  the  case  it  is  advisable  that 
States  or  municipalities  in  which  yellow  fever  exists,  or  in  which  it  is  sus- 
pected to  exist,  be  urged  to  enact  the  legislation  necessary  to  accomplish 
this  end. 

As  in  the  case  of  malaria,  so  in  the  case  of  yellow  fever,  the  Congress 
did  not  prescribe  a  definite  method.  It  should,  however,  be  stated  that 
the  section  suggested,  as  the  line  of  approach  to  procure  this  result,  the 
elimination  of  the  breeding  of  Stegomyia  mosquitoes  (Aedes  Calopus), 
other  measures  being  distinctly  secondary  thereto. 

ARTICLE  41.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 

that- 
Such  of  the  American  Republics  as  have  not  already  done  so  should 
ratify  the  international  conventions  concerning  the  white- 
slave  trade. 

Representatives  of  fifteen  European  nations  and  of  Brazil  met  in 
Paris  from  July  15  to  25,  1902,  upon  the  invitation  of  the  French  Gov- 
ernment, and  on  July  25,  1902,  adopted,  for  submission  to  their  respective 


132      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Governments,  a  project  of  arrangement  for  the  suppression  of  the  white- 
slave  traffic,  "being  desirous,"  as  was  stated  in  the  preamble  of  the 
treaty  of  May  18,  1904,  putting  the  project  of  arrangement  into  effect — 

to  assure  to  women  who  have  attained  their  majority  and  are  subjected 
to  deception  or  constraint,  as  well  as  minor  women  and  girls,  efficacious 
protection  against  the  criminal  traffic  known  under  the  name  of  trade  in 
white  women. 

After  extended  discussion,  a  convention  for  the  repression  of  the  trade 
in  white  women,  identical  in  terms  with  the  project  of  arrangement,  was 
signed  in  the  city  of  Paris  on  May  18,  1904,  by  duly  authorized  plenipo- 
tentiaries of  Germany,  Belgium,  Denmark,  Spain,  France,  Great  Britain, 
Italy,  The  Netherlands,  Portugal,  Russia,  Sweden  and  Norway,  Switzer- 
land. The  United  States  was  not  a  party  to  this  convention,  but  taking 
advantage  of  Article  7  thereof,  permitting  the  adherence  of  nonsigna- 
tories,  the  United  States  adhered  to  this  convention  on  June  6,  1908, 
and  at  the  time  of  adherence  of  the  United  States,  the  Governments  of 
Austria-Hungary  and  Brazil  had,  as  stated  in  the  President's  proclama- 
tion of  June  15,  1908,  likewise  adhered  to  the  said  convention. 

In  1910  a  second  conference  was  held  at  Paris,  which  negotiated  two 
conventions.  The  first  was  concluded  between  Germany,  Austria-Hun 
gary,  Belgium,  Brazil,  Denmark,  Spain,  France,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  The 
Netherlands,  Portugal,  Russia,  and  Sweden  for  the  purpose  of  giving  the 
greatest  possible  efficacy  to  the  repression  of  the  traffic  known  under  the 
name  of  the  "white-slave  trade."  The  second  convention,  likewise  con- 
cluded at  Paris  and  bearing  the  like  date  of  May  4,  1910,  was  an  agree- 
ment for  the  suppression  of  obscene  publications,  concluded  by  Austria- 
Hungary,  Germany,  Belgium,  Brazil,  Denmark,  Spain,  France,  Italy, 
The  Netherlands,  Portugal,  Russia,  Switzerland,  and  the  United  States 
of  America. 

It  will  be  observed  that  Brazil  was  the  only  American  signatory  of  the 
Convention  of  May  4,  1910,  for  the  suppression  of  the  white-slave  traffic, 
and  that  Brazil  and  the  United  States  were  the  only  American  signato- 
ries of  the  agreement  for  the  suppression  of  obscene  publications.  It 
may  be  said  in  passing  that  the  United  States  felt  itself  unable,  because 
of  constitutional  difficulties,  to  adhere  to  the  first  convention  of  May  4, 
1910,  but  that  it  not  only  signed  the  agreement  relative  to  the  repression 
of  the  circulation  of  obscene  publications,  but  proclaimed  it  as  law  of 
the  land  on  April  13,  1911. 

It  is  unfortunately  a  fact  that  the  trade  in  women,  which  is  known  to 
exist  between  the  various  Nations  of  Europe,  between  Europe  and  Asia, 
and  between  Europe  and  Africa,  not  only  exists  between  Europe  and  the 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       133 

Americas  but  between  North  and  South  America.  In  view  of  this  situ- 
ation and  of  the  determined  and  high-minded  efforts  made  by  the  leading 
Nations  of  the  world  to  suppress  this  iniquitous  traffic,  it  is  highly  desir- 
able that  the  American  Republics  take  up  and  seriously  consider  the 
advisability  of  adhering  to  the  conventions  already  concluded  or  of  con- 
cluding other  conventions  if  for  one  reason  or  another  the  existing 
conventions  are  not  considered  wholly  satisfactory.  The  Congress  con- 
tented itself,  however,  with  the  simpler  recommendation  that  the  Ameri- 
can Republics  adhere  to  the  existing  conventions,  because  their  subject 
matter,  although  deeply  concerning  the  Republics  from  standpoints  of 
morality  and  of  public  health,  was  nevertheless  political  in  its  nature,  and 
it  was  felt  that  it  would  be  more  in  harmony  with  the  nature  and  scope 
of  the  Congress  and  its  nonpolitical  character  for  the  Congress  to  content 
itself  with  the  simple  recommendation  that  the  Republics  ratify  the  ex- 
isting conventions  concerning  the  white-slave  trade. 

ARTICLE  42.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 
that— 

There  be  established  throughout  the  American  Republics  uniform 
methods  in  the  presentation  of  statistics,  in  the  classification 
of  merchandise  and  in  the  manufacture  thereof,  in  the  stand- 
ard of  weights,  measurements  and  tests,  in  nomenclature  and 
specifications,  in  administrative  customs  regulations,  and  in 
the  schedules  of  port  charges. 

Provision  be  made  for  the  collection  and  study  of  the  data  thus 
made  available,  through  some  organization  which  will  assure 
a  thorough  and  scientific  comparative  study  of  the  ques- 
tions involved. 

The  program  of  Section  IX  included  the  leading  financial  and  industrial 
problems  confronting  the  Republics  of  the  American  Continent.  It  is 
natural,  therefore,  that  long  before  the  assembling  of  the  Congress  the 
program  of  this  section  should  have  aroused  keen  interest,  not  only 
amongst  those  appointed  as  delegates  but  also  in  the  leading  scientific 
organizations  of  Central  and  South  America.  The  selection  of  certain 
leading  topics  well  in  advance  of  the  meeting  of  the  Congress  enabled 
the  delegates  to  undertake  special  inquiries  on  such  topics  prior  to  leav- 
ing their  respective  countries,  and  thus  added  greatly  to  the  interest  and 
value  of  the  sessions. 

Few  questions  have  aroused  such  lively  interest  in  recent  times  as 
that  of  better  means  of  communication  between  the  countries  of  this 


134      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

continent.  Two  circumstances  have  greatly  contributed  to  bring  this 
question  into  the  foreground  of  public  attention:  The  opening  of  the 
Panama  Canal  and  the  outbreak  of  the  European  War.  While  the  canal 
was  being  built  but  few  persons  realized  its  wonderful  possibilities. 
Almost  simultaneously  with  the  opening  of  the  canal  there  came  the  out- 
break of  the  European  conflict,  with  its  attendant  suspension  of  many 
lines  of  communication. 

In  this  state  of  things  nothing  was  more  natural  than  that  the  program 
of  the  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  broad  enough  in  its 
scope  to  comprise  matters  of  everyday  interest,  should  include  a  sub- 
section devoted  exclusively  to  the  discussion  of  this  vital  topic.  The 
committee  in  charge  of  Section  IX,  however,  realized  that  the  solution 
of  this  problem  would  involve  certain  national  and  even  local  issues. 
In  keeping,  therefore,  with  the  high  scientific  character  of  the  work  to  be 
undertaken  by  the  Congress,  the  committee  planned  a  program  for  this 
subsection  which  would  lead  to  a  thorough  discussion  of  the  fundamental 
principles  involved. 

Provision  was  made  for  dealing  with  the  subject  of  transportation 
from  the  standpoint  of  present-day  problems,  covering,  for  example, 
topics  such  as  the  regulation  of  public  utilities,  future  railway  develop- 
ment, the  "safety-first"  movement,  and  the  program  of  the  Section 
even  included  such  recent  themes  as  air-gliding  boats  for  river  naviga- 
tion and  the  aeroplane  as  a  means  of  communication. 

Closely  and  logically  related  to  this  matter  of  transportation  comes 
that  network  of  relations  designated  by  the  general  term  of  "com- 
merce." Here  again  the  nations  of  the  world,  neutral  as  well  as  bellig- 
erent, were  suddenly  called  upon  to  readjust  their  business  relations  in 
the  presence  of  totally  new  conditions.  A  true  conception  of  the  real 
conditions  obtaining  in  each  of  the  countries  was  necessary  before  any 
helpful  cooperation  could  be  effected.  It  was  consequently  proposed 
that  the  effects  of  the  war  upon  the  commerce  of  each  Republic  be  closely 
studied  by  financial  and  commercial  experts,  aided  by  observations  from 
eminent  authorities  on  international  trade.  Through  such  an  inter- 
change of  opinion  a  forward  step  was  taken  toward  agreement  upon  the 
fundamental  principles  that  must  determine  the  maintenance  and  expan- 
sion of  inter-American  trade. 

The  transition  from  commerce  to  finance  was  an  easy  and  natural 
one,  for  no  survey  of  international  trade  is  complete  without  a  study 
of  the  intricate  problems  of  banking,  international  exchange,  and  credit 
facilities.  Since  a  distinguishing  feature  of  the  work  of  this  Congress 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       135 

• 

was  to  be  the  affiliation  of  many  learned  societies,  the  Section  had  the 
great  advantage  of  working  with  and  enjoying  the  hospitality  of  the 
American  Economic  Association  and  the  American  Historical  Association. 

In  order  to  place  before  the  members  of  the  Section  the  data  neces- 
sary for  a  judgment,  each  country  was  invited  to  describe  the  workings 
of  its  financial  system  and  to  point  out  any  desired  changes. 

One  of  the  pressing  problems  of  young  Nations  is  sufficient  capital 
with  which  to  develop  their  natural  resources.  Stress  was  therefore  laid 
upon  this,  and  one  whole  session  devoted  to  its  discussion.  Another 
problem  which  had  been  brought  to  the  fore  at  the  recent  Pan  American 
Financial  Conference  was  the  possibility  'of  establishing  a  common 
monetary  unit,  and  the  subject  was  made  one  of  the  special  Pan  American 
topics.  Of  no  less  Importance,  and  probably  of  greater  urgency,  is  the 
question  of  adequate  credit  facilities  as  a  prerequisite  to  the  expansion 
of  trade.  It  was  the  purpose  of  the  committee  in  charge  of  the  subsec- 
tion on  finance  to  bring  this  theme  to  the  attention  of  the  merchants  and 
financiers  of  the  United  States,  so  that  a  clear  picture  of  its  close  rela- 
tion to  a  possible  extension  of  trade  between  the  countries  of  the  Ameri- 
can continent  might  be  presented  to  all  interested  in  promoting  inter- 
national trade. 

Finance  and  taxation  are  so  closely  allied  that  it  seems  impossible  to 
separate  them.  Delegates  from  the  several  countries  presented  outlines 
of  their  systems  of  taxation.  A  special  effort  was  made  to  have  papers 
presented  by  recognized  authorities  in  the  United  States  dealing  with 
certain  aspects  of  the  problems  which  the  United  States  had  been  com- 
pelled to  face,  and  this  interchange  of  experience  was  useful  to  all  of 
the  countries  represented* in  the  Congress. 

Two  principles  governed  the  drafting  of  the  program  of  Section 
IX.  To  the  first  reference  has  already  been  made,  but  it  is  not  out  of 
place  to  repeat  it.  This  was  the  close  relation  established  between 
this  section  and  the  American  Economic  Association,  and  to  a  lesser 
degree  with  the  American  Historical  Association.  Apart  from  the  ma- 
terial benefits  derived  from  this  cooperation,  the  visiting  delegates  were 
afforded  the  opportunity  of  coming  into  direct  and  personal  touch  with 
financiers  and  economists  of  the  United  States  to  a  greater  extent  than 
would  otherwise  have  been  possible. 

The  second  guiding  principle  was  the  emphasis  upon  the  Pan  American 
topics  assigned  to  the  first  week  of  the  sessions.  In  the  presentation  of 
these  topics,  invitations  were  extended  to  experts  representing  North, 
South,  and  Central  America. 


136      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

But  to  take  up  the  consideration  of  Article  42. 

The  subject  matter  of  this  resolution  has  been  of  vital  interest  to  all 
of  the  Republics  of  America  for  so  long  a  period  that  it  was  included  in 
the  program  as  a  Pan  American  topic.  After  an  animated  discussion, 
it  was  evident  that  no  scientific  study  could  be  undertaken  until  a  method 
had  been  devised  of  gathering  complete  and  authoritative  data  and 
that  this  material  should  be  systematically  studied  under  the  direction 
of  expert  statisticians.  The  delegates  were  agreed  that,  as  soon  as  some 
such  thorough  investigation  was  completed,  practical  uniformity  in  the 
presentation  of  statistical  material  would  not  only  be  feasible  but  highly 
desirable.  It  was  also  the  general  opinion  of  the  members  of  the  Section 
that  it  is  important  to  take  a  further  step  forward  in  order  to  secure 
uniformity  in  customs  regulations  and  in  port  charges,  as  direct  aids  to 
inter- American  commerce. 

It  was  pointed  out  during  the  discussion  that,  in  accordance  with  the 
recommendations  of  the  Second  Pan  American  Conference,  held  at  the 
City  of  Mexico  in  1902,  a  conference  was  convened  for  the  discussion 
of  customs  regulations  and  their  possible  simplification.  This  con- 
ference was  held  in  New  York  in  1903. 

The  Third  and  Fourth  Pan  American  Conference,  held  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro  in  1906  and  at  Buenos  Aires  in  1910,  likewise  dealt  with  these 
problems  and  various  specific  recommendations  were  made  at  these 
conferences,  to  which  the  members  of  Section  IX  felt  that  effect  should 
be  given  as  soon  as  possible,  and  that  an  effort  should  be  made  to  take 
advantage  of  the  advance  effected  in  this  field  during  the  past  twenty-five 
years  to  bring  about  such  uniformity  as  might  be  possible  in  the  various 
matters  mentioned  in  the  resolution. 

The  question  of  unifoimity  in  manufacturing  methods  and  materials 
was  considered  in  the  section  devoted  to  engineering,  and  it  was  there 
pointed  out  that  the  scientific,  industrial,  and  commercial  relations  among 
nations  are  gieatly  facilitated  when  uniform  standards  are  in  use  and 
when  the  most  improved  materials  and  apparatus  are  bought  and  sold 
under  common  specifications. 

The  Ninth  Section  proposed  the  appointment  of  a  commission  by  all 
the  American  Republics  to  bring  about  the  unification  of  standards, 
measures,  weights,  and  methods  of  manufacture  and  technical  nomen- 
clature and  to  agree  upon  standard  specifications  for  the  principal  mate- 
rials entering  into  international  commerce  and  manufactured  articles, 
with  the  understanding  that  these  specifications  were  to  be  revised  from 
time  to  time  with  the  progress  of  the  arts.  The  Congress  considered 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       137 

that  the  resolution  could  be  made  to  include  the  additional  proposals 
of  the  Engineering  Section  by  a  slight  modification  in  the  language  of 
the  resolution  as  originally  drafted  by  Section  IX,  and  the  text  of  this 
resolution  was  therefore  slightly  modified  to  accomplish  this  purpose,  as 
it  appears  in  Article  42. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  second  paragraph  of  this  article  presupposes 
the  collection  and  study  of  the  data  upon  the  subjects  mentioned  in  the 
first  paragraph  and  that  a  thorough  scientific  investigation  of  the  problems 
be  made  by  or  through  some  organization.  Just  what  that  organization 
should  be  the  Congress  did  not  attempt  to  determine,  in  the  belief  that,  if 
the  nations  were  once  convinced  of  the  necessity  of  considering  these  prob- 
lems and  of  reaching  an  agreement  upon  uniform  methods,  they  would 
hit  upon  the  method  or  methods  best  calculated  to  give  effect  to  the 
recommendation . 

ARTICLE  43.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  deems  it 

advisable  that — 

The  American  Republics  agree  upon  a  uniform  date  for  the  taking  of 
the  census  and  that  uniform  methods  be  adopted  in  the  col- 
lection, arrangement,  and  presentation  of  commercial  and 
demographic  statistics. 

This  is  not  the  only  instance  in  which  the  Congress  recognized  its 
limitations  and  kept  strictly  within  them.  This  article  should  be  con- 
sidered in  connection  with  Article  32,  although  it  covers  a  different  field. 
The  members  of  the  Section  were  of  opinion  that  the  census  of  each  of 
the  American  Republics  be  taken  approximately  at  the  same  time  and 
that,  as  far  as  possible,  uniform  schedules  and  classification  be  used.  In 
like  manner,  it  was  deemed  desirable  that  uniform  principles  be  formu- 
lated and  adopted  in  this  arrangement  and  presentation  of  commercial 
and  demographic  statistics. 

ARTICLE  44.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  is  of  the 

opinion  that — 

It  is  highly  desirable  to  make  a  scientific  study  of  the  systems  of 
taxation  existing  in  the  different  American  Republics. 

One  of  the  most  serious  problems  confronting  most  of  the  Republics 
of  the  American  Continent  at  the  present  moment  is  the  question  of 
securing  adequate  revenue  to  meet  current  needs.  In  most  cases  the 
major  part  of  ordinary  revenue  has  been  derived  from  customs  dues. 
The  outbreak  of  the  European  War  resulted  in  a  sudden  and  violent 


138    FINAL  ACT  OF|SECONDJ[PAN|AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

decline  in  revenues  from  this  source,  amounting  in  some  cases  to  70  and 
80  per  cent.  The  seriousness  of  the  situation  was  such  that  in  a  few 
instances  the  governments  found  themselves  unable  to  meet  current 
obligations  and  to  pay  the  salaries  of  public  officials.  This  situation  has 
brought  before  all  of  the  Republics  of  the  American  Continent  the  question 
'of  devising  a  system  of  taxation,  which  will  assure  continuous  and 
uninterrupted  revenue  and  which  will  protect  them  against  violent 
fluctuations  by  re«,son  of  events  beyond  governmental  control. 

In  every  country  of  the  American  Continent,  the  question  of  taxation 
is  now  receiving  widespread  attention,  not  only  on  the  part  of  govern- 
mental officials  but  also  of  citizens  and  of  civic  organizations.  It  was  but 
natural  that  this  situation  should  find  expression  at  the  Congress.  There 
was  an  earnest  desire  on  the  part  of  delegates  to  acquaint  themselves 
with  the  systems  of  taxation  prevailing  in  other  countries,  and  to  take 
with  them  guiding  principles  for  use  in  their  respective  countries.  It 
was  believed,  however,  that  what  is  most  needed  at  the  present  time  is  a 
careful,  systematic  presentation  of  the  systems  of  taxation  prevailing  in 
each  country,  together  with  recommendations  for  such  changes  as  may 
seem  desirable.  Such  studies  will  make  the  experience  of  each  country 
available  to  all  and  it  was  felt  that  with  such  interchange  of  experience 
an  important  step  forward  would  be  taken. 

ARTICLE  45.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  urges  that — 
The  American  Governments,  deriving  important  revenues  from  the 
consumption  of  alcohol,  organize  their  systems  of  taxa- 
tion in  such  manner  that  their  economic  interests  be 
subordinated  to  the  higher  interests  of  a  social  and 
moral  order,  which  tend  to  the  suppression  of  alcoholism. 

This  resolution  was  proposed  and  supported  because  it  was  felt  that 
it  was  a  mistaken  policy,  opposed  to  the  higher  interests  of  a  social  and 
moral  nature,  to  derive  revenue  from  the  consumption  of  alcohol.  Ex- 
perience shows  that  when  a  particular  commodity  can  produce  with  ease 
and  rapidity  revenues  which  may  be  urgently  needed  there  is  a  tendency 
to  encourage  the  use  or  the  consumption  of  this  commodity.  And  if  the 
enlarged  consumption  of  this  commodity  is  oppbsed  to  social  order,  the 
revenue  obtained  is  at  the  expense  of  the  well-being  of  the  community. 

Although  the  resolution  refers  to  a  specific  commodity,  it  nevertheless 
lays  down  what  is  confidently  believed  to  be  a  general  principle,  namely, 
that  economic  interest  should  be  subordinated  to  the  higher  interests 
of  a  social  and  moral  order. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       139 

ARTICLE  46.  The  Second   Pan  American   Scientific  Congress  deems  it 

desirable — 

That  the  monetary  systems  of  the  American  Republics  be  subjected 
to  careful  scientific  study  with  a  view  to  making  the 
experience  of  each  available  to  all. 

The  members  of  the  Section  realized  early  in  the  discussions  that  how- 
ever desirable  a  uniform  monetary  standard  for  the  entire  American 
continent  might  be,  the  time  was  not  ripe  for  so  drastic  a  recommendation. 
There  was  a  general  feeling  that  the  first  and  greatest  need  was  a  careful 
study  of  the  monetary  systems  of  each  of  the  Republics,  and  that  in  such 
studies  the  negative  and  positive  lessons  to  be  drawn  from  the  experience 
of  each  country  be  clearly  set  forth. 

The  question  of  monetary  systems  gave  rise  to  considerable  discussion, 
and  much  profit  was  derived  from  the  interchange  of  views  and  experience. 
In  the  hope,  however,  that  a  complete  and  exhaustive  presentation  of  the 
monetary  systems  in  each  country  might  be  made  in  the  near  future,  the 
Section  adopted  a  resolution  recommending  that  such  monographic 
studies  be  undertaken. 

ARTICLE  47.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  especially  and 
earnestly  recommends,  in  order  to  unite  the  various  technical, 
medical,  legal,  and  other  scientific  associations  of  the  American 
Republics — 

The  establishment  of  an  Intellectual  Pan  American  Union,  to  be 
divided  into  such  groups  and  sections  as  may  be  deemed  con- 
venient or  advisable,  the  details  whereof  are  contained  in  the 
records  of  the  Congress  and  in  the  form  of  four  propositions 
devoted  to  the  proposed  Union,  which  may,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  Congress,  be  carried  into  effect  either  through  the 
instrumentality  of  the  Pan  American  Union  or  by  means  of 
some  other  existing  agency  or  institution  to  be  created,  in 
the  confident  belief  that  the  establishment  of  such  a  Union 
will  lay  broad  and  deep  the  true  foundations  of  intellectual 
Pan  Americanism. 

The  present  article  was  neither  presented  to  nor  came  from  any  Sec- 
tion as  a  recommendation  to  the  Congress.  It  was  the  result  of  four  proj- 
ects, three  of  which  dealing,  respectively,  with  a  Pan  American  Univer- 
sity Union,  with  a  Pan  American  Library  Union,  and  with  a  Pan  American 
Archaeological  Union,  were  presented  to  the  Executive  Committee  by  the 
chairmen  of  the  Argentinian,  Brazilian,  and  Chilean  delegation,  and 


140      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

the  fourth  proposition,  that  of  a  Pan  American  Intellectual  Union  in 
which  the  others  could  be  merged,  was  proposed  by  the  following  three 
official  delegates,  acting  in  their  private  capacity:  Messrs.  ERNESTO 
QUESADA,  of  Argentina;  ALEJANDRO  ALVAREZ,  of  Chile;  and  JAMES 
BROWN  SCOTT,  of  the  United  States. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  recommendation  was  not  an  ordinary  but  a 
special  recommendation  on  the  part  of  the  Congress  to  establish  an  Intel- 
lectual Pan  American  Union  to  bring  and  to  bind  the  various  associa- 
tions of  different  character  into  a  single  continental  union.  It  was  felt 
that  it  was  unwise  to  enter  into  the  details  of  the  proposed  union,  as  they 
would  naturally  be  many  and  varied  as  well  as  complicated,  and  that  they 
could  only  be  worked  out  satisfactorily  after  the  acceptance  of  the  prin- 
ciple. The  projects  themselves  must  be  examined  in  order  to  under- 
stand their  nature  and  importance,  and  the  Congress  in  its  recommenda- 
tion directed  that  they  be  embodied  in  the  records  so  as  to  permit  of  easy 
reference  and  consultation.  Therefore,  the  first  three  projects  referred  to 
above  here  follow  in  full : 

i.  PROJECT  FOR  THE  CREATION  OF  A  PAN  AMERICAN  UNI- 
VERSITY UNION. 

The  Chairmen  of  the  Argentine,  Brazilian,  and  Chilean  Delegations 
submit  for  the  approbation  of  the  Congress  a  project  for  an  inter- American 
University  Union,  destined  to  complete,  in  the  intellectual  field,  the  work 
initiated  by  the  present  Pan  American  Union  in  the  political  field. 

The  reasons  underlying  this  project  are  briefly  stated  as  follows: 

The  great  European  war  is  the  most  transcendental  event  recorded  in  the 
history  of  mankind. 

If  the  great  social  upheavals,  the  French  Revolution,  the  Napoleonic 
wars  and  the  emancipation  of  the  countries  of  the  New  World  produced 
profound  modifications  in  the  political,  economic,  and  social  organization 
of  the  States  and  in  intellectual  life,  even  greater  changes  are  already 
making  themselves  felt  in  all  those  fields  of  activity. 

A  new  period  has  begun  in  the  history  of  civilization,  characterized  by  a 
series  of  problems  of  every  kind,  universal  as  well  as  American. 

On  the  other  hand,  and  in  the  purely  intellectual  domain,  the  develop- 
ment of  the  sciences  during  the  course  of  the  last  century  has  made  it  con- 
vincingly apparent  that  many  doctrines  should  be  perfected,  recast,  or 
abandoned,  to  give  way  to  new  ideas  more  in  harmony  with  the  social  con- 
ditions now  being  established.  The  political  and  social  sciences  above  all 
should  be  the  object  of  most  exhaustive  studies  and  these  should  be  sub- 
mitted to  rigorous  criticism  and  scrutiny  by  methods  appropriate  to  the 
object  pursued. 

In  order  to  achieve  any  degree  of  success  in  opportunities  of  study  and 
investigation  now  offered  to  men  of  science  in  the  present  epoch,  the  com- 
bined force  of  all  of  them  is  necessary,  free  from  preconceived  convictions, 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       141 

free  from  rivalries  national  in  character,  and  free  also  from  the  domination 
of  ideas  or  doctrines  or  creeds  of  established  political  parties. 

A  university  union  that  would  coordinate  the  forces  of  all  persons  charged 
with  the  formation  of  the  mentality  of  the  new  generation  is  perhaps  the 
best  means  of  achieving  harmony  of  views  in  our  hemisphere. 

In  America  it  is  easy  to  realize  this  intellectual  union  because  in  the 
realm  of  politics  a  Pan  American  Union  is  already  in  existence,  charged 
with  the  study  of  certain  of  the  great  problems  that  interest  all  the  States  of 
our  hemisphere.  The  Pan  American  University  Union  would  be,  in  the 
sphere  of  science,  the  natural  complement  of  the  Pan  American  political 
union.  Both  should  contribute  to  the  development  of  the  American 
conscience  and  to  the  creation  of  new  and  substantial  bonds  of  union 
among  the  countries  of  our  hemisphere,  and  thus  enable  those  countries  to 
go  forward  with  their  development  under  the  sheltering  protection  of 
peace  and  fraternity,  and  to  make  impossible  on  this  side  of  the  world  a 
catastrophe  like  that  which  is  now  desolating  the  most  civilized  peoples  of 
the  European  Continent. 

In  conformity  with  these  ideas,  the  undersigned  submit  for  the  approval 
of  this  assembly  the  following  project: 

ARTICLE  I-  That  there  be  created  in  the  United  States  a  union  of  the 
universities  of  the  Americas,  to  be  known  as  the  "  Pan  American  Univer- 
sity Union,"  devoted  to  the  concentration  and  coordination  of  intellectual 
activity  in  all  those  institutions  for  the  benefit  of  American  progress  and 
the  diffusion  of  culture  in  the  new  world. 

ARTICLE  II.  The  University  Union  has  for  its  object: 

(a)  To    develop  and    advance  the  sciences,  particularly  in  their 
American  aspect,  and  to  study  them  under  a  severely  critical  criterion 
of  investigation  and  exposition  unrestrained  a  priori  by  general  sys- 
tems of  philosophy,  politics,  religion,  or  society. 

(b)  To  communicate  plans  of  work,  of  study,  and  systems  of  uni- 
versity organization  for  the  purpose  of  creating  a  uniform  American 
type  of  instruction. 

(c)  To  determine  annually  the  matters  that  may  be  of  particular 
interest  throughout  the  continent  and  which  may  properly  become 
the  objects  of  joint  scientific  investigation,  the  results  obtained  to 
be  communicated  through  the  medium  of  professors  or  publications. 

Special  attention  should  be  given  to  matters  relating  to  the  educa- 
tion of  the  American  democracy,  to  devising  better  means  of  tighten- 
ing and  strengthening  the  solidarity  of  the  States  of  the  new  world, 
to  the  possibility  and  desirability  of  regulating  in  a  uniform  way  all 
or  part  of  the  organization  or  the  legislation  of  the  States,  and  to  spread- 
ing the  university  influence  in  morals  and  the  sciences  throughout 
American  Society. 

(d)  To  hold  periodical  congresses  that  shall  have  for  their  purpose 
the  elucidation  or  exposition  of  scientific  investigations. 

(e)  To  organize  and  facilitate  the  interchange  of  professors  and 
alumni  among  the  various  continental  universities. 

(/)  To  stimulate  and  organize  Pan  American  congresses  of  students. 
(g)  To   create  American   academies,   clubs,   or  institutes  for  the 


142      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

study  and  diffusion  of  matters  that  are  of  greatest  interest  to  the 
continent. 

(h)  To  serve  as  the  consultative  organ  for  the  Pan  American  Union 
in  matters  which  that  institution  may  think  it  advantageous  to  sub- 
mit for  its  study  and  report. 

ARTICLE  III.  All  of  the  official  universities  of  America  and  the  free 
universities  recognized  in  the  States  wherein  they  operate  shall  form  parts 
of  the  Union. 

ARTICLE  IV.  The  Union  shall  be  administered  by  a  Governing  Coun- 
cil, to  be  composed  of  a  university  representative  for  each  country.  The 
official  and  free  universities  of  each  State  shall  choose,  by  election,  a 
representative  who  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  three  years  and  who  may  be 
reelected  indefinitely. 
ARTICLE  V.  The  duties  of  the  Governing  Council  are  the  following: 

(a)  To  labor  for  the  realization  of  the  purposes  specified  in  Article 
II  and  to  adopt  the  most  advantageous  means  to  that  end. 

(6)  To  propose  the  professor  or  professors  who  are  to  expound  the 
American  themes,  determined  by  the  Governing  Council,  in  the 
various  universities; 

(c)  To  provide  appropriate  means  whereby  the  lectures  of  the  pro- 

,  g  fessors  or  the  papers  especially  prepared  in  each  country,  if  deemed 

worthy  of  such  distinction,  may  be  printed  and  distributed  among 

the  different  universities.     Each  delegate  to  the  Council  shall  specify 

the  work  or  paper  of  his  country  that  merits  publication. 

ARTICLE  VI.  The  Governing  Council  of  the  University  Union  shall 

perform  its  labors  in  the  home  of  the  Pan  American  Union  at  Washington, 

where  it  shall  organize  the  necessary  offices  in  order  to  develop  scientific 

activity  which  shall  be  germane  to  and  consonant  with  the  political  unity 

pursued  by  the   Pan  American  Union.     The  Governing  Council  shall 

appoint,  as  permanent  officers,  a  Director  and  a  Secretary  General. 

ARTICLE  VII.  The  expenses  of  the  University  Union  shall  be  defrayed 
by  assessments  upon  the  different  universities,  by  subsidies  from  the 
States,  and  by  donations  from  individuals.  The  Pan  American  Union 
shall  be  charged  with  the  collection  and  disbursement  of  the  subsidies  and 
with  the  stimulation  of  interest  such  donations  as  its  special  contribution 
to  the  lofty  efforts  toward  the  Intellectual  Pan  American  Union  which 
the  present  organization  seeks  to  realize. 

ARTICLE  VIII.  Until  the  Governing  Council  shall  be  definitively 
organized  as  provided  in  Article  IV  the  Director  and  Secretary  General 
charged  with  the  organization  of  the  preparatory  work  shall  be  appointed 
by  the  Pan  American  Union. 

EDUARDO  SUAREZ  MUJICA, 
DOMICIO  DA  GAM  A, 
ERNESTO  QUESADA. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       143 

2.  PROJECT    FOR     THE     CREATION     OF    A    PAN    AMERICAN 
LIBRARY  UNION. 

The  Chairmen  of  the  Argentine,  Brazilian,  and  Chilean  Delegations 
submit  for  the  approbation  of  the  Congress  a  project  for  an  inter- American 
Library  Union,  destined  to  complete,  in  the  intellectual  field,  the  work 
initiated  by  the  present  Pan  American  Union  in  the  political  field. 

One  of  the  principal  objects  of  the  existing  Pan  American  Union,  in  fact, 
consists  in  tightening  the  bonds  of  every  character  that  bind  the  divers 
peoples  of  the  American  continent,  as  well  in  the  political,  economic,  and 
social  spheres  as  in  the  intellectual.  It  therefore  becomes  essential  to 
complement  that  organization  by  the  creation  of  suitable  agencies  for 
putting  these  aims  into  effect  in  the  most  practical  manner.  With  this 
end  in  view,  the  undersigned  suggest  the  following: 

ARTICLE  I.  That  there  be  created  a  Pan  American  Library  Union,  to 
be  composed  of  the  various  public  libraries  of  America,  national  and  uni- 
versity, and  which  shall  be  located  and  conducted  in  the  home  of  the 
Pan  American  Union  at  Washington,  where  the  necessary  offices  shall  be 
organized. 

ARTICLE  II.  The  Pan  American  Library  Union  is  to  have  for  its  object: 
(a)  The  establishment  of  relations  among  the  various  libraries  of 
America,  to  the  end  that  their  treasures,  manuscripts  as  well  as  printed 
books,  may  be  available  to  any  investigator  in  any  part  of  the  conti- 
nent; 

(6)  The  establishment  of  the  bibliography  of  America  in  the  various 
branches  of  learning,  in  accordance  with  a  uniform  plan  and  the  publi- 
cation annually  of  a  list  of  all  publications  issued  in  the  several  coun- 
tries of  the  continent,  with  critical  notes  concerning  the  contents, 
respectively,  of  the  most  important  works; 

(c)  The  coordination  of  the  systems  of  library  economics  and  library 
science  in  America  for  the  purpose  of  making  uniform,  as  far  as  possible 
the  classifications  in  all  libraries  and  the  publication  of  general  or 
partial  catalogues  of  their  sections  devoted  to  Americana; 

(d)  The  direction  of  the  inter-American  service  of  exchange  of  pub- 
lications on  the  basis  at  present  established  by  the  Pan  American 
Conferences,  thus  simplifying  and  perfecting  that  service  and  extend- 
ing it  not  only  to  official  publications  but  to  those  of  corporations  and 
of  private  persons,  destined  for  public,  social,  or  individual  establish- 
ment, in  order  thereby  to  make  it  more  effectively  consonant  with 
the  system  employed  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  at  Washington; 

(e)  The  establishment  of  an  auxiliary  service  that  will  render  to 
investigators  any  publication  that  may  make  its  appearance  anywhere 
in  America; 

(f)  The  direction  of  the  publication  of  comparative  catalogues  con- 
fined to  printed  or  manuscript  books  of  or  relating  to  America  in  order 
that  students  may  familiarize  themselves  with  the  intellectual  labors 
of  the  Americas; 


144      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

(g]  The  organization  of  a  system  for  the  publication  of  critical  edi- 
tions of  the  principal  American  works  relating  to  matters  of  special 
interest  to  the  continent; 

(h)  The  organization  of  a  library  information  service,  to  the  end 
that  investigators  may  obtain  therefrom  information  as  to  everything 
published  in  America,  whether  in  the  form  of  a  book  or  of  an  article 
appearing  in  a  periodical,  relating  to  the  subject  of  their  investiga- 
tions; 

(i)  The  development  of  a  system  for  the  publication  of  reproductions 
of  all  important  works  of  or  relating  to  America  that  have  become 
exhausted,  whether  fac  simile  or  not,  but  containing  critical  annota- 
tions; 

(j)  The  organization  of  a  system  for  the  interchange  of  library  shelf 
markings,  whether  of  official  or  private  libraries,  prepared  in  accord- 
ance with  a  uniform  plan; 

(k)  The  organization  of  a  system  for  the  publication  of  all  shelf 
marks  that  have  appeared  in  periodicals  and  reviews,  whether  old  or 
new,  of  or  relating  to  America; 

(/)  The  organization  of  a  system  for  the  publication  of  the  shelf  marks 
of  all  those  documents  relating  to  America  that  are  contained  in  Ameri- 
can and  European  archives. 

ARTICLE  III.  In  order  to  achieve  its  ends,  the  Pan  American  Library 
Union  shall  constitute  a  confederation  of  all  the  libraries  of  the  continent 
and  shall  centralize  all  the  suggestions  and  requests  of  those  libraries  re- 
specting the  matters  specified  in  the  preceding  article,  and  especially  as 
to  matters  covered  by  paragraph  (a).  Thus  any  student  who  may  need  a 
work  that  can  not  be  found  in  his  local  library  but  which  may  be  in  any 
other  library  on  the  continent  may  make  a  call  for  it  at  his  own  library, 
which  will  transmit  the  call  to  the  Union  at  Washington  and  the  latter  will 
institute  a  direct  search,  from  library  to  library,  for  the  desired  book.  When 
received  by  the  library  to  which  such  call  is  first  made,  the  work  will  be 
promptly  supplied  to  the  person  making  the  call  for  such  time  and  under 
such  conditions  as  shall  be  determined,  the  library  receiving  the  same  to 
be  responsible  for  its  direct  return  later  to  the  library  supplying  it.  In 
this  way  the  investigator  in  the  Americas,  without  changing  his  residence, 
can  avail  himself  of  the  millions  of  books  located  in  all  the  libraries  on 
the  continent. 

ARTICLE  IV.  If  the  work  supplied  as  a  result  of  such  investigation  should 
be  submitted  by  its  author  to  the  Pan  American  Library  Union  with  a 
favorable  report  from  the  local  library,  it  could  be  made  the  object  of  a 
recommendation  for  its  publication  and  circulation  among  all  the  libraries 
of  the  continent  in  order  that  it  might  be  placed  within  the  reach  of  all 
associations  or  private  persons. 

ARTICLE  V.  The  Pan  American  Library  Union  shall  be  administered  by 
a  Council  composed  of  delegates  elected  by  a  majority  vote  by  each  country 
and  by  the  national  libraries  and  university  libraries  of  those  countries. 
The  delegates  shall  hold  office  for  three  years  and  may  be  reelected 
indefinitely.  The  Council  shall  meet  annually  in  the  city  designated  at 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       145 

the  session  of  the  previous  year,  the  first  meeting  to  be  held  in  the  city  of 
Washington. 

ARTICLE  VI.  The  said  Council  shall,  once  in  five  years,  organize  an 
extraordinary  meeting  of  a  congress  of  libraries  at  which  may  assemble  all 
persons  who  form  part  of  the  superior  personnel  of  the  libraries  of  the 
continent,  whether  officers  of  associations  or  private  persons.  Said  con- 
gress shall  occupy  itself  with  questions  relating  to  the  organization  and 
perfecting  of  libraries. 

ARTICLE  VII.  The  Pan  Americaa  Library  Union  shall  have  a  permanent 
Director  and  Secretary  General,  established  at  the  seat  of  its  offices,  and 
they  shall  devote  themselves  to  the  organization  and  direction  of  the 
operations  specified  in  Article  II.  The  said  functionaries  shall  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  Council  for  a  term  of  five  years  and  may  be  reelected  in- 
definitely. In  the  first  instance  and  until  the  Council  shall  have  been 
constituted,  they  shall  be  designated  by  the  Pan  American  Union. 

ARTICLE  VIII.  The  expenses  incurred  by  the  Pan  American  Library- 
Union  shall  be  covered  by  contributions  from  the  respective  countries  on 
the  basis  of  a  strict  equality  and  by  donations  of  private  persons.  The  Pan 
American  Union  shall  be  charged  with  the  arrangement  for  such  subsidies 
and  the  stimulation  of  interest  in  such  donations  as  its  special  contribution 
towards  the  great  purpose  of  inter- American  intellectual  union,  which  the 
present  organization  seeks  to  realize. 

EDUARDO  SuAREz  MUJICA. 
DOMICIO  DA  GAMA. 
ERNESTO  QUESADA. 

3.  PROJECT  FOR  THE  CREATION  OF  A  PAN  AMERICAN 
ARCHEOLOGICAL  UNION. 

The  Chairmen  of  the  Argentine,  Brazilian,  and  Chilean  Delegations 
submit  for  the  approbation  of  the  Congress  a  project  for  an  inter- American 
Archeological  Union,  destined  to  complete,  in  the  intellectual  field,  the 
work  initiated  by  the  existing  Pan  American  Union  in  the  political  field. 

The  advancement  of  modern  science  requiring,  as  it  does,  the  study  of 
the  deposits,  tombs,  and  monuments,  in  situ,  as  a  first  and  indispensable 
prerequisite  to  the  deduction  from  such  facts  as  have  become  known  of  the 
conclusions  which,  taken  together,  may  supply  new  elements  to  aid  in  the 
discovery  of  the  truth  with  respect  to  the  pre-Columbian  history  of  this 
continent,  and  to  the  end  that  the  spirit  of  gain,  stimulating  the  ignorance 
of  the  natives,  may  be  prevented  from  destroying  the  deposits  through  the 
collection  of  isolated  pieces  for  sale — a  practice  that  serves  only  to  fill  the 
cases  of  museums  and  private  collections  with  articles  having  a  value  at 
best  but  relative,  and  at  times  nil,  because  of  the  absence  of  exact  data  as 
to  origin — the  undersigned,  desiring  to  bring  to  an  end  this  state  of  things, 
and  in  the  interest  of  Pan  Americanism,  present  the  following  project: 

ARTICLE  I.  That  there  be  created,  among  the  States  of  America,  a  Pan 

American  Archeological  Union,  destined  to  safeguard  the  archeological 

treasures  of  the  respective  countries,  in  the  interest  of  progress  in  the 

corresponding  study  of  this  most  interesting  branch  of  human  learning, 

27750—16 10 


146      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

which  is  so  important  to  the  knowledge  of  the  history  and  sociology  of  our 
continent. 

ARTICLE  II.  In  addition  to  the  special  laws  enacted  in  the  several 
countries  with  respect  to  this  object,  the  Pan  American  Archeological 
Union  will  offer  to  cooperate  with  those  Governments,  in  order  that  through 
its  counsels  laws  may  be  made  more  effective  by  giving  them  a  practical 
character  science  and  experience  have  shown  to  be  productive  of  the  best 
results. 

ARTICLE  III.  The  Pan  American  Archeological  Union  should  facilitate 
the  study  of  archeology  in  order  that  the  Union  may  become  an  inter- 
mediary between  the  American  museums,  and  even  between  these  and 
recognized  specialists,  in  connection  with  the  interchange  of  data,  special 
publications,  photographs,  models  or  tracings  of  objects,  sketches  or  draw- 
ings of  ornamentation,  etc.,  including  duplicates  of  series  of  archeological 
objects. 

ARTICLE  IV.  The  Pan  American  Archeological  Union  shall  stimulate 
and  assist  archeological  missions  sent  into  the  various  American  countries 
and  give  them  every  guaranty  of  seriousness,  of  the  honesty  of  the  explorers 
and  of  the  delivery  of  the  objects  recovered  to  the  country  wherein  the  work 
shall  have  been  prosecuted,  exacting  as  its  sole  compensation  the  retention 
of  such  duplicates  of  the  objects  as  may  be  left  with  it  by  the  explorers. 

ARTICLE  V.  The  Pan  American  Archeological  Union  shall  seek  to 
prevent,  by  all  means  possible,  illicit  commerce  in  American  antiquities, 
and  shall  pursue  its  efforts  both  within  and  outside  the  continent,  in  order 
to  bring  to  an  end  the  destruction  of  deposits,  which  has  resulted,  and 
continues  to  result,  in  increasing  and  irreparable  loss  to  science. 

ARTICLE  VI.  The  Pan  American  Archeological  Union  shall  serve  as  the 
consulting  organ  of  the  Pan  American  Union  in  all  requisite  ways  with 
respect  to  matters  wherein  its  aid  may  be  sought. 

ARTICLE  VII.  The  Pan  American  Archeological  Union  shall  be  consti- 
tuted by: 

(a)  A  delegate  from  each  country,  elected  by  a  majority  vote  by 
those  institutions  and  museums  or  universities  of  each  country  that 
concern  themselves  with  American  archeology.  Such  delegates  shall 
hold  office  for  three  years  and  may  be  reelected  indefinitely; 

(6)  A  corresponding  member  in  each  country,  preferably  a  director 
of  the  service  devoted  to  the  conservation  of  monuments  when  such 
service  exists  and  with  whom  the  Union  shall  be  in  direct  relation. 
The  corresponding  member  shall  be  appointed  by  the  government 
of  the  State  and  shall  serve  as  an  intermediary  between  it  and  the 
Union. 

ARTICLE  VIII.  The  delegates  of  the  Union  shall  elect  its  officers  by 
simple  majority  vote;  they  shall  endeavor  to  realize  the  purposes  for  which 
it  is  created  and  shall  perform  their  duties  in  the  building  of  the  Pan 
American  Union  at  Washington.  Until  the  first  Council  shall  have  been 
constituted,  the  authorities  mentioned,  who  shall  comprise  a  Director  and 
a  Secretary  General,  shall  be  designated  directly  by  the  Pan  American 
Union,  and  they  shall  have  for  their  principal  duties  the  assembling  of  the 
said  Council,  the  organization  of  appropriate  offices,  and  the  initiation  of 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       147 

steps  toward  the  realization  of  the  purposes  of  the  Pan  American  Archeo 
logical  Union. 

ARTICLE  IX.  The  expense  incident  to  the  discharge  of  the  functions  of 
the  Pan  American  Archeological  Union  shall  be  met  by  subsidies  from 
the  respective  States  and  institutions  and  -by  donations  from  private 
persons. 

EDUARDO  SuAREz  MUJICA. 

DOMICIO  DA  GAMA. 

ERNESTO  QUESADA. 

It  does  not  appear  necessary  to  restate  the  provisions  of  these  import- 
ant projects  in  terms  other  than  those  employed  by  the  proposers,  or  to 
advance  reasons  other  than  those  which  they  themselves  considered  to 
to  be  the  justification  of  the  projects  and  calculated  to  secure  their  ac- 
ceptance. It  is  proper,  however,  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
three  special  unions  presuppose  a  close  and  intimate  connection  with 
the  Pan  American  Union,  in  whose  building  at  Washington  they  are  to 
be  housed,  with  funds  supplied  by  Governments,  the  various  institutions 
forming  part  of  the  proposed  Unions,  and  by  private  persons  interested 
in  their  success.  If  the  recommendation  of  the  Congress,  contained  in 
Article  22,  be  carried  into  effect,  a  department  of  education  would  be 
created  and  located  in  the  Pan  American  Union,  and  if  the  project  for 
the  creation  of  a  Pan  American  University  Union  were  realized  it  would 
likewise  be  located  in  the  Pan  American  Union,  and  the  two  projects 
could  undoubtedly  be  combined  and  carried  into  effect  if  the  Governing 
Board  of  the  Pan  American  Union  should  consider  one  or  the  other  as 
feasible,  devise  a  plan  for  their  realization,  and  secure  the  cooperation  of 
the  American  Republics  represented  by  the  Governing  Board. 

Inasmuch  as  these  are  matters  for  the  Governments  to  consider,  and 
as  the  Congress  urged  either  the  creation  of  the  separate  unions  or  of  the 
greater  intellectual  union,  of  which  they  should  form  parts,  without 
suggesting  or  passing  upon  the  details  required  for  their  execution,  it  does 
not  seem  advisable  to  enter  into  or  to  discuss  the  details  of  execution  in 
this  general  report  on  the  Final  Act ;  but  it  is  necessary,  however,  to  state, 
in  clear,  unequivocal,  and  formal  terms,  that  the  Congress  accepted  the 
three  projects  in  principle  and  recommended  that  the  necessary  meas- 
ures be  taken  in  order  to  make  them  flesh  and  blood.  It  should  be 
pointed  out,  before  passing  to  the  fourth  project,  that  the  three  projects 
contemplate  the  enlargement  of  the  activities  if  not  of  the  scope  of  the 
Pan  American  Union,  and  that  from  this  standpoint  they  are  govern- 
mental projects,  although  they  provide  for  the  cooperation  of  institutions, 
both  public  and  private,  and  of  private  persons. 


148      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  fourth  project  looks  to  the  creation  of  a  continental  intellectual 
union,  separate  and  distinct  from  the  Pan  American  Union  and  from  the 
direction  or  control  of  the  Governments  of  the  American  Republics, 
although  the  Congress  recommends  the  execution  "either  through  the 
instrumentality  of  the  Pan  American  Union  or  by  means  of  some  other 
existing  agency  or  institution  to  be  created."  The  chief  solicitude  of 
the  Congress  was  to  commend  the  projects  and  to  secure  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Pan  American  Intellectual  Union,  including  therein  the 
University  Union,  the  Library  Union,  and  the  Archaeological  Union,  which 
have  been  set  forth  at  length,  and  to  unite  the  various  associations  of 
a  scientific  character  which  already  exist  or  which  will  be  formed  in 
the  different  American  Republics  in  such  a  way  that  they  might  be 
gathered  into  groups  and  assigned  to  appropriate  sections  of  the  Intel- 
lectual Union. 

In  commending  the  project  for  the  formation  of  a  Pan  American  In- 
tellectual Union,  the  Congress  did  not  commit  itself  to  any  particular 
method  of  creating  it,  but  the  proposal  itself  which  was  approved  by 
the  Congress  advocates  the  formation  of  the  Union  as  separate  and  dis- 
tinct from  a  governmental  union  of  any  kind,  whether  existing  or  to  be 
created,  and  to  be  supported  by  private  funds,  not  by  contributions  from 
the  Governments.  This  does  not  mean  that  the  project  repudiates  cooper- 
ation of  the  Governments,  because  it  specifically  requests  the  Governments 
to  appoint  official  delegates  to  the  Congresses  of  the  Union,  to  be  called 
every  five  years.  But  the  partisans  of  the  project  believed,  and  therefore 
stated,  that  science  should  not  be  controlled,  although  it  may  be  fostered, 
by  Governments,  and  that  the  spiritual  and  intellectual  activities  of  the 
peoples  of  America  can  best  be  stimulated  by  a  Union  called  into  being 
and  controlled  by  representatives  of  the  scientific  and  scholarly  thought 
of  the  Americas,  without  the  domination,  control,  or  interference  of  the 
Governments  thereof.  The  project,  however,  uses  no  uncertain  lan- 
guage, and  should  be  left  to  speak  for  itself.  It  therefore  follows  in  full : 

The  undersigned  members  of  the  Congress,  having  taken  cognizance  of 
the  three  projects  presented  by  certain  delegations  looking  to  the  formation 
of  three  inter- American  unions:  One  of  the  universities,  another  of  the 
libraries,  and  another  of  archaeological  museums,  consider  that  a  fourth 
and  more  comprehensive  one,  a  Pan  American  Intellectual  Union,  should, 
in  its  turn,  be  proposed  to  embrace  these  organizations  and  to  include 
other  bodies  devoted  to  the  various  branches  of  human  knowledge,  and 
which  are  in  harmony  with  the  continental  point  of  view. 

The  existing  Pan  American  Union  constitutes  an  official  organization, 
the  creature  of  an  international  treaty  among  the  different  Nations  of 
America  and  governed  by  the  combined  official  representatives  of  all  of 
them.  It  is  proper  to  say,  therefore,  that  it  is  an  institution  essentially 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       149 

political .     What  is  now  proposed  is  an  organization  essentially  intellectual , 
separate  and  distinct  from  the  political  and  official  interests  of  each  Nation. 

The  projects  already  presented  embrace  three  phases  of  this  subject:  The 
university,  the  library,  and  archaeology.  But  there  are,  of  course,  others, 
since  the  various  branches  of  human  knowledge — from  the  moral  sciences 
to  the  pure  and  applied— assume  in  America  continental  as  distinct  from 
universal  characteristics.  Setting  aside  this  latter,  and  considering  con- 
cretely the  American  conception  of  each,  it  is  evident  that  for  all  Ameri- 
cans a  greater  interest  lies  in  the  advance  in  knowledge  of  the  continental 
aspect  of  each  problem  and  in  a  combined  effort  to  include  therein  the  study 
of  each  new  phase  presenting  itself.  It  is  indispensable  to  our  continent 
to  approach  science  from  the  continental  point  of  view,  for  there  is  no 
course  of  study  that  can  be  pursued  in  the  abstract  and  apart  from  regional 
peculiarities,  which,  with  respect  to  true  science,  inject  unique  aspects, 
and,  with  respect  to  applied  science,  are  usually  of  exclusive  importance. 

Thus  to  take  an  example  from  political  economy  which  belongs  to  the 
group  of  moral  sciences.  This  science  has,  in  addition  to  its  doctrinal 
and  academic,  its  regional  aspect.  As  the  exponent  of  the  actual  economic 
activity  of  each  human  group,  political  economy  presents,  because  of 
geographical  conditions,  special  problems.  It  is,  therefore,  both  logical 
and  necessary  to  take  into  account  national  and  regional  elements  and 
conditions.  The  same  may  be  said  of  all  courses  of  scientific  study, 
from  those  of  the  purest  to  those  of  the  most  applied  sciences. 

Why,  then,  should  not  an  intellectual  center  be  constituted  which  would 
embrace  the  American  aspect  of  human  knowledge,  which  would  reach 
all  the  students  of  the  continent,  which  would  enable  them  to  cooperate 
in  a  common  task,  and  which  would  give  a  forward  impulse  to  all  America, 
and  thus  cause  to  disappear  the  isolation  in  which  its  intelligence  is  dissi- 
pated ?  But  such  center  should  not  bring  about  a  doubling  of  the  personnel 
in  the  present  Pan-American  Union,  for  the  proposed  union  is  of  a  wholly 
different  character.  It  should  seek  to  cultivate  sentiments  of  intellectual 
cooperation  and  friendship  among  the  inhabitants  of  the  different  countries 
and  increase  among  these  the  knowledge  and  understanding  of  the  various 
Nations  of  the  continent.  To  this  end  a  system  of  mutual  assistance 
should  be  devised,  maintained,  promoted,  and  extended  to  the  institutions, 
organizations,  associations,  and  agencies  considered  necessary  or  useful  in 
the  fulfillment  of  all  or  any  of  the  objects  of  the  Union.  In  a  word,  a  Pan 
American  Intellectual  Union  should  be  organized  which  would  be  free  from 
official  participation,  foreign  to  politics,  and  which  would  be  the  work  of 
private  efforts,  whether  by  existing  associations  or  by  a  confederation  of 
the  same,  or  by  individuals,  isolated  or  in  groups. 

If  the  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  deems  the  realization  of  this 
idea  desirable,  it  could  recommend  the  formation  of  such  a  union  to  any 
of  the  existing  foundations  or  endowments,  or  advise  the  creation  of  a  new 
union,  which  private  munificence  could  endow  with  the  necessary  resources. 
The  example  offered  by  the  creation  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for 
International  Peace  demonstrates  the  practicability  of  the  idea,  and  it  is 
to  be  hoped  that  private  fortunes  will  gladly  contribute  to  this  new  form  of 
practical  Pan  Americanism. 


150      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  Congress  might  authorize  the  institution  willing  to  take  charge  of 
the  union,  or  which  might  be  created  for  that  purpose,  to  use  the  means 
and  resources  tending  to -that  end,  adopting  the  organization  which  in  its 
opinion  is  most  adequate  thereto  and  framing  regulations  for  its  practical 
management. 

Such  a  union,  once  established,  might  take  into  its  charge  the  calling 
together  and  organization  of  the  present  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress, 
arrange  for  its  periodical  meeting  every  five  years,  and  put  into  practice, 
as  subdivisions  thereof,  the  unions  referred  to  in  the  three  projects  pre- 
sented by  the  delegations  of  Argentina,  Brazil,  and  Chile,  together  with 
those  which  it  might  later  be  considered  desirable  to  form. 

For  this  purpose  scientific  institutions,  associations,  or  societies  exist- 
ing or  to  be  created  in  each  of  the  American  Republics  should  be  confed- 
erated and  their  activities  concentrated  in  a  central  organization  in  the 
capital  thereof,  to  be  further  confederated  with  and  in  the  Pan  American 
Intellectual  Union  to  be  located  in  Washington. 

The  Governments  of  the  American  Republics  would  only  be  requested 
to  name  official  delegates  to  the  different  periodical  meetings,  but  without 
asking  of  those  Governments  any  further  intervention  or  participation  of 
any  kind. 

In  this  way  the  new  Pan  American  Intellectual  Union  would  be  an 
autonomous  institution,  dedicated  solely  to  science,  supported  by  its  own 
resources,  and  independent  of  official  action. 

JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT. 
ALEJANDRO  ALVAREZ. 
ERNESTO  QUESADA. 

The  project  of  a  Pan  American  Intellectual  Union,  as  thus  stated 
by  its  proposers,  goes  forth  with  the  approval  of  the  Congress,  which 
specially  recommended  it,  and  of  which  the  Congress  itself  said  that  the 
organization  taking  charge  of  its  establishment  will  "lay  broad  and 
deep  the  true  foundations  of  intellectual  Pan  Americanism."  The  pro- 
posers of  this  project  believed  that  the  one  great  field  common  to  all  of 
the  Americas  is  the  intellectual  field,  that  in  this  domain  there  is  neither 
great  nor  small,  rich  nor  poor,  that  all  stand  alike  upon  a  plane  of  equality, 
equality  in  this  case  being  neither  political  nor  legal  but  intellectual, 
that  a  Union  of  this  kind,  large  enough  and  broad  enough  to  include  in 
its  scope  all  branches  of  science,  pure  or  applied,  to  be  found  in  the 
American  Republics,  would  create,  as  it  were,  the  republic  of  letters  for 
the  Western  World,  with  no  boundaries  but  the  possibilities  of  human 
thought  and  of  human  achievement.  The  proposers  of  the  Intellectual 
Union  thought  that  the  visible  organization  or  agency  of  the  Union 
should  preferably  be  located  in  the  city  of  Washington  and  they  believed 
themselves  justified  in  the  hope  that  private  munificence  would  not 
merely  stimulate  the  thought  and  scientific  activity  of  the  Americas 
where  they  exist  but  would  tend  to  inspire  the  thought  and  to  increase 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       151 

scientific  activities  where  they  have  not  hitherto  made  themselves 
known  and  felt.  An  intellectual  union  of  this  kind  would  be  the  federa- 
tion of  national  societies,  associations,  or  organizations  in  the  capitals 
of  the  different  American  Republics  and  would  be,  as  it  were,  their  great 
central  scientific  and  intellectual  clearing  house. 

The  proposers  of  this  resolution  were  aware  of  the  difficulties  and  ob- 
stacles standing  in  the  way  of  its  realization,  but,  believing  in  the  services 
that  it  would  render  not  to  one  but  to  all  of  the  American  Republics,  they 
laid  it  before  the  Congress  for  its  approval,  and  this  approval  was  freely 
and  ungrudgingly  given.  They  recognized  the  wisdom  of  the  motto  that 
would  make  haste  slowly.  They  were  unwilling  to  recommend  that 
other  projects  might  be  merged  in  theirs  before  the  Intellectual  Union  has 
shown  its  possibilities  and  had  demonstrated  its  success.  They  therefore 
recommended  that  a  beginning  should  be  made  with  the  three  projects 
of  the  University  Union,  the  Library  Union,  and  of  the  Archaeological 
Union,  or  with  some  other  branches  of  science,  and  that  from  the  expe- 
rience had  upon  this  smaller  scale  such  confidence  might  be  generated 
in  the  usefulness  and  services  which  the  Intellectual  Union  could  render 
as  to  include  within  its  scope  all  of  the  sciences  discussed  in  the  sec- 
tions of  the  present  Congress  and  to  make  of  it  their  accredited  agent. 

The  general  report  leaves  it  as  the  Congress  itself  left  it,  with  its  spe- 
cial recommendation  and  with  the  assurance  that,  if  established,  it 
would  "lay  broad  and  deep  the  true  foundations  of  intellectual  Pan 
Americanism."  The  general  report,  however,  calls  attention  in  this  con- 
nection to  the  concluding  article  of  the  Final  Act,  which  requests  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  to  transmit  the  resolutions  and  recom- 
mendations contained  in  the  Final  Act  to  the  participating  Governments 
and  the  suggestion  that  the  Governments  specially  interested  in  any  one 
of  the  resolutions  or  recommendations  should  take  the  initiative  of  car- 
rying the  same  into  effect,  in  the  full  consciousness  that  if  the  project 
for  the  establishment  of  an  intellectual  Pan  American  Union  commends 
itself  to  any  one  Government  or  to  private  initiative  the  Intellectual  Union 
will  cease  to  be  a  project  in  becoming  a  beneficent  institution. 

48.  The  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  upon  the 
motion  of  the  delegation  of  Chile,  unanimously  resolves  that — 
The  Third  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress  shall  meet  in  the  city 
of  Lima  in  connection  with  the  celebration  of  the  anniversary 
of  the  independence  of  Peru,  in  1921,  and  appoints  for  that 
purpose  the  following  gentlemen :  Messrs.  Dr.  JAVIER  PRADO 
Y  UGARTECHE,  rector  of  the  University  of  San  Marcos,  Lima ; 


152      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Dr.  MANUEL  VICENTE  VILLARAN,  Lima;  and  Dr.  ALEJANDRO 
DEUSTUA,  Lima,  to  constitute  the  Committee  for  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Third  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress. 

The  Congress  neither  has  its  headquarters  nor  does  it  meet  in  any  one 
particular  country,  and  each  Congress  determines  both  the  time  and  the 
place  of  the  meeting  of  its  successor.  Thus  the  First  Pan  American 
Scientific  Congress,  which  met  at  Santiago,  Chile,  December  25,  1908,  to 
January  5,  1909,  determined  that  the  Second  Congress  should  meet  five 
years  later  and  in  the  city  of  Washington.  Circumstances  unnecessary 
to  mention  caused  the  postponement  of  the  Congress,  but  when  it  met 
it  met  at  Washington  in  accordance  with  the  recommendation  of  its 
predecessor. 

The  present  Congress  decided,  upon  the  motion  of  the  Chilean  delegation, 
that  the  Third  Congress  meet  in  1921  at  Lima,  in  the  Republic  of  Peru,  OH 
the  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  independence  thereof.  While  it  is  true 
that  the  Congress  recommends  the  meeting  place  of  its  successor,  it  must 
be  understood  that  the  recommendation  is  only  made  with  the  consent 
of  the  country  in  which  it  is  proposed  that  the  Congress  shall  next  meet, 
for  inasmuch  as  each  of  the  American  Republics  is  an  equal  and  sove- 
reign country,  it  is  for  each  to  determine  by  and  for  itself  what  shall  or 
shall  not  take  place  within  its  territory.  The  Government  of  the  country 
in  which  it  is  proposed  that  the  Congress  should  meet  is  sounded,  and 
upon  its  acceptance  the  recommendation  is  made,  but  as  it  is  both  a  com- 
pliment and  an  honor  to  act  as  host  to  the  Congress,  the  request  is  in 
the  nature  of  a  formality.  The  holding  of  a  Congress,  however,  involves 
much  time  and  thought,  patience  and  devotion,  on  the  part  of  the  Gov  - 
eminent  and  people  of  the  country  in  which  it  is  to  meet,  and  it  is  the 
custom  at  the  time  of  the  recommendation  and  its  acceptance  for  the 
Congress  to  appoint  a  committee  on  preliminaries,  to  take  charge  of  the 
organization  of  the  Congress,  and  for  this  reason  the  members  thereof  are 
chosen  from  the  country  in  which  the  next  Congress  is  to  meet,  in  this  case 
Peru,  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Peruvian  authorities.  In  the 
present  instance  the  gentlemen  whose  names  appear  in  the  article  were 
chosen  to  form  the  nucleus  of  the  Executive  or  Preparatory  Committee, 
whose  other  members  will  be  appointed  by  themselves  or  by  the  Gov- 
ernment of  Peru  to  arrange  the  preliminaries  of  the  Congress  and,  after 
its  adjournment,  to  publish  its  proceedings  and  to  take  such  action  as  in 
the  premises  may  seem  necessary.  Upon  the  meeting  of  the  Congress 
its  president  and  other  officers  are  chosen,  an  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Congress,  composed  of  its  members,  is  selected  to  take  charge  thereof 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       153 

and  during  its  continuance  to  supersede  the  local  Executive  Committee, 
which,  however,  as  has  already  been  stated  in  the  introduction  of  this 
Report,  resumes  its  functions  after  the  adjournment  of  the  Congress  until 
the  duties  incumbent  upon  it  have  been  performed. 

ARTICLE  49.  Finally,    the    Second    Pan    American    Scientific    Congress 

requests — 

The  Government  of  the  United  States  to  transmit  the  foregoing 
resolutions  and  recommendations  contained  in  the  Final  Act 
to  the  Governments  of  the  American  Republics  participating 
in  the  Congress,  and  suggests  that  any  Government  thereof 
specially  interested  in  one  or  other  of  the  resolutions  or 
recommendations  take  the  initiative  to  carry  the  same  into 
effect. 

It  is  a  familiar  adage  that  everybody's  business  is  nobody's  business, 
and  the  most  elementary  principle  of  administration  is  that  the  perform- 
ance of  a  duty  shall  be  vested  in  some  determinate  person  or  body.  It 
is  necessary  that  the  proceedings  of  the  Congress,  if  they  are  to  be  carried 
into  effect,  should  officially  be  called  to  the  attention  of  the  participating 
Governments.  This  should  be  made  a  duty  and  the  Government  of  the 
country  in  which  the  Congress  has  met  should  be  charged  with  its  per- 
formance. In  the  particular  instance,  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  should  be  and  was  requested  by  the  Congress  to  transmit  the 
resolutions  and  recommendations  contained  in  the  Final  Act  to  the 
Governments  of  the  American  Republics,  and  the  recommendation  is  to 
be  understood  in  the  enlarged  sense  that  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  is  not  merely  to  transmit  the  resolutions  and  recommendations  of 
the  Final  Act,  but  also  all  information,  all  documents  of  what  kind  soever, 
concerning  the  Congress  which  may  be  of  service  to  the  participating 
Governments.  For  example,  the  Government  of  the  United  States 
should  prepare,  publish,  and  transmit  the  proceedings  of  the  Congress  to 
each  Government  represented  and  taking  part  in  the  proceedings. 

It  will  no  doubt  be  the  case  that,  while  the  Governments  take  a  general 
interest  in  all  of  the  resolutions  or  recommendations  of  the  Final  Act,  the 
resolutions  and  recommendations  will  not  make  an  equal  appeal,  for 
their  value  and  importance  depend,  in  part  at  least,  upon  national  and 
in  some  instances  upon  local  conditions.  The  Congress  therefore  recog- 
nized this  probability,  and  suggested,  as  stated  in  the  Article,  that  a 
Government  specially  interested  in  one  or  more  of  the  resolutions  or 
recommendations  should  itself  take  the  initiative  to  carry  the  same  into 


154      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

effect.  This  method  of  procedure  does  not  in  any  way  interfere  with 
the  primary  duty  of  the  United  States  to  transmit  the  resolutions  and 
recommendations  of  the  Final  Act  or  to  urge,  if  it  should  deem  it  advis- 
able, that  steps  be  taken  to  secure  their  realization.  It  does,  however, 
invest  any  Government  with  the  right  to  take  the  initiative  in  the  matters 
specified  in  the  Article  and  it  would  seem  that,  indefinite  and  vague  as 
the  recommendation  may  be,  it  nevertheless  creates  a  duty  on  the  part 
of  the  Government  possessing  such  special  interest  to  propose  the  meas- 
ures to  carry  the  resolution  or  recommendation  into  effect  and  to  continue 
to  interest  itself  in  the  matter,  either  until  it  has  been  realized  or  circum- 
stances suggest  a  renunciation  of  the  initiative  taken  in  pursuance  of 
the  suggestion  contained  in  the  Article. 

It  was  the  hope,  and  indeed  the  expectation,  of  the  Congress  that 
the  machinery  devised  by  this  Article  would  set  in  motion  the  wheels  of 
Government,  whereby  the  inertia  so  frequent  and  so  deadening  in  the 
aftermath  of  a  Congress  would  be  avoided. 

The  Congress  is  fully  conscious  of  its  many  shortcomings  and  of  its 
manifold  imperfections,  which  even  a  casual  examination  of  its  proceed- 
ings will  not  fail  to  disclose.  It  nevertheless  ventures  the  hope  that 
its  labors  may  prove  to  be  not  wholly  in  vain,  that  it  may  be  found  in 
some  small  measure  to  have  contributed  to  the  success  of  future  Con- 
gresses, in  which  it  is,  as  it  were,  but  an  insignificant  link  in  an  ever- 
lengthening  and  indeed  endless  chain,  and  that  through  their  combined 
efforts  there  may  emerge  an  intellectual  Pan  Americanism  whose  vastness 
and  beneficent  influence  are  barely  visible  in  the  first  faint  beginnings  of 
the  intellectual  and  scientific  cooperation  of  the  Americas. 


APPENDIX  I. 


ORGANIZATION  AND  RULES  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 


ORGANIZATION. 

ARTICLE  i.  In  accordance  with  the  resolutions  of  the  First  Pan 
American  Scientific  Congress,  held  in  Santiago,  Chile,  December  25, 
1908,  to  January  5,  1909,  a  second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress 
will  meet  in  the  city  of  Washington  in  the  month  of  December,  1915, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States. 

The  Congress  will  open  on  Monday,  December  27,  1915,  and  adjourn 
on  Saturday,  January  8,  1916. 

ART.  2.  The  organization  and  procedure  of  the  Second  Congress  shall 
be  in  charge  of  an  Executive  Committee,  composed  of,  first,  members 
appointed  by  the  First  Congress  at  Santiago;  second,  of  members  elected 
by  the  said  committee. 

ART.  3.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  nominate  the  president  and 
two  or  more  vice  presidents  of  the  Congress  and  shall  appoint  the 
secretary  general,  assistant  secretary  general,  and  such  assistant  secre- 
taries as  may  be  necessary. 

The  Executive  Committee  shall  appoint  interpreters,  clerks  for  the 
secretary's  office,  and  such  other  employees  as  may  be  necessary. 

The  Executive  Committee  shall  appoint  honorary  presidents  and  vice 
presidents  to  be  selected  from  the  participating  countries. 

The  secretary  general  shall  be  the  executive  officer  of  the  Executive 
Committee  and  shall  have  charge,  in  cooperation  with  the  committee, 
of  the  preparations  and  arrangements  for  the  Congress.  He  shall  also 
conduct  correspondence,  supervise  expenditures,  and  perform  such  other 
duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  him  by  the  Executive  Committee. 

The  assistant  secretary  general,  in  the  absence  of  the  secretary  gen- 
eral, shall  have  authority  to  perform  the  duties  of  the  secretary  general. 

ART.  4.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  designate  such  committees  as 
may  be  necessary. 

The  Executive  Committee  shall  designate  nine  of  its  members  to 
serve  as  chairmen  of  the  nine  main  program  sections  of  the  Congress. 


156      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Each  member  of  the  Executive  Committee  so  designated  shall  nominate 
the  members  of  his  section  committee  and  shall  select  the  chairmen  for 
its  various  subsections.  The  chairman  of  each  section  shall  be  a  mem- 
ber ex  officio  of  each  subsection  committee. 

ART.  5.  The  duties  of  the  Executive  Committee,  in  cooperation 
with  the  secretary  general,  are: 

1.  To   arrange  for   the  Second   Congress   and   participation   by   the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  the  universities,  and  other  scientific, 
national,  and  foreign  corporations. 

2.  To  take  steps  to  secure  the  appointment  of  committees  at  the 
capitals   of   the   American   States   by   the   participating  governments, 
the  duties  of  which  committees  shall  be  to  cooperate  in  the  prepara- 
tions for  the  Congress;  to  prepare  lists  of  the  persons  to  be  invited  to 
participate  in  its  proceedings;  to  procure  an  adequate  representation 
from  the  several  countries;  and  to  suggest  such  questions  as,  because  of 
their  evident  American  interest,  should  be  submitted  to  the  Congress. 

3.  To  prepare  a  list  of  members  of  the  Congress  in  conformity  with 
the  provisions  of  Article  9. 

ART.  6.  After  the  election  of  the  officers  of  the  Congress,  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  shall  act  under  their  direction,  but  shall  reassume  its 
original  functions  after  the  adjournment  of  the  Congress.  It  shall 
then  have  charge  of  the  publication  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Congress. 

SECTIONS. 

ART.  7.  The  following  are  the  sections  into  which  the  Congress  will 
be  divided,  alphabetically  arranged: 
I.  Anthropology. 
II.  Astronomy,  Meteorology,  and  Seismology. 

III.  Conservation  of  Natural  Resources,  Agriculture,  Irrigation, 

and  Forestry. 

IV.  Education. 
V.  Engineering. 

VI.  International  Law,  Public  Law,  and  Jurisprudence. 
VII.  Mining   and   Metallurgy,    Economic   Geology,    and   Applied 

Chemistry. 

VIII.  Public  Health  and  Medical  Science. 
IX.  Transportation,  Commerce,  Finance,  and  Taxation. 

SECTION  COMMITTEES. 

ART.  8.  The  section  committees  shall  hold  separately  such  meetings 
as  they  may  deem  necessary  for  the  determination  of  the  matters  sub- 
mitted to  them. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       157 

Each  section  committee  may  be  subdivided  into  two  or  more  subsec- 
tion committees  when  deemed  necessary,  and  two  or  more  subsection 
committees  may  become  a  single  committee. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  section  committee,  in  cooperation  with 
the  secretary  general — 

I.  To  invite   the   preparation   of   papers  on   topics   deemed   of 
special  interest  to  the  Congress,  to  prepare  a  list  of  the 
papers  received,  and  to  present  a  program  for  each  session 
of  the  sections  and  subsections  under  its  charge. 
II.  To  prepare  the  register  of  the  members  of  its  section. 

III.  To  receive  and  classify  such  statements,  studies,  and  com- 

munications as  are  sent  to  the  section,  and  to  designate  the 
reporting  member  thereof. 

IV.  To  make  a  report  to  the  section  of  the  papers  that  are  not  to 

be  read  by  their  authors. 
V.  To  organize  the  section  and  subsections. 

VI.  To  receive  the  papers  of  the  respective  section  and  subsections 
and  to  prepare  them  for  publication. 

MEMBERS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

ART.  9.  The  following  persons  will  be  members  of  the  Congress : 
I.  The  official  delegates  of  the  countries  represented. 
II.  The  representatives  of  the  universities,  institutes,   societies, 
and  scientific  bodies  of  the  countries  represented. 

III.  Such  persons  in  the  countries  participating  in  the  Congress  as 

may  be  invited  by  the  Executive  Committee,  with  the  ap- 
proval of  the  countries  represented. 

IV.  Members  of  committees  officially  appointed. 
V.  Writers  of  papers. 

ART.  10.  All  properly  accredited  members,  upon  the  presentation 
of  credentials,  shall  receive  from  the  secretary  general  an  appropriate 
membership  card. 

ART.  ii.  All  members  of  the  Congress  shall  be  entitled  to  attend  its 
sessions,  to  take  part  in  the  debates,  and  to  receive  a  copy  of  such  pub- 
lications as  the  Executive  Committee  may  issue. 

ART.  12.  Americans  who  are  prominent  in  the  field  of  science  may 
be  appointed  honorary  members  of  the  Second  Pan  American  Scientific 
Congress,  whenever  the  Executive  Committee  deem  proper  to  confer 
this  honor  upon  them. 


158      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

RULES  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

I.  The  sessions  of  the  Congress  will  extend  over  a  period  of  13  days, 
from  Monday,  December  27,  1915,  to  Saturday,  January  8,  1916,  at  hours 
to  be  announced.     The  sections  will  meet  simultaneously  on  each  day; 
and  the  arrangement  of  the  program  will  be  in  charge  of  the  chairman  and 
reporting  member  of  each  section,  in  consultation  with  the  secretary 
general. 

II.  The  time  to  be  allowed  for  the  presentation  and  discussion  of 
each  paper  will  be  determined  by  the  several  section  committees,  after 
receipt  of  papers  and  reports;  preference  will  be  given  to  those  subjects 
upon  which  the  papers  submitted  are  most    important  or  useful  to 
Pan-American  countries  in  general. 

III.  In  view  of  the  great  number  of  papers  to  be  submitted,  they 
should  be  as  concise  as  possible.     It  is  desirable  that  each  paper  shall 
be  typewritten.     They  may  be  accompanied  by  illustrations  and  tabular 
matter  to  clarify  and  shorten  descriptions. 

IV.  It  is  suggested  that  illustrations  be  limited  in  number,  and  be 
submitted  upon  sheets  not  over  10  inches  by  22  inches  (25  cm.  by  56 
cm.)  including  the  border,  or  9  inches  by  21  inches  (23  cm.  by  53  cm.) 
inside  the  border. 

V.  Bach  paper  should  be  accompanied  by  a  resum£  of  not  more 
than  1,500  words,  followed  by  a  footnote  giving  the  bibliography  of 
the  subject  to  include  references   to  important  original    papers   and 
sources  of  information  referred  to  in  the  paper. 

VI.  In  view  of  the  desire  to  take  full  advantage  of  the  great  progress 
of  recent  years,  it  is  suggested  that  the  papers  submitted  have  special 
reference  to  the  trend  of  recent  progress  and  to  the  probable  development 
of  the  immediate  future. 

VII.  Papers  descriptive  of  special  works,  and  largely  statements  of 
facts,  should  be  restricted  to  the  particular  work  under  consideration  t 
and  should  give  as  much  detail  as  is  possible. 

VIII.  All  resolutions  presented  in  plenary  session  shall  immediately 
be  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee,  which  committee  shall  make 
report  thereon  to  the  Congress. 

IX.  All   resolutions   presented   to  sectional   meetings   shall   first   be 
referred  to  the  subcommittee  in  charge  of  the  section. 

X.  The  official  languages  of  the  Congress  will  be  the  Spanish,  the 
Portuguese,  the  French,  and  the  English. 

XI.  In  order  to  enable  the  officers  of  the  Congress  to  prepare  for  its 
labors,  it  is  essential  that  the  authors  of  papers  shall  forward  their  papers 
to  be  received  by  the  secretary  general  not  later  than  November  i ,  1915. 


APPENDIX  II. 


TOPICS  FOR  PAN  AMERICAN  CONFERENCES. 

In  addition  to  the  general  topics  described  in  the  Preliminary  Pro- 
gram, issue  of  April  15,  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Second  Pan 
American  Scientific  Congress  authorized  that  the  following  important 
topics  be  discussed  in  a  series  of  Pan  American  conferences,  a  confer- 
ence on  each  topic. 

These  special  topics,  discussed  in  small  groups  of  interested  persons, 
lead  to  resolutions  pertinent  to  the  purpose  of  the  congress.  The  morn- 
ings of  January  4  and  5  were  reserved  for  the  conferences  on  these 
special  Pan  American  themes. 

SECTION  I. 

The  desirability  of  uniform  laws  throughout  the  Pan  American  countries 
for  the  protection  of  antiquities,  the  systematic  promotion  of  anthropo- 
logical research,  and  the  collection  and  scientific  treatment  of  museum 

materials. 

SECTION  n. 

Present  condition,  needs,  and  prospects  of  meteorological  and  seismo- 
logical  work  in  each  of  the  participating  countries  of  the  Scientific  Con- 
gress. The  report  from  each  country  should  contain  a  list  of  all  meteoro- 
logical and  seismological  stations  and  other  local  information  pertinent 
to  this  report  in  that  country. 

SECTION  m. 

Conservation  of  the  natural  resources  of  a  nation  through  Government 
ownership  or  control. 

A  national  forest  policy.  The  relation  of  forestry  to  the  future  devel- 
opment of  Central  and  South  America. 

Governmental  participation  in  irrigation  development.  (It  is  under- 
stood that  the  word  "governmental"  includes  the  States,  country, 
province,  or  other  political  subdivisions  and  that  the  word  "participa- 
tion" might  well  include  the  construction,  management,  and  settlement 
of  irrigation  enterprises.) 


160      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Are  uniform  regulations  feasible  among  the  different  American  coun- 
tries for  the  prevention  of  the  introduction  and  dissemination  of  diseases 
of  animals?  The  prevention  and  eradication  of  destructive  diseases  of 
animals. 

Pan  American  cooperation  in  plant  quarantine. 

The  effect  of  the  Panama  Canal  upon  the  distribution  of  farm  products. 

SECTION  IV. 

To  what  extent  should  elementary  education  be  supported  by  local 
taxation,  and  to  what  extent  by  State  taxation  ?  What  should  be  the 
determining  factors  in  the  distribution  of  support? 

What  should  be  the  primary  and  what  the  secondary  purpose  of  high- 
school  education?  To  what  extent  should  courses  of  study  in  the  high 
school  be  determined  by  the  requirements  for  admission  to  college,  and 
to  what  extent  by  the  demands  of  industrial  and  civic  life  ? 

Should  universities  and  colleges  supported  by  public  funds  be  controlled 
by  independent  and  autonomous  powers,  or  should  they  be  controlled 
directly  by  central  State  authority? 

To  what  extent  is  coeducation  desirable  in  elementary  schools,  high 
schools,  colleges,  and  universities  ? 

To  what  extent  is  an  exchange  of  students  and  professors  between 
American  Republics  desirable?  What  is  the  most  effective  basis  for 
a  system  of  exchange?  What  plans  should  be  adopted  m  order  to 
secure  mutual  recognition  of  technical  and  professional  degrees  by  Amer- 
ican Republics? 

To  what  extent  may  college  courses  in  engineering  be  profitably  sup- 
plemented by  practical  work  in  the  shop  ?  To  what  extent  may  labora- 
tory work  in  engineering  be  replaced  through  cooperation  with  industrial 
plants  ? 

What  preparation  should  be  required  for  admission  to  medical  schools  ? 
What  should  be  the  minimum  requirements  for  graduation?  What 
portion  of  the  faculty  of  a  medical  school  should  be  required  to  give  all 
their  time  to  teaching  and  investigation?  What  instruction  may  best 
be  given  by  physicians  engaged  in  medical  practice  ? 

What  preparation  should  be  required  for  admission  to  State  and 
National  colleges  of  agriculture?  To  what  extent  should  the  courses  of 
study  in  the  agricultural  college  be  theoretical  and  general,  and  to  what 
extent  practical  and  specific?  To  what  extent  should  the  curriculum  of 
such  a  college  be  determined  by  local  conditions  ? 

What  should  be  the  place  of  industrial  education  in  the  school  system 
of  the  American  Republics?  Should  it  be  supported  by  public  taxa- 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       l6l 

tion?  Should  it  be  considered  as  a  function  of  the  public-school  sys- 
tem? Should  it  be  given  in  a  separate  system  under  separate  control? 
How  and  to  what  extent  may  industrial  schools  cooperate  with  em- 
ployers of  labor? 

How  can  a  nation  prepare  in  the  most  effective  manner  its  young 
men  for  a  business  career  that  is  to  be  pursued  at  home  or  in  a  foreign 
country  ? 

(a)  In  schools  that  are  a  part  of  the  public-school  system. 

(b)  In  schools  of  private  endowment. 

(c)  In  special  business  schools  of  private  ownership. 

Outline  a  course  of  study  that  will  best  prepare  young  men  to  engage 
in  such  a  business  career.  Each  suggested  outline  should  consider  not 
only  the  character  of  the  educational  system  of  the  country  for  which 
the  course  of  study  is  intended,  but  the  desirability  and  practicability 
of  a  uniform  course  of  business  education  for  all  Pan  American  countries. 

SECTION  V. 

Desirability  and  practicability  of  establishing  a  uniform  railroad 
gauge  in  Pan  America,  and  especially  in  Central  and  South  America. 

SECTION  VI. 

Are  there  specific  American  problems  of  international  law? 

SECTION  vn. 

A.  Mining. — The  mining  law  of  each  country  and  the  changes  that 
may  be  made  to  aid  the  development  of  mineral  resources.    History  of 
the  mining  industry  in  each  country  with  reference  to  the  beginnings 
of  that  industry.    The  development  of  the  Patio  process.    Bibliography 
of  mining. 

B.  Metallurgy. — Present    methods    of    concentrating    ores    and    the 
development  of  concentration  methods.     International  relations  in  the 
exchange  of  ores  and  metals.     Bibliography  of  metallurgy. 

A.  and  B.  Mining  and  Metallurgy. — Development  of  hydroelectric 
power  for  mining  and  metallurgy,  the  amount  probably  available,  and 
specific  benefits  from  its  utilization. 

C.  Economic  Geology. — The  relation  of  geological  work  to  the  devel- 
opment of  the  country.    A  bibliography  of  economic  geology. 

D.  Applied  Chemistry. — Natural  and  artificial  nitrates;  the  present 
status  and  the  outlook  for  these  industries. 

27750—16 11 


1 62      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SECTION  vm. 

Progress  of  vital  statistics  in  Pan  American  countries. 
Etiology  and  prevention  of  tuberculosis  from  a  sociological  stand- 
point. 

SECTION  IX. 

The  relation  of  central  to  local  control  in  the  regulation  of  public 
utilities. 

Is  it  desirable  and  possible  to  establish  uniform  rates,  methods,  and 
classifications  in  port  charges,  customs  regulations,  and  classifications 
between  the  North,  Central,  and  South  American  Republics? 

The  relation  of  public  finance  to  private  credit  in  Latin  America. 

The  problems  of  international  exchange  (monetary)  and  the  means 
best  adapted  to  establish  direct  exchange  (monetary)  between  the 
countries  of  the  American  Continent. 

Principles  that  should  govern  the  relations  between  Federal,  State, 
and  local  revenues. 


APPENDIX  III. 


THE  THREE  PLENARY  SESSIONS, 


The  First  Plenary  Session. 

MEMORIAL  CONTINENTAL  HALL. 
MONDAY,  DECEMBER  27,  1915—10.30  A.  M. 

His   Excellency   the  Chilean  Ambassador   to   the  United   States,   Sr. 
EDUARDO  SUAREZ  MUJICA,  presiding. 

INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS: 

Hon.  JOHN  BARRETT,  Secretary  General. 

ADDRESS: 

The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States,  Hon.  THOMAS  R.  MARSHALL. 

ADDRESS: 

The  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States,  Hon.  ROBERT  LANSING. 

ADDRESS  : 

The  President  of  the  Congress,  His  Excellency  the  Chilean  Ambas- 
sador to  the  United  States,  Sr.  EDUARDO  SUAREZ  MUJICA, 

RESPONSES  BY  THE  CHAIRMEN  OF  THE  OFFICIAL  DELEGATIONS: 
Mr.  ERNESTO  QUESADA,  Argentina. 
His  Excellency  the  Minister  of    Bolivia,  St.  IGNACIO  CALDER6N, 

Bolivia. 
His  Excellency  the  Brazilian  Ambassador,  Sr.  DOMICIO  DA  GAM  A, 

Brazil. 

Mr.  JULIO  PHILIPPI,  Chile. 
Mr.  ROBERTO  ANCIZAR,  Secretary  of  the  Colombian  Legation  in  the 

United  States,  Colombia. 
Mr.  EDUARDO  J.  PINTO,  Costa  Rica. 
His  Excellency  the  Cuban  Minister,  Sr.  CARLOS  MANUEL  DE  C£s- 

PEDES,  Cuba. 

163 


164      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

His    Excellency    the    Minister    of    the    Dominican    Republic,    Sr. 

ARMANDO  PICREZ  PKRDOMO,  The  Dominican  Republic. 
His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  Ecuador,  Sr.  GONZALO  S.  CORDOVA, 

Ecuador. 
His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  Guatemala,  Sr.  JOAQUIN  MIJNDEZ, 

Guatemala. 

Mr.  CHARLES  MATRON,  Haiti. 
Mr.  CARLOS  ALBERTO  UCL£S,  Honduras. 
Mr.  DAMASO  RIVAS,  Nicaragua. 
His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  Panama,  Sr.  A.  EUSEBIO  MORALES, 

Panama. 

Mr.  A.  EUSEBIO  AYALA,  Paraguay. 
Mr.  ISAAC  ALZAMORA,  Peru. 
His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  Salvador,  Sr.  RAFAEL  ZALDfvAR,  El 

Salvador. 
His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  Uruguay,  Sr.  CARLOS  M.  DE  PENA, 

Uruguay. 
His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  Venezuela,  Sr.  SANTOS  A.  DOMINICI, 

Venezuela. 

The  {Second  Plenary  Session. 

MEMORIAL  CONTINENTAL  HALL. 

THURSDAY,  JANUARY  6,  1916—9.30  P.  M. 

INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS: 

The  President  of  the  Congress,  His  Excellency  the  Chilean  Ambas- 
sador to  the  United  States,  Sr.  EDUARDO  SUAREZ  MUJICA. 

ADDRESS  : 

The  President  of  the  United  States. 

The  Third  Plenary  Session. 

MEMORIAL  CONTINENTAL  HALL. 
SATURDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  8,  1916—11  O'CLOCK. 

His   Excellency   the   Chilean   Ambassador   to   the   United   States,   Sr. 
EDUARDO  SUAREZ  MUJICA,  presiding. 

READING  OF  THE  FINAL  ACT  IN  ENGLISH  : 

Mr.  JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  Chairman  of  the  Subcommittee  on  the 
Final  Act. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       165 

READING  OF  THE  FINAL  ACT  IN  SPANISH  : 

Mr.  ERNESTO  OUESADA,  Chairman  of  the  Subcommittee  on  Reso- 
lutions. 

ADOPTION  OF  THE  FINAL  ACT: 

PRESENTATION  OF  RESOLUTIONS  : 

Hon.  GEORGE  GRAY,  Chairman  United  States  Delegation,  on  behalf 

of  the  United  States. 
His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  Venezuela,  Sr.  SANTOS  A.  DOMINICI, 

Chairman  of  the  Venezuelan  Delegation,  on  behalf  of  the  visiting 

delegates. 

ADDRESS  : 

The  President  of  the  Congress,  His  Excellency  the  Chilean  Ambas- 
sador, Sr.  EDUARDO  SUAREZ  MUJICA. 

ADJOURNMENT. 


APPENDIX  IV. 


PROGRAM   OF  THE  NINE    SECTIONS   OF  THE 

CONGRESS. 


SECTION  L— ANTHROPOLOGY.* 


W.  H.  HOLMES,  Chairman. 
ALES  HRDLICKA,  Secretary. 
ANGEL  CE)SAR  RIVAS,  Corresponding  Secretary. 


Subsection  1. — Ethnology. 
Subsection  2.— Archaeology. 
Subsection  3. — Physical  Anthropology. 


MONDAY,  DECEMBER  27,  1915—2.30  P.  M. 

JUAN  B.  AMBROSETTI,  Chairman. 
Rev.  JOHN  M.  COOPER,  Secretary. 

The  Oldest  Known  Illustrations  of  South  American  Indians.     (Illustrated 

with  slides.) 
Present  State  of  our  Knowledge  of  the  South  American  Indians;  with  a 

Linguistic  Map.     (Illustrated  with  slides.)     (Read  by  title.) 
RUDOLPH  SCHULLER. 

An  Inca  Road  and  Several  Hitherto  Undescribed  Ruins  in  the  Urubamba 

Valley,  Peru.  (Illustrated  with  slides.) 
Some  Extraordinary  Trepanned  Skulls  Found  this  Year  in  the  Urubamba 

Valley,  Peru.  (Illustrated  with  slides.) 
HIRAM  BINGHAM,  Assistant  Professor  of  Latin-American  History, 

Yale  University. 

*  The  program  of  Section  I  includes  the  papers  of  the  Americanists  and  other  associations  meeting  in 
joint  session  with  this  section. 

167 


1 68      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  Amazon  Expedition  of  the  University  Museum,  Philadelphia.     (Read 

by  title.) 

G.   B.   GORDON,    Director    of    the   Museum    of    the   University   of 
Pennsylvania. 

Origin  of  the  Indians  of  Central  and  South  America. 

J.  A.  CAPAR6,  Dean,  Department  of  Electrical  Engineering,  Univer- 
sity of  Notre  Dame,  Indiana. 

The  Two  Versions  of  the  Growth  of  the  Inca  Empire.     (Illustrated  with 

slides.) 
PHILIP  AINSWORTH  MEANS. 

The  Puma  Motive  in  Ancient  Peruvian  Art.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 
CHARLES  W.  MEAD,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Fuegian  and  Chonoan  Relations. 

Rev.  JOHN  M.  COOPER,  Instructor  in  Religion,  Catholic  University. 

TUESDAY,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—9.30  A.  M. 
Joint  Session  A. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  AUDITORIUM. 

Luis  MONTANA,  Chairman. 

The  Racial  Elements  in  the  Modern  Population  of  America. 

FRANZ  BOAS,  Professor  of  Anthropology,  Columbia  University. 

The  United  States  Census  of  Immigrant  Stocks. 
DANIEL  FOLKMAR,  Bureau  of  the  Census. 

Notes  on  the  Sign  Language  of  the  Plains  Indians. 
Gen.  HUGH  L.  SCOTT,  United  States  Army. 

Tribes  of  the  Pacific  Coast. 

A.  L.  KROEBER,  Associate   Professor  of  Anthropology,  University 
of  California. 

The  Domain  of  the  Aztecs. 

A.  M.  TozzER,  Harvard  University. 

The  Scandinavian  Race  in  the  Northern  Middle  States.     (Read  by  title.) 
ALBERT  E.  JENKS,  Professor  of  Anthropology,  University  of  Minne- 
sota. 

Tables  of  the  Physical  Growth  of  the  Pupils  of  La  Paz.     (Read  by  title.) 
GEORGES  ROUMA,  La  Paz,  Bolivia. 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       169 

The  Figures  of  the  So-called  Scarifiers  of  Northwest  Argentina.     (Illus- 
trated with  slides.) 

JUAN  B.  AMBROSETTI,   Director,   Ethnological  Museum,  Faculty  of 
Philosophy  and  Letters,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Humanizing  of  the  Science  of  Man.     (Read  by  title.) 

CHARLES  F.  LUMMIS,  The  Southwest  Museum,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

A  Study  of  Family  Names  in  Chile.     (Read  by  title.) 
Luis  THAYER  OJEDA. 

Mongoloid  Signs  in  some  of  the  Ethnical  Types  of  the  Andine  Plateau. 

(Read  by  title.) 
ARTHUR  POSNANSKY. 

Chronological  Relations  of  Coastal  Algonkin  Culture. 

ALANSON  SKINNER,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

TUESDAY,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—9.30  A.  M. 
Joint  Session  B. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  ROOM  42. 

A.  C.  SIMOENS  DA  SiLVA,  Chairman. 

Notes  on  Venezuelan  Archaeology.     (Read  by  title.) 
Luis  R.  ORAMAS. 

Food  Plants  and  Textiles  of  Ancient  America.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 
A  Forgotten  Food  of  Ancient  America.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 

WIUJAM  E.  SAFFORD,  Economic  Botanist,  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture. 

A  New  Type  of  Ruin  Lately  Excavated  in  the  Mesa  Verde  National  Park, 

Colorado.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 
J.  WAI/TER  FEWKES,  Ethnologist,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

Archaeological  Work  in  Northern  Nova  Scotia.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 
Remarkable  Stone  Sculptures  from  Yale,  British  Columbia.     (Illustrated 

with  slides.) 
HARLAN  I.  SMITH,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. 

Notes   on   the  Orientation  of  Certain  Ancient   Pueblos,   Reservoirs,    and 

Shrines  in  New  Mexico.     (Read  by  title.) 
Notes  on  Shrines  of  the  Tewa  and  other  Pueblo  Indians  of  New  Mexico. 

(Read  by  title.) 
WIUJAM  BOONE  DOUGLASS,  Surveyor,  United  States  General  Land 

Office. 


170      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  Incas  and  their  Culture.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 

HIRAM  B  INCH  AM,  Assistant  Professor  of  Latin  American  History, 
Yale  University. 


TUESDAY,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—2  P.  M. 

Joint  Session. 
HENRY  R.  HOWLAND,  Chairman. 

Pedagogical  Anthropology  in  the  United  States. 
The  European  and  the  American  Child. 

PAUL   R.  RADOSAVIJEVICH,  Assistant   Professor  of   Experimental 
Pedagogy,  New  York  University. 

The  Services  of  The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  to  American 

Anthropology.     (Read  by  title.) 
S.  G.  DIXON,  President,  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

The  Army  Medical  Museum  in  American  Anthropology. 
D.  S.  LAMB,  United  States  Army  Medical  Museum. 

Contributions  of  the  National  Geographic  Society  to  American  Anthropology. 

(Read  by  title.) 

GILBERT  H.  GROSVENOR,  Director  and  Editor,  National  Geographic 
Society,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Anthropology  in  the  Museum  of  the  Society  of  Natural  Sciences,  Buffalo, 

N.  Y. 

HENRY  R.  ROWLAND,  Superintendent  and  Treasurer,  Buffalo  Society 
of  Natural  Sciences. 

Anthropological  Study  of  Old  Americans  (American  Whites  of  three  or  more 

generations  on  each  side}. 

ALES  HRDLI^KA,  Curator,  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  United 
States  National  Museum. 

The  Eye  and  Hair  Color  in  Children  of  Old  Americans. 
BEATRICE  L.  STEVENSON. 

Ceremonial  and  Other  Practices  on  the  Human  Body  among  the  Indians. 

(Illustrated  with  slides.) 

WALTER   HOUGH,  Curator  of  Ethnology,  United  States  National 
Museum. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       171 

One  Aspect  of  Recent  Evolution  in  Man. 

PAUL  POPENOE,   Editor,  Journal  of  Heredity,   American  Genetic 
Association,  Washington. 

Notes  on  Certain  Prehistoric  Habitations  in  Western  Utah.     (Illustrated 

with  slides.) 
NEIL  M.  JUDD,  Aid  in  Ethnology,  United  States  National  Museum. 

Aboriginal  Culture  of  the  San  Juan  Drainage. 

A.  V.  KIDDER,  Curator  of  North  American  Archaeology,  Peabody 
Museum  of  Harvard  University. 

Cayuga  Ownership  of  New  York  Land. 
GRACE  ELLIS  TAFT. 

TUESDAY,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—8  P.  M. 
Joint  Session. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  AUDITORIUM. 

F.  W.  HODGE,  Chairman. 

Pocomchi  Notes.     (Read  by  title.) 

ADELA  C.  BRETON,  F.  R.  A.  I.,  London,  England. 

Recent  Developments  in  the  Study  of  Indian  Music. 

FRANCES  DENSMORE,  Special  Investigator  in  Indian  Music  for  the 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

Concepts  of  Nature  among  American  Natives.     (Read  by  title.) 

ALICE  C.  FLETCHER,  Holder  of   the  Thaw  Fellowship,  Peabody 
Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Pictures  of  the  Eskimo  Culture  near  Cape  Farewell,  South  Greenland. 

(Illustrated  with  slides.)     (Read  by  title.) 
WILLIAM  THALBITZER,  Copenhagen,  Denmark. 

Comparative  Study  of  Pawnee  and  Blackfoot  Rituals.     (Read  by  title.) 
CLARK  WISSLER,  Curator  of  Anthropology,  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History. 

The  Beaver  Indians. 

PUNY  EARLE  GODDARD,  Curator  of  Ethnology,  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History. 


172       FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Omaha  and  Osage  Traditions  of  Separation. 

FRANCIS  LA  FLESCHE,  Ethnologist,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

Pathological  Principles  in  Magic. 
F.  SCHLEITER. 


WEDNESDAY,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—9  A.  M. 
Joint  Session. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  AUDITORIUM. 

WILLIAM  H.  HOLMES,  Chairman. 

What  the  United  States  Government  has  done  for  Anthropology. 

F.  W.  HODGE,  Ethnologist  in  Charge,  Bureau  of  American  Eth- 
nology. 

The  United  States  Government  and  the  Indians.     (Read  by  title.) 
CATO  SELLS,  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs. 

The  Genesis  of  the  American  Indian. 

A.  HRDLICKA,  Curator,  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  United 
States  National  Museum. 

The  Passing  of  the  Indian. 

JAMES  MOONEY,  Ethnologist,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

Inheritance  of  Stature. 

CHARLES  BENEDICT  DAVENPORT,  Director,  Department  of  Experi- 
mental Evolution,  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  Cold  Spring 
Harbor,  N.  Y. 

The  Precolumbian  Indians  of  the  Eastern  Extremity  of  Cuba. 
Luis  MONTANA,  University  of  Habana,  Cuba. 

Jade  in  Brazil. 

A.  C.  SlMOENS  DA  SlLVA. 

Cougar  Motif  in  Peruvian  Art. 
JULIO  TELLO. 

Ethnographical  Origins  of  Colombia. 
CARLOS  CUERVO  MARQUEZ. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       173 

WEDNESDAY,  DECEMBER  29,   1915—2  P.  M. 
Joint  Session. 

GEORGETOWN  UNIVERSITY. 

Rev.  A.  J.  DONLON,  S.  J.,  Chairman. 

Early  Jesuit  Missions  in  North  America. 
Rev.  JOHN  F.  X.  O'CoNOR,  S.  J. 

Early  Pueblo  Indian  Missions  in  New  Mexico. 
BRADFORD  PRINCE. 

Le  Verbe  dans  les  Adjectives  et  les  Adverbs  Porteurs. 
A.  G.  MORICE,  O.  M.  I. 

The  Aleutian  Language  Compared  with  the  Greenlandic.     (Read  by  title.) 
WILLIAM  THALBITZER,  Copenhagen,  Denmark. 

Ballads  Surviving  in  the  United  States. 

C.  ALPHONSO  SMITH,  Poe  Professor  of  English,  University  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

Two  Notes  on  Spanish  Folklore.     (Read  by  title.) 
G,  G.  KING. 

The  League  of  the  Iroquois. 

J.  N.  B.  HEWITT,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

The  Sacred  Literature  of  the  Cherokee. 

JAMES  MOONEY,  Ethnologist,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

Lexicology  of  the  Names  of  the  Indian  God.     (Read  by  title.) 

J.  A.  CAPARO,  Dean,  Department  of  Electrical  Engineering,  Uni- 
versity of  Notre  Dame,  Indiana. 

THURSDAY,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—9.30  A.  M. 
Joint  Session. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  AUDITORIUM. 

PLINY  EARLE  GODDARD,  Chairman. 

Preliminary  Remarks  on  the  Skeletal  Material  Collected  by  the  Jesup 

Expedition. 
BRUNO  OETTEKING,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 


174      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Excavations  on  the  Abbott  Farm  at  Trenton,  N.  J.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 
CLARK  WISSLER,  Curator  of  Anthropology,  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  with  C.  A.  REEDS  and  LESLIE  SPIER. 

Excavations  of  a  Pre-Lenape  Site  in  New  Jersey. 
E.  W.  HAWKES,  Wistar  Institute. 

Prehistoric  Sites  in  the  State  of  Maine. 

WARREN  K.  MOOREHEAD,  Curator,  Department  of  Archaeology, 
Phillips  Academy. 

The  Origin  and   Various  Types  of  Mounds  in  Eastern   United  States. 

(Read  by  title.) 
DAVID  I.  BUSHNELL,  Jr.,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

Explorations  of  the  Mounds  and  Caverns  of  Tennessee.     (Illustrated  with 

slides.) 
W.  E.  MvER,  President,  Tennessee  Academy  of  Science. 

The  Wesley  an  University  Collections  of  Antiquities  from  Tennessee.     (Illus- 
trated with  slides.) 

Some  Mounds  of  Eastern  Tennessee.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 

GEORGE  GRANT  MACCURDY,  Assistant  Professor  of  Archaeology  and 
Curator  of  the  Anthropological  Collections,  Yale  University  Mu- 
seum. 

Zuni  Conception  and  Pregnancy  Beliefs. 
ELSIE  CLEWS  PARSONS. 

Recent  Discoveries  in  the  Region  of  the  Tano  Indians.     (Illustrated  with 

slides.) 
N.  C.  NELSON. 

Explorations  in  the  Ozark  Mountains  of  Missouri. 

CHARLES  PEABODY,  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

The  Nacoochee  Mound,   White  County,   Ga.     (Illustrated   with  slides.) 

(Read  by  title.) 

GEORGE  H.  PEPPER,  Museum  of  the  American  Indian,  New  York 
City. 

Observations  on  Some  Shell  Mounds  on  the  East  Coast  of  Florida. 

AMOS  W.  BUTLER,  Secretary,  Indiana  Board  of  State  Charities. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       175 

The  Desirability  of  Uniform  Laws  Throughout  the  Pan  American  Countries 
for  the  Protection  of  Antiquities,  the  Systematic  Promotion  of  Anthro- 
pological Research  and  the  Collection  and  Scientific  Treatment  of 
Museum  Material. 
MAX  UHLE. 

American  Archaeology  in  Modern  Civilization. 
PEDRO  P.  TRAVERSARI. 


THURSDAY,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—2  P.  M. 
Joint  Session  A. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  AUDITORIUM. 

GEORGE  I/.  BURR,  Chairman. 

The  Social  Revolution  of  the  Eighteenth  Century  in  South  America. 
BERNARD  MOSES,  University  of  California. 

Notes  on  the  Compilation  of  the  Laws  of  Indias  by  Solorzano  y  Pinelo. 

RAFAEL  ALTAMIRA,  Professor  in  the  Diplomatic  Institute,  Madrid, 
Spain. 

The  Archives  of  the  Indies:  History  of  and  Suggestion  for  their  Exploitation. 

(Read  by  title.) 

RoscoE  R.  HII.IV,    Associate    Professor,    Department    of    History, 
University  of  New  Mexico. 

Precolumbian  Americana.     (Read  by  title.) 

PAUL  BROCKETT,  Assistant  librarian,  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Le  Vinland — Sa  Localisation  Probable. 

ALPHONSE  GAGNON,  Secretary,  Department  of  Public  Works  and 
Labor,  Quebec  Provincial  Government. 

Indications  of  Visits  of  White  Men  to  America  before  Columbus.     (Illus- 
trated with  slides.) 
WILLIAM  H.  BABCOCK. 

The  Origin  and  Destruction  of  a  National  Indian  Portrait  Gallery. 

F.  W.  HODGE,  Ethnologist  in  Charge,  Bureau  of  American  Eth- 
nology. 

The  Indians  and  their  Culture  as  Described  in  the  Swedish  and  Dutch 

Records  of  1614  to  1664. 
AMANDUS  JOHNSON,  Instructor  in  University  of  Pennsylvania. 


1 76      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Sources  of  Cuban  Ecclesiastical  History. 

Rev.  CHARLES  W.  CURRIER,  Bishop  of  Hetalonia. 

Oracles  of  the  Saints.     (Read  by  title.) 
PHILLIPS  BARRY. 

Some  Aspects  of  the  Land  as  a  Factor  in  Mexican  History.     (Read  by 

title.) 
LEON  DOMINIAN. 


THURSDAY,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—2  P.  M. 
Joint  Session  B. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  ROOM  42. 

ADELA  C.  BRETON,  Chairman. 

The  Social  Significance  of  the  Creek  Confederacy. 

JOHN  R.  Sw ANTON,  Ethnologist,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

Terms  of  Relationship  and  the  Lemrate. 

E.  SAPIR,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. 

The  Relationship  Terms  of  the  Crow  and  Hidatsa  Indians. 

ROBERT  H.  LowiE,  Assistant  Curator,  Department  of  Anthropology, 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City. 

Sank  and  Fox  Notes. 

TRUMAN  MICHELSON,  Ethnologist,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

The  Diffusion  of  Culture:  A  Critique.     (Read  by  title.) 
Totemic  Complexes  in  North  America.     (Read  by  title.) 

A.   A.  GOLDENWEISER,  Instructor  in  Anthropology,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, New  York  City. 

The  Huron-Wyandot  Clans. 

The  Growth  of  the  Tsimshian  Phratries. 

C.  M.  BARBEAU,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. 

Herb  Medicine  Practices  of  the  Northeastern  Algonkins.     (Read  by  title.) 
FRANK  G.  SPECK,  Assistant  Professor  of  Anthropology,  University 
of  Pennsylvania. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       177 

The  'Culture  of  a  Prehistoric  Iroquois  Site  in  Eastern  Ontario. 
W.  J.  WINTEMBERG,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. 

Distribution  of  Salish  Dialects. 
H.  K.  HAEBERLIN. 


FRIDAY,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—9.30  A.  M. 
Joint  Session. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  AUDITORIUM. 

WILLIAM  H.  HOLMES,  Chairman. 

The  Place  of  Archeology  in  Human  History.     (Read  by  title.) 

W.  H.  HOLMES,  Head  Curator,  Department  of  Anthropology, 
United  States  National  Museum;  Curator,  National  Gallery  of 
Art. 

The  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Maya  Civilization  in  the  Light  of  the  Monuments 

and  the  Native  Chronicles.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 
SYLVANUS  G.  MORLEY,  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington. 

Recent  Progress  in  the  Study  of  Maya  Art.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 
HERBERT  J.  SPINDEN,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

The  Chilan  Balam  Books  and  the  Possibility  of  their  Translation. 

ALFRED  M.  TOZZER,  Assistant  Professor  of  Anthropology,  Harvard 
University. 

Climatic  Influences  on  the  Southern  Maya  Civilization. 
ELLSWORTH  HUNTINGTON,  Yale  University. 

Recent  Excavations  in  Northern  Yucatan.     (Illustrated.) 

EDWARD  H.  THOMPSON,  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Excavations  in  the  Department  of  Peten,  Guatemala.     (Illustrated  with 

slides.) 
RAYMOND  E.  MERWIN,  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Archaeological  Studies  in  Northwestern  Honduras. 

MARSHALL  H.  SAVILLE,   Professor  of  Archaeology,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity. 
27750—16 12 


1  78      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  North  Building  of  the  Great  Ball  Court,  Chicken  Itza,   Yucatan. 
(Illustrated  with  slides.) 

C.  BRETON,  F.  R.  A.  I.,  London,  England. 


The  Maya  Zodiac  of  Santa  Rita.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 

STANSBURY  HAGAR,  Secretary,  Department  of  Ethnology,  Brook- 
lyn Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

New  Methods  in  Ethnographic  Photography. 
FREDERICK  I.  MONSEN. 


FRIDAY,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—2  P.  M. 
Joint  Session. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  AUDITORIUM. 

The  Hotun  as  the  Principal  Chronological  Unit  of  the  Old  Maya  Empire. 

(Illustrated  with  slides.) 
SYLVANUS  G.  MORI.EY,  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington. 

Indian  Languages  of  Guatemala* 
ADRIAN  RECINOS. 

Eine  Verzierte  Baumcalebasse  aus  dem  Sumo-Gebiet,  Nicaragua.     (Read 

by  title.) 
Dr.  K.  SAPPER. 

The  Discovery  of  the  First  Indian  Graves  of  Cuba. 

Luis  MONTANA,  Professor  of  Anthropology,  and  Director  of  the 
Laboratory  and  Museum  of  Anthropology,  University  of  Habana, 
Habana,  Cuba. 

Porto  Rican  Burial  Caves.     (Read  by  title.) 
ROBERT  T.  AITKEN. 

Incense  Burners  from  a  Cave  near  Orizaba.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 

H.  NEWELI,  WARDLE,  Assistant,  Department  of  Archaeology,  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

The  Archaeology  and  Physical  Anthropology  of  Teneriffe* 
E.  A.  HOOTON,  Harvard  University. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       179 

On  the  Origin  and  Distribution  of  Agriculture  in  America. 

HERBERT  J.  SPINDEN,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

The  Ruins  of  Yucu-Tichyo.     (Illustrated  with  slides.)     (Read  by  title.) 
CONSTANTINE  G.  RiCKARDS,  British  Vice  Consul,  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Indian  Ruins  of  Guatemala.     (Read  by  title.) 
FERNANDO  CRUZ. 

The  Alaculoofs  and   Yaglans  of  Tierra  del  Fuego.     (Illustrated  with 

slides.) 
CHARLES  W.  FURLONG. 


MONDAY,  JANUARY  3,  1916—1.30  P.  M. 
Dr.  WILLIAM  H.  HOLMES,  Chairman. 

Notes  on  the  Folklore  of  the  Peruvian  Indians. 

FEDERICO   ALFONSO   PEZET,    Envoy    Extraordinary   and    Minister 
Plenipotentiary  from  Peru. 

Early  Graves  of  Nasco  Valley. 
JULIO  C.  TELLO. 

The  Mural  Paintings  of  Ancient  Yucatan.     (Read  by  title.) 
ADELE  BRETON,  London,  England  (National  Hotel,  City). 

Trepanation  of  the  Cranium  and  its  Representation  in  the  Pottery  of  Peru. 
Artificial  Deformation  of  the  Cranium  in  Ancient  Peru. 
Variations  in  the  Lambda  of  the  Cranium  of  the  Ancient  Peruvians* 
The  Middle  Cerebral  Fossa  in  Ancient  Peruvian  Craniums. 
CARLOS  MORALES  MACEDO. 

The  Permanent  Teeth,  with  Especial  Reference  to  American  Children. 

ROBERT  BENNETT  BEAN,  Professor  of  Anatomy,  School  of  Medicine, 
Tulane  University,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Origin  of  Man.     (Read  by  title.) 
ANTENOR  SoLfs. 

Something  about  the  Linguistic  of  Bolivia.     (Read  by  title.) 
IGNACIO  TERAN. 


180      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

A  Study  of  the  Mongolian  Mancha  Sacra  in  La  Paz.     (Read  by  title.) 
NESTOR  MORALES  VILLAZON,  Director  of  the  National  Institute  of 
Bacteriology  (Bolivia). 

The  Fossil  Man  of  Cuba.     (Read  by  title.) 
Luis  MONTANA. 

Study  of  the  Prehistorical  Man  of  the  High  Plateau  of  Bolivia.     (Read  by 

title.) 
M.  RIGOBERTO  PAREDES. 

The  Races  and  Nationalities  in  America.     (Read  by  title.) 

JOSE;  INGENIEROS,  Professor  of  Anthropology  in   the  University  of 
Buenos  Aires. 

On  Certain  Archceologic  Studies.     (Read  by  title.) 

On  the  Predynastic  Egyptian  Boats  on  Painted  Vases.     (Read  by  title.) 

A.  CHILDE,  Keeper  of  Archaeology  in  the  National  Museum,   Rio 
de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 

The  Indians  of  fiSerra  do  Norte,"  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil.      (Read  by  title.) 

B.  ROQUETTE  PINTO,  National  Museum  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

The  Desirability  of  Uniform  Laws  Throughout  the  Pan  American  Countries 
for  the  Protection  of  Antiquities,  the  Systematic  Promotion  of  An- 
thropological Research  and  the  Collection  and  Scientific  Treatment 
of  Museum  Material.     (Read  by  title.) 
SAMUEL  LAINEZ. 

The  Desirability  of  Uniform  Laws  Throughout  the  Pan  American  Countries 
for  the  Protection  of  Antiquities,  the  Systematic  Promotion  of  An- 
thropological Research  and  the  Collection  and  Scientific  Treatment 
of  Museum  Material.  (Read  by  title.) 

GEORGES  ROUMA,  Director  General  of  Education  of  the  Republic  of 
Bolivia. 

Physical  Anthropology  of  the  Primitive  Tribes  of  South  America.     (Read 

by  title.) 
MARTIN  GUSINDE,  Professor,  L/iceo  Aleman,  Santiago  de  Chile. 

The  Desirability  of  Uniform  Laws  Throughout  the  Pan  American  Countries 
for  the  Protection  of  Antiquities,  the  Systematic  Promotion  of  An- 
thropological Research  and  the  Collection  and  Scientific  Treatment 
of  Museum  Material.     (Read  by  title.) 
ADRIAN  RECINOS. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS.       l8l 
TUESDAY,  JANUARY  4,  1916—9.30  A.  M. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  AUDITORIUM. 

ERNESTO  QUESADA,  Chairman. 

The  Pukara  Vases  of  Tilcara  of  the  Pelike  Type  Compared  with  Those  of 

Machu  Pichu. 
JUAN  M.  AMBROSETTI. 

The  Grindstones  of  the  Primitive  Inhabitants  of  Cabo  Frio.     (Illustrated 
with  slides.) 

A.  C.  SlMOENS  DA  SlLVA. 

The  Teotihuacan  Culture. 
The  Last  Cultural  Period  of  Azteca  Type. 
The  Archaeological  Chart. 
Charts  of  Cultural  Zones. 
MANUEL  GAMIO. 

The  Onas  and  Haush  of  Tierra  del  Fuego.     (Illustrated  with  slides.) 
CHARLES  W.  FURLONG. 

The  Racial  Factor  in  Delinquency. 

A  Comparative  Study  of  the  Mentality  of  the  American  Negro. 
THOMAS  WILLIAMS. 

The  Desirability  of  Uniform  Laws  Throughout  the  Pan  American  Countries 
for  the  Protection  of  Antiquities,  the  Systematic  Promotion  of  Anthro- 
pological Research,  and  the  Collection  and  Scientific.  Treatment  of 
Museum  Material.     (Read  by  title.) 
ABRAHAM  ALVAREZ  S. 

Archaeological  Researches  in  Mexico.     (Read  by  title.) 
Luis  CASTILLO  L/EDON. 

Present  State  of  our  Knowledge  of  the  South  American  Indians,  with  a  Lin- 
guistic Map.     (Illustrated  with  slides.)     (Read  by  title.) 
RUDOLPH  SCHULLER. 

On  the  Relative  Complexity  of  Male  and  Female  Brains. 

E.  E.  SOUTHARD,  Director  Psychopathic  Department,  Boston  State 
Hospital. 

Paleolithic  Station  of  Talta.     (Read  by  title.) 
AURELIANO  OYARZUN,  Santiago  de  Chile. 

The  Pueblo  Culture  and  its  Relationships. 

J.  WALTER  FEWKES,  Ethnologist  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 


SECTION    II.— ASTRONOMY,    METEOROLOGY,    AND 
SEISMOLOGY. 


ROBERT  S.  WOODWARD,  Chairman. 

ANGEL  C£SAR  RIVAS,  Corresponding  Secretary. 


Subsection  A. — Astronomy  and  Geodesy. 
Subsection  B. — Meteorology  and  Seismology. 


Subsection  A. 

FIRST  SESSION,  TUESDAY,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—9.30  A.  M. 

ROBERT  S.  WOODWARD,  Chairman. 
Address  of  Welcome  by  ROBERT  S.  WOODWARD. 

Astronomical  Work  in  South  America.  S.  I.  BAILEY,  Harvard  College 
Observatory,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Status  [of  Magnetic  Surveys  in  South  America.  L.  A.  BAUER,  Director, 
Department  of  Terrestrial  Magnetism,  Carnegie  Institution  of 
Washington,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Topographic  Triangulation  of  the  Right  Margin  of  the  Yaguaron  and 
Yaguaron  Chico  Rivers  and  the  Arroyo  de  la  Mina.  JULIO  S. 
ROLETTI.  (Read  by  SOLON  I.  BAILEY.) 

Work  of  Observatory  at  La  Plata,  Argentina.     W.  J.  HusSEY,  Director 

of  Detroit  Observatory,  University  of  Michigan. 

183 


1 84      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Subsection  B. 
FIRST  SESSION,  TUESDAY,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—2.30  P.  M. 

CHARLES   F.    MARVIN,   Chief   of    the   United   States   Weather   Bureau, 

Chairman. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  C.  F.  MARVIN,  chairman  of  the 
subsection,  who  delivered  an  address  of  welcome. 
The  following  papers  were  read : 

Investigations  on  the  Prediction  of  Barometric  Variations.     Rev.  S.  SARA- 
SOLA,  S.  J. 
Discussion  by  Messrs.  LURQUIN  and  FRANKENFIELD. 

Origin  and  Course  of  West  Indian  Hurricane.     J.  C.  MILL  As. 

Discussion  by  Messrs.  SARASOLA  and  GUTIERREZ  LANZA. 
Thunderstorms.     W.  H.  ALEXANDER.     (Read  by  A.  J.  HENRY.) 
Discussion  by  Messrs.  CHURCH,  CLAYTON,  and  PEABODY. 

Agricultural  Meteorology.     J.  WARREN  SMITH. 

Discussion  by  Messrs.  CHURCH,  FRANKENFIELD,  and  VOORHEES. 

Subsection  A. 
SECOND  SESSION,  WEDNESDAY,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—9.30  A.  M. 

ROBERT  S.  WOODWARD,  President  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Wash- 
ington, Chairman. 

The  Electric  Current.  BAUTISTA  LASGOYTI.  (Read  in  abstract  by 
ROBERT  S.  WOODWARD.) 

Some  Phenomena  of  Cryptochroism.  GUSTAVO  MICHAUD  and  J.  FIDEL 
TRISTAN.  (Read  in  abstract  by  .ROBERT  S.  WOODWARD.) 

The  Astrographic  Catalogue,  Zones  17°  to  23°.  ISMAEL  GAJARDO  REYES, 
Subdirector  of  the  Observatory  and  Head  of  the  Astrographic 
Department,  Santiago,  Chile.  (Read  by  SOLON  I.  BAILEY.) 

A  Pan  American  Reform  in  the  Calendar;  Decimal,  Perpetual,  and  Tropical. 
R.  AGUILAR  BATRES.  (Read  in  abstract  by  ROBERT  S.  WOOD- 
WARD.) 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       185 

Investigation  of  the  Pivots  of  the  igo  m.  m.  Meridian  Circle  of  the  Argentine 
National  Observatory  at  Cordoba.  C.  D.  PERRINE,  Director  of 
the  National  Observatory  of  Argentina,  Cordoba.  (Read  by  W.  J. 

HUSSEY.) 

Stability  of  the  New  Repsold  Meridian  Circle  of  the  Cordoba  Observatory. 
C.  D.  PERRINE.  (Read  by  W.  S.  EICHELBERGER.) 

Some  Indications  of  Spiral  Motion  in  our  Stellar  System.  C.  D.  PERRINE. 
(Read  by  F.  H.  SEARES.) 

Resolutions  Presented  to  the  Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress. 
SILV^STRE  MATO,  Chief  of  the  Geographic-Military  Service  of  the 
Republic  of  Uruguay.  (Read  by  SOLON  I.  BAILEY.) 

Resolutions  of  Geodetic  Triangulations  and  Cadastral  Surveys.  NICOLAS 
H.  PIAGGIO.  (Read  by  SOLON  I.  BAILEY.) 


Subsection  B. 
SECOND  SESSION,  WEDNESDAY,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—2.30  P.  M. 

CHARLES   F.    MARVIN,  Chairman. 
Climatic    Control    of    Cropping   Systems    and   Farm   Operations.     J.    F. 

VOORHEES. 

Discussion  by  Messrs.  FASSIG  and  SMITH. 

The  Climate  of  Cuba.     Rev.  M.  GUTIERREZ  LANZA,  S.  J. 
Discussion  by  J.  C.  MILLAS. 

The  Pleionian  Fluctuations  of  Climate.     H.  ARCTOWSKI. 

Discussion  by  Messrs.  HUNTINGTON,  CLAYTON,  HOBBS,  and  KULL- 

MER. 

The  Ferret  Doctrine  of  Polar  Calms  and  Its  Disproof  in  Recent  Observa- 
tions.    W.  W.  HOBBS. 
Discussion  by  H.  H.  CLAYTON. 

The  Meteorological  Influences  of  Lakes.     (Read  by  title.) 
E.  R.  MILLER. 

The  Position  of  Meteorology  Among  the  Sciences.     (Read  by  title.) 
C.  F.  VON  HERRMANN. 


1 86      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Subsection  B. 

THIRD  SESSION,  THURSDAY,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—9.30  A.  M. 
C.  F.  MARVIN,  Chairman. 

Frequency,  Amount,  and  Characteristics  of  Rainfall  and  Hailstorms  at 
Villa  Colon,  Montevideo,  from  1888  to  1914.  (Read  by  title.) 

LUIS   MORANDI. 

The  Climate  of  Salt  Lake  City.     A.  H.  THIESSEN. 
Discussion  by  Messrs.  FASSIG  and  WELLS. 

The  River  Plate.     (Read  by  title.) 
HAMLET  BAZZANO. 

The  Economic  Aspects  of  Cliraatology.     EDWARD  L.  WELLS. 
Discussion  by  J.  W.  SMITH. 

Sleet  and  Ice  Storms  in  the  United  States.     H.  C.  FRANKENFIELD. 
Discussion  by  Messrs.  HENRY,  ARCTOWSKI,  BROOKS,  and  BLAIR. 

Forecasts  of  Weather  Favorable  to  the  Increase  of  Forest  Fires.     E.  A. 

BEALS. 
Discussion  by  Messrs.  WELLS  and  HENRY. 

Subsection  A. 

THIRD  SESSION,  FRIDAY,  DECEMBER  31,  1915. 
ROBERT  S.  WOODWARD,  Chairman. 

Determination  of  the  Earth's  Shape  by  Simultaneous  Astronomical  Observa- 
tions in  North  and  South  America.  ERNEST  BROWN,  Yale  Uni- 
versity. 

Desirability  and  Practicability  of  Covering  the  South,  Central,  and  North 
American  Areas  with  a  Network  of  Precise  Triangulation.  R.  S. 
WOODWARD,  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington. 

Desirability  and  Practicability  of  Extending  a  Gravimetric  Survey  over  the 
South,  Central,  and  North  American  Areas.  R.  S.  WOODWARD, 
Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       187 

Costs  of  Primary  Triangulation,  Including  Determinations  of  Latitude, 
Longitude,  and  Azimuth.  WILLIAM  BOWIE,  United  States  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Work  at  Lick  Observatory: 

(a)  At  Mount  Hamilton,  California,     (b)  In  Chile,  South  America. 
(Read  by  title.)     W.  W.  CAMPBELL,  Director  of  Lick  Observatory. 

Costs  of  Relative  Gravity  Determinations  by  Aid  of  Half -second  Pendulums. 
WILLIAM  BOWIE,  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Progress  of  the  Work,  Optical  and  Mechanical,  on  the  72-inch  Reflecting 
Telescope  for  the  Canadian  Observatory  at  Vancouver.  JOHN  A. 
BRASHEAR. 

Work  of  Mount  Wilson  Solar  Observatory.  F.  H.  SEARES,  Carnegie  Insti- 
tution of  Washington. 


Subsection  B. 

FOURTH  SESSION,  FRIDAY,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—2.30  P.  M. 
C.  F.  MARVIN,  Chairman. 

Monthly  Storm  Frequency  in  the  United  States.     C.  J.  KULLMER. 
Discussion  by  Messrs,  HENRY,  ARCTOWSKI,  and  HUNTINGTON. 

The   Thunderstorm  of  the    United  States   as   Climatic   Phenomena.     R. 

DEC.  WARD. 
Discussion  by  Messrs.  Cox  and  ARCTOWSKI. 

Solar  A  ctivity,  Cyclonic  Storms,  and  Climatic  Changes.     ELLSWORTH  HUNT- 
INGTON. 
Discussion  by  F.  E.  NIPHER. 

The  Influence  of  the  Great  Lakes  upon  the  Movement  of  High  and  Low 

Pressure  Areas.     H.  J.  Cox. 
Discussion  by  Messrs.  CHURCH,  HENRY,  and  CLAYTON. 

The  Duration  and  Intensity  of  Tropical  Rains.     O.  L.  FASSIG. 


1 88      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Subsection  B. 

FIFTH  SESSION,  MONDAY,  JANUARY  3,  1916—9.30  A.  M. 
CHARLES  F.  MARVIN,  Chairman. 

Climatic  Fluctuations  in  Historic  Times.     Rev.  ANTONIO  GALAN,  S.  J. 
Discussion  by  Father  GUTIERREZ  LANZA. 

Temperature   Conditions   at   New  Orleans,   as   Influenced   by  Subsurface 

Drainage.     I.  M.  CLINE. 

Discussion  by  Messrs.  SMITH,  Cox,  NIPHER,  CLAYTON,  FASSIG,  and 
HUMPHREYS. 

Snow  Surveying — Its  Problems  and  Their  Solution.     J.  K.  CHURCH. 
Discussion  by  Messrs.  THIESSEN  and  WELLS. 

Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Solar  Relations  of  Meteorology.     (Read 
by  title.)     GERMAN  BARBATTO  and  PEDRO  ESQUERRE;. 

The  Callendar  Sunshine  Recorder.     (Read  by  title.)     A.  H.  DOUGLASS. 

Measurements  of  the  Intensity  of  Solar  and  Sky  Radiation.     H.  H.  KIM- 
BALL. 
Discussion  bv  L.  A.  BAUER. 


Atmospheric   Electric   Observations   Aboard   the   ''Carnegie."     W.    F.   G. 

SWANN.  . 
Discussion  by  Messrs.  HUMPHREYS  and  BAUER. 


Frost  in  the  United  States.     WILLIAM  GARDNER  REED. 

Discussion  by  Messrs.  FASSIG,  CLAYTON,  and  VOORHEES. 

Some  Results  of  Aerological  Observations.     W.  R.  BLAIR. 


Subsection  B. 
SIXTH  SESSION,  WEDNESDAY,  JANUARY  5,  1916—9.30  A.  M. 

CHARLES  F.  MARVIN,  Chairman. 
Fog  Forecasting  in  the  United  States.     (Read  by  title.)     H.  C.  FRANK- 

ENFIELD. 

River  Service  of  the  Weather  Bureau.     (Read  by  title.)     A.  J.  HENRY. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       189 

The  Principles  Involved  in  Predicting  High-Water  Stages  in  "Flashy" 
Streams,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Scheme  for  the  Savannah 
River  at  Augusta,  Ga.  (Read  by  title.)  E.  D.  EMIGH. 

Forecasts  of  River  Stages  and  Floods  in  the  Ohio  Valley — Their  Importance 
to  Commerce  and  in  Conserving  Life  and  Property.  (Read  by 

title.)    W.  C.  DEVEREAUX. 

The  Principal  Geophysical  Bases  of  Modern  Seismology.  (Read  by  title.) 
SANTIAGO  I.  BARBARENA. 

Organization  of  Macroseismological  Observations  in  America.  (Read  by 
title.)  Count  de  MONTESSUS  DE  BALLORE. 

Wind  Velocity  and  Elevation.     W.  J.  HUMPHREYS. 

The  Collection  of  the  Seismological  Data  in  the  United  States.     W.  J.  HUM- 
PHREYS. 
Discussion  by  T.  A.  JAGGAR. 

Bolivian  Meteorology.     CONSTANT  LURQUIN. 
Discussion  by  Father  SARASOLA. 

First  Steps  of  Venezuela  in  the  Field  of  Meteorology.  (Read  by  title.) 
Luis  UGUETO. 

General  Organization  of  the  Services  of  the  National  Meteorological  Bureau 
of  Uruguay.  (Read  by  title.)  HAMLET  BAZZANO. 

Present   Condition  of  Meteorology  and  Seismology  in  Honduras.     Luis    . 
LANDA. 

Resume  of  the  Organization  of  the  Meteorological  Service  of  Chile.  (Con- 
tributed by  the  Institute  Central  Meteorologico  y  Geofisico  de 
Chile.  (Read  by  title.) 

National  Observatory  of  the  Republic  of  Cuba.  Brief  sketch  of  the  serv- 
ices established  under  the  direction  of  this  observatory.  (Read 
by  title.)  Luis  G.  Y  CARBONELL. 

The  Argentine  Meteorological  Service.     H.  H.  CLAYTON. 
Discussion  by  Messrs.  SMITH  and  TALMAN. 

Contributions  to  Colombian  Meteorology.  (Read  by  title.)  JORGE  ALVA- 
REZ HERAS. 

The  Organization  of  Meteorology  and  Seismology  in  the  United  States. 
C.  F.  MARVIN. 


SECTION  III.— CONSERVATION  OF  NATURAL  RESOURCES. 


GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL,  Chairman. 
EDWIN  W.  ALLEN,  Vice  Chairman. 
RAYMOND  A.  PEARSON,  Secretary. 
C.  W.  SUTTON,  Corresponding  Secretary. 


Subsection  1. — Conservation  of  Mineral  Resources. 

Subsection  2. — Conservation  of  Forests. 

Subsection  3. — Conservation  of  Water  for  Power. 

Subsection  4. — Irrigation. 

Subsection  5. — Conservation  of  the  Animal  Industry. 

Subsection  6. — Conservation  of  the  Plant  Industry. 

Subsection  7. — Marketing  and  Distribution  of  Agricultural  Products. 


TUESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  OAK  ROOM. 

First  General  Session  of  Section  ILL — Conservation  of  Natural  Resources. 
GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL,  Chairman. 

Conservation  and  Economic  Theory. 

RICHARD  T.  ELY,  University  of  Wisconsin. 

The  Economic  Bearing  of  Future  Trading  in  Agricultural  Commodities. 
HENRY  C.  EMERY,  Yale  University. 

Conservation  in  Its  Relation  to  Industrial  Evolution. 
R.  H.  HESS,  University  of  Wisconsin. 

191 


192      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 
TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  OAK  ROOM. 

General  Session  of  Section  TTT — Continued. 
DAVID  FAIRCHILD,  Chairman. 

A  Forest  Policy  for  a  Nation. 

H.  S.  GRAVES,  Chief,  United  States  Forest  Service. 

The  People's  Interest  in  Water  Power  Resources. 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Director,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

The  Relation  of  Government  to  the  Marketing  Problem. 

B.  T.  GALLOWAY,  Dean,  College  of  Agriculture,  Cornell  University. 

TUESDAY  NIGHT,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—8.30  O'CLOCK. 

PAN  AMERICAN  HALL. 

Joint  Session  of  Section  in  with  Sections  V  and  VH. 
W.  L.  SAUNDERS,  Chairman. 

The  Conservation  of  Human  Energy. 

T.  N.  CARVER,  Harvard  University. 

The  Functions  of  Foods  in  Securing  National  Efficiency. 
H.  W.  WILEY. 

Work  of  the  U.  S.  Office  of  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds. 

Col.  W.  W.  HARTS,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army. 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsection  1,  Section  m,  with  Subsection  1,  Section  VII. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  ENGLISH  ROOM. 

Methods  and  Cost  of  Obtaining  Crude  Petroleum. 

THOMAS  Cox,  Consulting  Engineer,  Oakland,  Cal. 

Legal  and  Economic  Factors  in  the  Conservation  of  Oil  and  Gas. 
ROSWELL  H.  JOHNSON,  University  of  Pittsburgh. 

Extent,  Mode  of  Occurrence,  and  Probable  Yield  of  the  Petroleum  Fields  of 

Argentina. 

E.  M.  HERMITTE,   Chief,  Division  of  Mining  and  Geology,  Buenos 
Aires,  Argentina. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       193 
Joint  Session  of  Subsection  3,  Section  III,  with  Subsections  3  and  4,  Section  V. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  GREEN  ROOM. 

J.  B.  WHITEHEAD  and  N.  C.  GROVER,  Chairmen. 

State  Regulation  of  Water  Powers. 

HALFORD  ERICKSON,  Chairman,  Railroad  Commission  of  Wisconsin. 

Electrochemical  Industries. 

G.  A.  ROUSH,  Professor,  Lehigh  University. 

The  Industrial  Applications  of  Electricity. 
PHILIP  TORCHIO,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Present  Status  of  Water-power  Development. 

H.  W.  BUCK,  49  Wall  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Laws  Governing  Running  Water  and  Waterfalls. 

G.  CLODOMIRO  PEREIRA  DA  SILVA,  Technical  Counselor,  Ministry  of 
Agriculture,  State  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 

Laws  and  Regulations  Regarding  the  Use  of  Water  for  all  Purposes. 

ROME  G.  BROWN,   1006  Metropolitan  Life  Building,  Minneapolis, 
Minn. 

Session  of  Subsection  4. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  ROOM  911. 

Irrigation  in  the  United  States. 

SAMUEL  FORTIER,  United  States  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural 
Engineering. 

The  Water  Requirement  of  Plants  as  Influenced  by  Environment. 

LYMAN  J.  BRIGGS  and  H.  L.  SHANTZ,  United  States  Bureau  of  Plant 
Industry. 

Relation  between  Quantity  of  Irrigation  Water  Used  and  Quantity  of  Crop 

Produced. 
JOHN  A.  WIDTSOE,  President,  Agricultural  College  of  Utah. 

Adaptation  of  Methods  of  Applying  Water  to  Soils. 
S.  T.  HARDING,  University  of  California. 
27750—16 13 


194      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsection  3,  Section  m,  with  Subsection  3,  Section  V. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  OAK  ROOM. 

J.  B.  WHITEHEAD,  Chairman. 

The  White  Coal  of  Brazil  and  its  Application. 

Luis  BETIM  PAES  LEME,  Director  of  the  South  American  Fuel  Co. 

Hydroelectric  Utilization  at  Niagara  and  Elsewhere. 

MAURICE  DEUTSCH,  50  Church  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Session  of  Subsection  4. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  ENGLISH  ROOM. 

Irrigation  Districts  in  the  United  States. 

FRANK  ADAMS,  United  States  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  En- 
gineering. 

Uniformity  of  Distribution  of  Moisture  in  Soils. 

P.  B.  FULLER,  United  States  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  En- 
gineering. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK 
Joint  Session  of  Subsection  1  with  Subsection  3  of  Section  VII. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  ENGLISH  ROOM. 

M.  R.  CAMPBELL,  Chairman. 

Petroleums  and  Asphalts  in  the  United  States. 

E.  W.  SHAW,  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Petroleum  Resources  of  Ecuador. 

C.  D.  ANDRADE,  Ecuador. 

Conservation  of  the  Oil  and  Gas  Resources  of  the  Americas. 

RALPH  ARNOLD,  Consulting  Geologist  and  Engineer,  L/os  Angeles, 
Cal. 

The  Petroleum  Resources  of  Mexico. 

D.  T.  DAY,  Consulting  Chemist,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       195 

THURSDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsection  1  with  Subsection  1  of  Section  VII. 

ROOM  A,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

The  Copper  Mining  Industry  in  the  Americas. 

WALTER   HARVEY  WEED,   Geologist   and   Mining   Engineer,   New 
York,  N.  Y. 

» 

Mining,  Metallurgy,  and  Economic  Geology. 
Luis  FLEURY,  San  Salvador,  Salvador. 

The  Conservation  of  Copper. 

W.  H.  EMMONS,  State  Geologist  of  Minnesota,  University  of  Min- 
nesota. 

The  Conservation  of  Metals  by  the  Recovery  of  Scrap  or  Used  Metals. 
J.  P.  DUNLOP,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

The  Possibility  of  Treating  by  the  Cyanide  Process  the  Complex  Silver  or 

Silver-Gold  Ores  of  the  Latin  American  Republics. 
G.  H.  CLEVENGER,  Metallurgist,  Palo  Alto,  Cal. 

Cyaniding  in  South  America. 

H.  A.  MEGRAW,  Editorial  Staff,  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal, 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

Metallurgy  of  Native  Silver  Ores  in  Southwestern  Chihuahua. 

WALTER  M.  BRODIE,  Mining  Engineer  and  Metallurgist,  The  Batop- 
ilas  Mining  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Concentration  and  Metallurgy  at  the  San  Antonio  Mines. 

MIGUEL  CALLEJAS,  Director  of  the  Mining  Society,  San  Antonio  de 
Oriente,  Honduras. 

Concentration  by  Flotation. 
F.  G.  FUCHS,  Lima,  Peru. 

Joint  Session  of  Subsection  4  with  Subsection  4,  Section  V. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  ANTEROOM. 

M.  O.  LEIGHTON,  Chairman. 

Irrigation  and  Drainage. 

F.  H.  NEWELL,  University  of  Illinois. 


196      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Engineering  Work  of  the  United  States  Reclamation  Service. 

A.  P.  DAVIS,  Director,  United  States  Reclamation  Service. 

The  Irrigation  Work  of  the  Indian  Office. 

W.  M.  REED,  United  States  Indian  Office. 

Use  of  Irrigation  Waters  as  Sources  of  Power. 
GEORGE  G.  ANDERSON,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Joint  Session  of  Subsections  2,  5,  and  7. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  ENGLISH  ROOM. 

RAYMOND  H.  PEARSON,  Chairman. 

The  Function  of  Live  Stock  in  Agriculture. 

GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL,  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

The  Horse  in  Rural  Industry  and  Recreation. 
C.  W.  GAY,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Relation  Between  Wool  and  Mutton  Production  in  North  and  South 

American  Sheep  Industries. 
F.  R.  MARSHALL,  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

Government  Control  of  Grazing  on  the  Public  Lands. 
A.  F.  POTTER,  United  States  Forest  Service. 

Great  Central  Markets  for  Live  Stock  and  Meats. 

Louis  D.  HALL,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organi- 
zation. 

Truck  Crop  Marketing  on  a  Large  Scale  Under  Cooperative  Principles. 
N.  P.  WESCOTT,  Onley,  Va. 

FRIDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  2,  4,  5,  and  6,  with  Subsection  8  of  Section  IV. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  OAK  ROOM. 

A.  C.  TRUE,  Chairman. 

Phylotechnic  Studies  and  Agricultural  Experiments  in  "La  Estanzuela," 

Uruguay. 

ALBERTO  BOERGER,  Director  of  the  Experiment  Station  "La  Estan- 
zuela," Uruguay. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       197 

The  Progress  of  Agricultural  Science  in  Cuba. 

J.  T.  CRAWLEY,  Director,  Cuban  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

Extension  Education. 

KENYON  L.   BUTTERFIELD,  President,  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College. 

The  Interdependence  of  Forest  Conservation  and  Forestry  Education. 
J.  W.  TOUMEY,  Yale  University. 


Session  of  Subsection  7. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  ENGLISH  ROOM. 

FAIRFAX  HARRISON,  President,  Southern  Railway,  Chairman. 

The  Advisability  of  Collegiate  Courses  on  Marketing  and  Distribution. 
T.  N.  CARVER,  Harvard  University. 

Improved  Transportation  Service  for  Perishable  Products. 

G.  C.  WHITE,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organiza- 
tion. 

Carlot  Distribution. 

J.  S.  CRUTCHFIELD,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Trading  in  Grain  Futures. 

L.  D.  H.  WEU>,  Yale  University. 

Transportation  of  Perishable  Commodities — Need  of  Cooperation  by  Ship- 
pers with  Carriers. 
EUGENE  F.  McPiKE,  Chicago,  111. 

Opportunities  Afforded  the  Railroads  of  the  United  States  for  Profitable 

Agricultural  Development  Work. 

T.  F.  POWELL,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organi- 
zation. 

• 

The  Extent  and  Possibilities  of  Cooperation. 

C.  E.  BASSETT,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organiza- 
tion. 


198      FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

FRIDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  4,  5,  and  7. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  OAK  ROOM. 

C.  S.  SCOFIELD,  Chairman. 

The  Poultry  Industry — Its  Importance  in  Agricultural  Development. 
HARRY  M.  LAMON,  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

What  Should  be  Done  for  the  Settler. 

I.  D.  O'DoNNELL,  United  States  Reclamation  Service. 

Uniform  Grades  and  Standard  Packages. 

C.  T.  MORE,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organiza- 
tion. 

Standardization  of  Vegetables. 

S.  J.  COOK,  Silver  Creek,  N.  Y. 

Joint  Session  of  Subsection  1,  Section  HI,  with  Subsection  1,  Section  VII. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  SMALL  BANQUET  ROOM. 

JAMES  F.  CALLBREATH,  Chairman. 

Mine  Accidents  and  Uniform  Records. 

ALBERT  H.  FAY,  Mining  Engineer,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines. 

Uniformity  in  Collection  of  Statistics  of  Mineral  Production. 

EDWARD  W.  PARKER,  Director  of  the  Anthracite  Bureau  of  Infor- 
mation, Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 

Improved  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Methods  as  an  Aid  to  Conservation. 
L.  D.  RICKETTS,  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Engineer,  New  York, 
N.  Y. 

MONDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  3,  1916—9  O'CLOCK. 
General  Session  of  Section  III. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  OAK  ROOM. 

HENRY  S.  GRAVES,  Chairman. 

A  Contribution  to  the  Botany  of  the  Forest  Region  of  Southern  Patagonia. 
CRISTOBAL  HICKEN,  Professor  of  Botany,  University  of  Buenos  Aires, 
Argentina. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       199 

South  American  Forest  Resources  and  Their  Relation  to  the  World's  Timber 

Supply. 
RAPHAEL  ZON,  United  States  Forest  Service. 

The  Lesson  of  Forestry  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 
Maj.  GEORGE  P.  AHERN,  Washington,  D.  C. 

MONDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  3,  1916—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
General  Session  of  Section  HI — Continued. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  OAK  ROOM. 

GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL,  Chairman. 

The  Resources  of  Brazil. 

CUNTON  D.  SMITH,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 

Plant  Introduction  Opportunities  Open  to  All  the  Americas. 

DAVID  FAIRCHILD,  United  States  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry. 

How  an  Animal  Grows. 

H.  J.  WATERS,  President,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College. 

Securing  Settlers  for  Private  Irrigation  Projects. 
H.  G.  SHEDD,  Omaha,  Nebr. 

Securing  Settlers  for  Government  Projects. 

C.  J.  BLANCHARD,  Statistician,  United  States  Reclamation  Service. 

TUESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  4,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  1  and  3. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  OAK  ROOM. 

N.  C.  GROVER,  Chairman. 

Government  Control  of  Minerals  on  Public  Lands. 
T.  P.  CALivBREATH,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Valuation  of  Federal  Coal  Lands. 
R.  D.  HAIX,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Valuation  of  Water  Powers. 
W.  J.  HAGENAH,  Chicago,  111. 


200      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  5  and  6. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL/SMALL  BANQUET  ROOM. 

DAVID  FAIRCHILD,  Chairman. 

Cattle  Raising  and  the  Meat  Industry  in  Southern  Brazil. 
REYNALDO  PORCHAT,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 

Something  About  the  Locust  (Schitocerca  Americana)  and  the  Necessity  of 

an  International  Convention  to  Promote  its  Destruction. 
JUAN  J.  RODRIGUEZ  LUNA,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 

Possibilities  of  Intensive  Agriculture  in  Tropical  America. 
O.  F.  COOK,  United  States  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry. 

The  Animal  Organisms  of  the  Soil;  a  New  View  of  Soil  Fertility. 
N.  A.  COBB,  United  States  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry. 

The  Rdle  of  the  Dairy  Industry  in  a  System  of  National  Agricultural 
Development. 

B.  H.  RAWL,  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

The  Swine  Industry — Its  Importance  in  Agricultural  Development. 
DEWITT  C.  WING,  Chicago,  111. 

Tropical  Varieties  of  Maize. 

G.  N.  COLLINS,  United  States  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry. 

The  Institute  of  Tropical  Agriculture  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
H.  J.  WEBBER,  Riverside,  Cal. 

Session  of  Subsection  7. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  ANTEROOM. 

CHARLES  J.  BRAND,  Chairman. 

The  Marketing  of  Farm  Mortgage  Loans. 

C.  W.  THOMPSON,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organi- 
zation. 

Financing  Cooperative  Marketing  Associations. 

W.  H.  KERR,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organi- 
zation. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       2OI 

Modern  Retail  Merchandising. 

CHARLES  G.  PARLIN,  Boston,  Mass. 

The  Development  of  a  Market  News  Service. 

W.  A.  SHERMAN,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organi- 
zation. 

A  Practical  Market  System  for  Our  Large  Cities. 

G.  V.  BRANCH,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organi- 
zation. 

Developing  Foreign  Markets  for  Apples. 

C.  W.  MOOMAW,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organi- 
zation. 

The  Principles  and  Practices  of  Cooperation  Applied  to  Citrus  Production 

and  Distribution. 
G.  HAROLD  POWELL,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  4,  1916—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsection  1  with  Subsections  1  and  3  of  Section  VII. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  OAK  ROOM. 

M.  R.  CAMPBELL,  Chairman. 

The  Conservation  of  the  Phosphate  Rock  of  the  United  States. 
W.  C.  PHALEN,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Conservation  of  Iron  Ore. 

C.  K.  LEITH,  University  of  Wisconsin. 

Fuel  Situation  in  the  Andean  Plateau. 

BENJAMIN  L.  MILLER,  Professor  of  Geology,  Lehigh  University, 
and  JOSEPH  T.  SINGEWALD,  Jr.,  Associate,  Economic  Geology, 
Johns  Hopkins  University. 

Practical  Difficulties  of  Conserving  our  Fuel  Supply. 
J.  S.  BURROWS,  Norfolk,  Va. 

The  Saving  of  Coal  Through  the  Employment  of  Better  Mining  Methods. 
FRANK  HAAS,  Fairmont,  W.  Va. 


202      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  5  and  6. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  SMALL  BANQUET  ROOM. 

B.  H.  RAWL,  Chairman. 

A  Catalogue  of  the  Fish  Pertaining  to  the  Fauna  of  Guatemala. 
JUAN  J.  RODRIGUEZ  LUNA,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 

The  Conservation  of  Industrial  Plants. 

RAFAEL,  PINOL  BATRES,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 

The  Manganese  in  the  Arable  Stratum  of  Uruguay. 
J.  MAIMO  SARRASIN,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

The  Prevention  and  Eradication  of  Destructive  Animal  Diseases  and  the 
Effect  upon  Agriculture  and  the  Meat  Supply. 

A.  R.  WARD,  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

Recent  Progress  in  the  Development  of  Methods  for  the  Control  and  Treat- 
ment of  Parasites  of  Live  Stock. 

B.  H.  RANSOM,  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

Session  of  Subsection  7. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  ANTEROOM. 

CHARLES  J.  BRAND,  Chairman. 

Municipal  Terminal  Markets. 

CYRUS  C.  MILLER,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Economic  Trend  in  Wholesale  Methods  of  Fruit  Distribution. 
ARTHUR  R.  RULE,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Influence  of  Supply  on  Prices. 
A.  U.  CHANEY,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Economic  Value  of  the  Auction  as  a  Distributer  of  Perishable  Com- 
modities. 
V.  K.  McELHENEY,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Organization  by  Consumers. 

HERBERT  A.  SMITH,  Washington,  D.  C. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       203 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  5,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  1  and  3  for  Discussions  of  Pan  American  Topics. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  GREEN  ROOM. 

M.  R.  CAMPBELL,  Chairman. 

The  Federal  Government  and  the  Nation's  Mineral  Resources. 
W.  C.  MENDENHALL,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Principles  of  a  Federal  Water  Power  Policy  for  the  Public  Lands  of  the 

United  States. 
O.  C.  MERRILL,  Chief  Engineer,  United  States  Forest  Service. 

Coordination  in  the  Development  of  Our  Water  Power  Resources  with  Other 
Uses  of  Water. 

The  Water  Power  Resources  of  the  United  States. 
M.  O.  LEIGHTON,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Session  of  Subsection  2,  to  discuss  Pan  American  Topics. 

ROOM  706,  FOREST  SERVICE  BUILDING. 

H.  S.  GRAVES,  Chairman. 

The  Attitude  of  the  Government  in  the  Matter  of  National  Forests;  Rela- 
tion of  Forest  Culture  to  the  Future  Development  of  Central  and 
South  America. 
ELf  AS  LEIVA  QUIROS,  School  of  Law  of  Costa  Rica. 

The  Conservation  of  the  Natural  Sources  of  Wealth;  Agriculture,  Irrigation, 

and  Forest  Culture. 
RAUL  BRIN,  Secretary,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Panama. 

The  Attitude  of  the  Government  in  the  Matter  of  National  Forests. 
HORACIO  ECHEGOYEN,  Santiago,  Chile. 

"El  Tambu"  and  the  Destruction  of  the  "Tacuaras"  of  Paraguay. 
A.  WINKELRIED  BERTONI,  Asuncion,  Paraguay. 

Forest  Problems  and  Economic  Development  in  South  America. 
RAPHAEL  ZON,  United  States  Forest  Service. 

Scientific  Forestry  for  Latin  America. 

BARRINGTON  MOORE,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


204      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Results  of  the  First  Year's  Work  of  the  National  Commission  of  the  Argen- 
tine Flora. 
CRIST6BAL,  HICKEN,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Session  of  Subsection  4  to  Discuss  Pan  American  Topics. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  ANTEROOM. 

S.  FORTIER,  Chairman. 

State  Aid  to  Irrigation  and  Swamp  Land  Reclamation  Projects. 
C.  E.  GRUNSKY,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Public  Control  of  Irrigation  in  the  United  States. 

R.  P.  TEELE,  United  States  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engi- 
neering. 

-Irrigation  and  Public  Policy  in  Peru. 

C.  W.  SUTTON,  Civil  Engineer,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Doctrine  of  Riparian  Rights  in  the  Western  United  States. 
A.  E.  CHANDLER,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Session  of  Subsection  6  to  Discuss  Pan  American  Topics. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM. 

GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL,  Chairman. 

Pan  American  Cooperation  in  the  Quarantine  of  Plants. 

ROBERTO  SUNDBERG,  Director  de  "La  Defensa  Agrfcola,"  Monte- 
video, Uruguay. 

New  Parasites  of  the  Schitocerca  Peregrina. 
CARLOS  NOCEDO,  Guatemala. 

Cooperation  Between  the  Pan  American  Countries  in  the  Matter  of  Plant 

Quarantine  Service. 

JOHN  R.  JOHNSTON,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Santiago  de 
las  Vegas,  Cuba. 

The  Great  Need  for  the  Establishment  of  Competent  Bureaus  for  the  Study 

of  Injurious  Insects  in  all  American  Countries. 
'     L.  O.  HOWARD,  Chief,  United  States  Bureau  of  Entomology. 

Pan  American  Cooperation  in  Plant  Quarantine. 

C.   L.   MARLATT,  Chairman,  United  States  Federal  Horticultural 
Board. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       205 
Session  of  Subsection  7  to  Discuss  Pan  American  Topics. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  ROOM  934. 

CHARLES  J.  BRAND,  Chairman. 

The  Effect  of  the  Opening  of  the  Panama  Canal  upon  the  Traffic  in  Agricul- 
tural Products. 
EDUARDO  CARRASCO  B.,  New  York  City. 

The  Effective  Use  of  the  Panama  Canal  in  the  Distribution  of  Products. 
CHARLES  J.  BRAND,  Chief,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural 
Organization. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  6,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  5  to  Discuss  Pan  American  Topics. 

ROOM  225,  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL,  Chairman. 

American  International  Convention  of  Sanitary  Police. 

J osis  LEON  SUAREZ,  Professor  of  the  National  University  of  Buenos 
Aires;  chief  of  the  General  Division  of  Live  Stock,  Department 
of  Agriculture  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  Buenos  Aires. 

Are  Uniform  Regulations  Feasible  Among  the  Different  American  Countries 

for  the  Prevention  of  the  Introduction  and  Dissemination  of  the 

Diseases  of  Different  Animals? 
FRANCISCO  ETCHEGOYEN,  Habana,  Cuba. 
RAFAEL  MUNOZ  XIM£NEZ,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 
JULIO  BESNARD,  Chief  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Service,  Ministry 

of  Industry  and  Public  Works,  Chile.     Paper  read  by  TEODORO 

MUHM,  Delegate  from  Chile. 
A.  D.  MELVIN,  Chief,  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


SECTION  IV.— EDUCATION. 


P.  P.  CLAXTON,  Chairman. 

S.  P.  CAPEN,  Vice  Chairman. 

GUILLERMO  A.  SHERWELL,  Corresponding  Secretary. 


Subsection  1. — Elementary  Education. 

Subsection  2. — Secondary  Education. 

Subsection  3. — University  Education. 

Subsection  4. — Education  of  Women. 

Subsection  5. — Exchange  of  Professors  and  Students. 

Subsection  6. — Engineering  Education. 

Subsection  7. — Medical  Education. 

Subsection  8. — Agricultural  Education. 

Subsection  9. — Industrial  Education. 

Subsection  10. — Commercial  Education. 


TUESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  28,  1915— 9.30  O'CLOCK. 
First  General  Session  of  Section  IV.— Education. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

P.  P.  CLAXTON,  Chairman. 
Address  by  His  Excellency  CARLOS  MARIA  DE  PENA,  Minister  of  Uruguay. 

A  New  Organization  of  Universities  According  to  Scientific  Philosophy. 
Jos£  INGENIEROS,  Professor,  University  of  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine 
Republic. 

The  Changes  Needed  in  American  Secondary  Education. 

CHARLES  W.  ELIOT,  President  Emeritus,  Harvard  University,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

207 


208      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 

Joint  Session  of  Section  IV  and  Section  IX,  with  Program  Furnished  by  Subsection 
on  Commercial  Education  of  Section  IV  and  Subsection  on  Commerce  of  Sec. 
tion  IX. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

ANTONIO  RAM!REZ  FONTECHA,  Chairman. 

INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS. 

Hon.  WILLIAM  C.  REDFIELD,  Secretary  of  Commerce,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

Hon.  ANDREW  J.  PETERS,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

JOHN  H.  FAHEY,  former  President,  United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
Boston,  Mass. 

EDMUND  J.  JAMES,  President,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

GENERAL  TOPIC. 

Preparation  for  Trade,  Domestic  and  Foreign. 
From  the  Standpoint  of  the  Educator. 

EDWIN  F.  GAY,  Dean  Graduate  School  of  Business  Adminis- 
tration, Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  7. — Medical  Education. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  UNIVERSITY,  2023  G  STREET  NW. 

W.  C.  BORDEN,  Chairman. 

Pan  American  Topic. 

DAMASO  RIVAS,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

The  Premedical  Education  in  Biology. 

PAUL  BARTSCH,  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Medical  Education  in  the  United  States. 
JOHN  M.  BALDY,  Philadelphia. 

BUCKNER  MAGILL  RANDOLPH,  Professor  of  Therapeutics,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       209 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  8  and  9. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  UNIVERSITY,  2023  G  STREET  NW. 

W.  T.  BAWDEN,  Chairman. 

Education  for  the  Baccalaureate  Degree  as  Administered  in  Agricultural 

Colleges. 

ALFRED  CHARLES  TRUE,  Director,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations, 
Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Training  Girls  and  Women  for  Trades  and  Industries. 

MARY  SCHENCK  WOOLMAN,  Chairman  Committee  of  Women's  Works, 
National  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Industrial  Education,  New 
York,  N.  Y. 

Session  of  Subsection  10.— Commercial  Education. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

S.  P.  CAPEN,  Chairman. 

Is  there  a  Profession  of  Business,  and  Can  We  Really  Train  for  It  ? 

ELLIOT  H.  GOODWIN,  Secretary,  United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

The  Proper  Use  of  Business  Experts  from  the  Business  World  in  Class 
Instruction  on  Domestic  and  Foreign  Commerce  (Symposium) . 

B.  OLNEY  HOUGH,  Editor,  American  Exporter,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

J.  F.  CROWELL,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

ROGER  W.  BABSON,  President,  Babson's  Statistical  Bureau,  Wellesley 
Hills,  Mass. 

Remarks  by  Edward  L.  WERTHEIM,  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation, West  Side  Branch,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  1.— Elementary  Education. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  UNIVERSITY,  2023  G  STREET  NW. 

ERNEST  C.  MOORE,  Chairman. 

How  May  the  School  be  Made  an  Effective  Health  Agency. 

THOMAS  D.  WOOD,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
27750—16 14 


210      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Between  What  Ages  Should  Attendance  at  Elementary  Schools  be  Made 
Compulsory?     How  Can  a  Compulsory  Attendance  Law  for  Ele- 
mentary Education  be  Made  Effective? 
KDUARDO  ROG£,  Uruguay.     (Read  by  W.  CARSON  RYAN.) 

Education  of  the  City  Child. 

ERNEST  CARROLL  MOORE,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 


Session  of  Subsection  3. — University  Education. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  UNIVERSITY,  2023  G  STREET  NW. 

EDMUND  J.  JAMES,  Chairman. 

Function  of  Graduate  Schools  in  the  Universities  of  the  United  States. 

WILLIAM    HENRY   CARPENTER,    Columbia   University,    New   York, 

N.  Y. 
ALBION  W.  SMALL,  Dean,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 

Session  of  Subsection  9.— Industrial  Education. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  UNIVERSITY,  2023  G  STREET  NW. 

W.  T.  BAWDEN,  Chairman. 

Cooperation  between  Public  Schools  and  Organizations  of  Employers  and 
Employees  in  Making  o-nd  Executing  Plans  for  Industrial  Education. 
ARTHUR  WILLIAMS,  New  York  Edison  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
(Read  by  F.  C.  HENDERSCHOTT.) 

Corporation  Schools. 

F.   C.   HENDERSCHOTT,   Executive  Secretary   National  Association 
of  Corporation  Schools,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Why  Should  an  Industrial  Corporation  Undertake  Educational  Work  on 

Behalf  of  its  Employees? 

ELMER  H.  FISH,  Supervisor  of  Educational  Department,  The  Norton 
Company,  Worcester,  Mass. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       211 
Session  of  Subsection  10. — Commercial  Education. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

ROGER  W.  BABSON,  Chairman. 

Commercial  Education: 
In  Latin  America — 

EDGAR  B.  BRANDON,  Dean  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio. 
In  Germany — 

FREDERICK  ERNEST  FARRINGTON,  Associate  Professor  of  Educa- 
tion,   Teachers'    College,    Columbia   University,  New  York, 
N.  Y. 
In  England — 

I.  L.  KANDEiy,  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement   of 
Teaching,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsections  1,  2,  8,  and  9. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  UNIVERSITY,  2023  G  STREET  NW. 

ELMER  E.  BROWN,  Chairman. 

His  Excellency  CARLOS  M.  DE  PENA,  Honorary  Chairman. 

Historical  Development  of  our  Secondary  Schools. 
ELMER  E.  BROWN. 

Essentials  of  an  Effective  Compulsory  Attendance  Law. 

BEN  BI.EWETT,  Superintendent  of  Schools,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  collabo- 
ration with  Mr.  JOHN  B.  QUINN,  Board  of  Education,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Should  Public  Vocational  Training  of  High  School  Grade  be  Organized  as  a 
Course  or  Courses  in  the  Regular  High  School,  or  in  a   Separate 
School  Established  Primarily  for  Vocational  Training? 
EDWIN  G.  COOLEY,  Educator,  Union  League  Club,  Chicago,  111. 

The  Need  of  Industrial  Education  in  an  Industrial  Democracy. 
JOHN  DEWEY,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y, 

A  National  System  of  Agricultural  Education. 

H.  J,  WATERS,  President  Kansas  Agricultural  College,  Manhattan, 
Kans. 

Influence  of  Extension  Work  on  Southern  Farm  Practice. 

A.  M.  SOULE,  President  State  College  of  Agriculture,  Athens,  Ga. 


212      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAJS    AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 
Session  of  Subsection  7. — Medical  Education. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  UNIVERSITY,  2023  G  STREET  NW. 

W.  C.  BORDEN,  Chairman. 

The  Development  of  Entrance  Requirements  in  Medical  Education  and  the 
Effect  of  this  Development  on  Attendance  in  Medical  Colleges  in 
the  United  States. 

DANIEL  ATKINSON  KING  STEELE,  Senior  Dean,  College  of  Medicine, 
University  of  Illinois,  Chicago,  111.  (Read  by  Dr.  BROWN.) 

The  Amount  of  Knowledge  of  Biological  Science  Essential  for  the  Student 

Entering  Medical  School. 
F.  C.  WAITE,  Western  Reserve  University,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Who  is  a  Medical  Practitioner? 

HARLAN  H.  HORNER,  Chief,  Division  of  Examinations,  Depart- 
ment of  Education,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Session  of  Subsection  10. — Commercial  Education. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

ROGER  W.  BABSON,  Chairman. 

The  Arguments  for  a  Separate  or  Combined  Course  of  Commercial  Study. 
RoswELL   C.   McCREA,  Dean  The  Wharton  School,  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

What  Can  the  Small  College  Do  in  Training  for  Business? 
GEORGE  W.  HOKE,  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio. 

How  to  Procure  Adequately  Prepared  Instructors  for  Colleges  and  Uni- 
versities. 
JAMES  C.  EGBERT,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Preparation  for  a  Business  Career  in  Chile.     Latin  American  Standpoint 

on  Business  Education. 

FRANCISCO  ARAYA  BENNETT,  Attorney  at  Law  and  State  Professor, 
Principal,  Commercial  Institute,  Valparaiso;  University  Professor 
of  Political  Economy,  Chile.  (Abstract  read  by  R.  W.  BABSON.) 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERIt&N  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       213 

THURSDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  1,  2,  3,  8,  and  9. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  UNIVERSITY,  2023  G  STREET  NW. 

EDMUND  J.  JAMES,  Chairman. 

Agricultural  Editcation. 

JOSE;  COMALLONGA  Y  MBNA,  University  of  Habana,  Habana,  Cuba. 

Intermediate  Instruction. 

J.  ALBERTO  GAMEZ,  Nicaragua. 

Education  in  Trades  and  Industries. 

L.  D.  HARVEY,  President  Stout  Institute,  Menominee,  Wis. 

Session  of  Subsection  6. — Engineering  Education. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  UNIVERSITY,  2023  G  STREET  NW. 

GARDNER  C.  ANTHONY,  Chairman. 

Extent  to  Which  Practicing  Engineers  May  Take  Part  in  Engineering 

Teaching. 
H.  V.  NORRIS,  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 

Opportunities  and  Problems  Confronting  the  Engineer  in  South  America. 
ELMER  L.  CORTHELL,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Relative  Importance  of  General  Training  in  Engineering  Branches  to 

Extreme  Specialization. 
WILLIAM  H.  BURR,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Study  of  Engineering  Education  by  the  Joint  Committee  of  the  National 

Engineering  Societies. 

CHARLES  R.  MANN,  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of 
Teaching,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Session  of  Subsection  10. — Commercial  Education. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

ROGER  W.  BABSON,  Chairman. 

The  Problem  of  Commercial  Education  in: 

(a)  Elementary  Schools. 

(6)  Secondary  Schools.  , 

(c)   Colleges. 


214      FINAL  ACT  OP  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

(a    and   b)    Elementary   and   Secondary   Schools — Foundation,    Subjects, 
Articulation,  Correlation,  and  Methods. 

(a)  F.  G.  NICHOLS,  Department  of  Education,  State  of  New 

York,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

RICHARD  B.  DODGE,  Teachers' .  College,  Columbia  Univer- 
sity, New  York,  N.  Y. 

(b)  PAUL,  MUNROE,   Teachers'   College,   Columbia  University, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

DAVID  SNEDDEN,  Commissioner  of  Education  of  Massachu- 
setts, Boston,  Mass.  • 

(c)  Colleges — Entrance  Requirements. 

DAVID  KINLEY,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

W.  F.  GEPHART,  Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

FRIDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—10.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  4. — Education  of  Women. 

MEMORIAL  CONTINENTAL  HALL. 

SARAH  LOUISE  ARNOLD,  Chairman. 

Well-being  of  Children  as  Determined  by  the  Education  of  Women. 
HELEN  PUTNAM,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Final  Aim  of  the  Education  of  Women. 

EDUARDO  MONTEVERDE,  National  University,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 
(Read  by  J.  D.  FITZGERALD.) 

The  Education  of  Women  as  Measured  in  Civic  and  Social  Relations. 
SUSAN  M.  KINGSBURY,  Bryn  Mawr  College,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 

The  Education  of  Women  as  Related  to  the  Welfare  of  Children. 
JULIA  LATHROP,  The  Children's  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  Education  of  Women  as  Measured  in  Civic  and  Social  Relations. 
SOPHONISBA  P.  BRECKINRIDGE,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      215 


FRIDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 

Joint  Session  of  Subsection  6  (Engineering  Education)  and  Sections  V  (Engineering 
and  VH  (Mining  and  Metallurgy). 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM. 

GARDNER  C.  ANTHONY,  Chairman. 

Engineering   Nomenclature.     (Topic    referred    to   this   Congress   by   its 

predecessor.) 
ALBERTO  SMITH. 

What  is  Engineering  Education  Contributing  toward  Scientific  Progress  and 

Invention? 
WALTER  RAUTENSTRAUCH,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Engineering  Education  in  the  United  States. 

CHARLES  D.  HOWE,  President,  School  of  Applied  Science,  Cleveland, 
Ohio. 

The  Influence  of  Technical  Journals  upon  Engineering  Education. 

T.  A.  RICKARD,  Editor,  Mining  and  Scientific  Press,  San  Francisco, 

Cal. 
THOMAS  J.  READ,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines. 

VAN.  H.  MANNING,  Director,  Bureau  of  Mines. 

What  is  Engineering  Education  Contributing  toward  Scientific  Progress  and 

Invention? 
VLADIMIR  KARAPETOFF,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Significance  of  Engineering  Degrees  in  the  United  States. 
WILLIAM  T.  MAGRUDER,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Joint  Session  of  Section  VIII  (Agricultural  Education)  and  Section  in  (Conservation 

of  Natural  Resources). 

OAK  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

A.  C.  TRUE,  Chairman. 

Education  in  Forestry. 

J.  W.  TOUMEY,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 


2l6      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Phylotechnic  Studies  and  Agricultural  Experiments  in  "La  Estanzuela" 

Uruguay. 

ALBERTO  BOERGER,  Director  of  the  Experiment  Station,  La  Estan- 
zuela,  Uruguay. 

The  Progress  of  Agricultural  Science  in  Cuba. 

J.  T.  CRAWLEY,  Director,  Cuban  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

Extension  Education. 

KEN  YON  L.  BUTTERFIELD,  President  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricul- 
tural College,  Amherst,  Mass. 


MONDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  3,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  1. — Elementary  Education. 

SMALL  BALLROOM,  NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL. 

JOAQUIN  D.  CAS  ASUS,  Mexico,  Chairman. 

Pan  Americanism  and  Education. 

Sra.  ERNESTINA  A.  LOPEZ  DE  NELSON,  Argentine  Republic. 

Address  by  ALEJANDRO  V.  DEUSTUA,  Peru. 
Address  by  Luis  A.  BARALT,  Cuba. 

Address  by  JosiS  MARIA  GALVEZ,  Professor    of  English,   University  of 
Chile. 

Problem  of  Primary  Education  in  Latin  America. 
GUILLERMO  A.  SHERWELL. 

Some  of  the  Needs  of  Popular  Education  in  Latin  America. 

DAR!O  E-  SALAS,  Professor  of  Pedagogic  Institute,  Santiago,  Chile. 

Public  Instruction  in  Paraguay. 

JUAN  F.  P^REZ,  Secretary  of  Public  Instruction,  Paraguay. 

Address  by  Miss  LUCY  WHEELOCK,  Boston,  Mass. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       2iy 
Session  of  Subsection  10. — Commercial  Education. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

ALBERT  A.  SNOWDEN,  Chairman. 

The  Teaching  of  Special  Subjects  in  the  Collegiate  Course  of  Study  for 
Business,  Domestic  and  Foreign: 

Government. 

JESSE  S.  REEVES,  University  of  Michigan,   Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

History. 

WILUAM  R.  SHEPHERD,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Banking  and  Finance. 

CHARLES  LEE  RAPER,  University  of  North  Carolina,  Chapel  Hill, 

N.  C. 

Business  Ethics  and  Psychology. 

JAMES  E.  LOUGH,  New  York  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Organization  and  Administration. 

ARTHUR  E.  SWANSON,  Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  111. 

MONDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  3,  1916—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  1,  3,  and  5. 

CABINET  ROOM,  NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL. 

FREDERICK  P.  KEPPEL,  Chairman. 

Organization  and  Development  of  a  Plan  for  the  Systematic  Exchange  of 
University  Students  and  University  Professors  between  the  Several 
American  Republics. 
JOHN  BASSETT  MOORE,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

On  the  Road  Toward  the  Pan  American  University. 

NARCISO    GARAY,    Director,   National   Conservatory  of  Music  and 
Declamation,  Republic  of  Panama. 

The  Teaching  of  Modern  Languages  in  the  Secondary  Schools  in  Chile. 
Srita.  GRACIELA  MANDUJANO,  Chile. 


2l8      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Opportunities  in  American  Industrial  Establishments    for   Graduates    of 

Technical  Schools  of  South  A  merica. 

L.  S.  RowE,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  (Read 
by  FREDERICK  P.  KEPPEL.) 

Discussion  of  the  Steady  Movement  Toward  Making  University  Teaching 

a  Separate  Profession  in  Law,  Medicine,  Theology,  Science,  etc. 
CLYDE  FURST,  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching, 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Aims  of  Secondary  Education. 

Luis  GALDAMES,  Chile.     (Read  by  J.  M.  GALVEZ,  of  Chile.) 

Exchange  of  Teachers  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States. 
G.  B.  WINTON,  Vanderbilt  University. 

American  Diplomas  Abroad. 

FEUPE  GALLEGOS,  Secretary  to  the  Faculty  of  Dental  Surgery, 

Costa  Rica. 

t 

Session  of  Subsection  10.— Commercial  Education. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

ALBERT  J.  SNOWDEN,  Chairman. 

Business  Colleges. 

C.  C.  GAINES,  President,  Eastman   Business   College,  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.  Y. 

Address  by  Hon.  WILLIAM  J.  BRYAN. 

TUESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  4,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  3.— University  Education. 

CABINET  ROOM,  NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL. 

FRANK  L.  McVEY,  Chairman. 

Relation  of  the  American  University  to  Public  Service  and  the  Work  of 

Governmental  Administration. 

FRANK  L.  McVEY,  President,  University  of  North  Dakota,  Grand 
Forks,  N.,Dak. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       219 

Extra-Mural  Services  of  State  and  Endowed  Universities,  Including  Uni- 
versity Extension. 

(a)  Humanistic. 

EDWARD    K.    GRAHAM,    President,    University    of    North 
Carolina,  Chapel  Hill,  N,  C. 

(b)  Governmental. 

HERMAN  G.  JAMES,  Professor,  University  of  Texas,  Austin, 
(Read  by  W.  R.  MANNING.) 

Session  of  Subsection  6. — Engineering  Education. 

LARGE  BALLROOM,  NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL. 

A.  A.  HAMERSCHLAG,  Chairman. 

Highway  Engineering. 

ARTHUR  H.  BLANCHARD,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Ceramics  and  Cement  Technology. 

ARTHUR  S.  WATTS,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Essential  Physical  Equipment  for  Engineering  Education. 

CHARLES  H.  BENJAMIN,  Dean,  Purdue  University,  Lafayette,  Ind. 

Chemical  Engineering. 

MILTON  G.  WHITAKER,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Electrical  Engineering. 

DUGAL  JACKSON,  Massachusetts]  Institute  of   Technology,  Boston, 
Mass. 

Session  of  Subsection  7. — Medical  Education. 

INTERSTATE  ROOM,  NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL. 

W.  C.  BORDEN,  Chairman. 

The  Study  of  Tropical  Diseases  in  America. 

RAFAEL  GONZALEZ  RINCONES,  Senator,  Venezuela. 

State  Control  of  Medical  Licensure. 

AUGUSTUS  S.  DOWNING,  LL.  D.,  Assistant  Commissioner  for  Higher 
Education,  State  Department  of  Education,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

The  Development  of  a  Fifth  Year  in  Medical  Education. 
SAMUEL  W.  LAMBERT,  M.  D.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


22O      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 
Session  of  Subsection  10. — Commercial  Education. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

FREDERICK  C.  HICKS,  Chairman. 

New  York  University:  Two- Year  Course  and  Individualization  of  Train- 
ing for  Business. 

JEREMIAH  W.  JENKS,  Director,  Division  of  Public  Affairs,  New  York 
University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Harvard  Graduate  School  of  Business  Administration. 
EDWIN  F.  GAY,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

University  of  Cincinnati:  Continuation  and  Evening  Courses. 
FREDERICK  C.  HICKS,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

University  of  Oregon:  Problems  of  the  Detached  School. 

HARRY  B.  MILLER,  Director,  School  of  Commerce,  Eugene,  Oreg. 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  4,  1916—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  10. — Commercial  Education. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

ROGER  W.  BABSON,  Chairman. 

Special  Courses  for  Commercial  Study. 

Correspondence  Schools. 

T.  J.    FOSTER,    President,    International    Correspondence   Schools, 

Scranton,  Pa. 
SHERWIN  CODY,  Director,  National  Associated  Schools  of  Scientific 

Business,  Chicago,  111. 

University  Extension  Work  for  Men  in  Business. 

SAMUEL  MACCLINTOCK,  La  Salle  Extension  University,  Chicago,  111. 

Alexander  Hamilton  Institute. 

JOSEPH  FRENCH  JOHNSON,  New  York  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

National  Association  of  Corporation  Schools. 

LEE  GALLOWAY,  Alexander  Hamilton  Institute,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Commercial  Museum. 

W.  P.  WILSON,  Commercial  Museum,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       221 

The  National  City  Bank. 

F.  C.  SCHWEDTMAN,  Educational  Director,  the  National  City  Bank, 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

Bureau  of  Commercial  Economics. 

FRANCIS   HOLLEY,    Director,    Bureau    of    Commercial    Economics, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  5,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
General  Session  of  Section  IV  to  Discuss  the  Pan  American  Topics. 

LARGE  BALLROOM,  NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL. 

P.  P.  CLAXTON  and  ERNESTO  NELSON,  Chairmen. 

To  What  Extent  Should  Elementary  Education  be  Supported  by  Local 
Taxation  and  to  What  Extent  by  State  Taxation?     What  Should  be 
the  Determining  Factors  in  the  Distribution  of  Support? 
DARIO  E.  SALAS,  Chile. 

Address  by  K.  G.  MATHEWSON,  President,  Georgia  School  of  Technology 
of  Atlanta,  Ga. 

What  Should  be  the  Primary  and  What  the  Secondary  Purpose  of  High 

School  Education? 

ERNESTO  NELSON,  National  Inspector  of  Higher  Education,  Argen- 
tine Republic. 

The  Future  of  Pan  Americanism. 

PETER  H.  GOLDSMITH,  Director,  Pan  Ameiican  Division,  American 
Association  for  International  Conciliation,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

To  What  Extent  Should  Courses  of  Study  in  the  High  School  be  Determined 
by  the  Requirements  for  Admission  to  College,  and  to  What  Extent 
by  the  Demands  of  Industrial  and  Civic  Life? 
JUAN  MONTEVERDE,  Uruguay. 

Medical  Education. 

TEODORO  MUHM,  Chile. 


222      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  6,  1916—10  O'CLOCK. 

Session  of  the  Entire  Section. 
ERNESTO  NELSON,  Chairman. 

What  Remains  to  be  Done  for  Education. 

Luis  A.  BARAI/T,  Professor,  Institute  of  Habana,  Cuba. 

To  What  Extent  Should  Elementary  Education  be  Supported   by  Local 
Taxation  and  to  What  Extent  by  State  Taxation?     What  Should  be 
the  Determining  Factors  in  the  Distribution  of  Support? 
Miss  JEANNE  PUCH  and  Miss  MARGUERITE  GALHARRET,  Salvador. 

Things  Which  Interest  Students  in  the  United  States,  as  Compared  With  the 

Interest  of  Similar  Students  in  Europe  and  Latin  America. 
HARRY  E.  BARD,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
JOHN  D.  FiTz-GERALD,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Purposes  of  High  School  Education. 
A.  M.  ZUNIGA,  Nicaragua. 

Should  Universities  and  Colleges  Supported  by  Public  Funds  be  Controlled 
by  Independent  and  Autonomous  Powers,  or  Should  They  be 
Controlled  Directly  by  Central  State  Authority? 
R.  CANEDO  C.,  President,  University  of  Cochabamba,  Bolivia. 

To  What  Extent  is  Coeducation  Desirable  in  Elementary  Schools,  High 
Schools,  Colleges,  and  Universities? 

FRANCISCO  A.  RfsQUEz,  Secretary,  National  Board  of  In- 
struction, Venezuela. 

EMILIO  JACOBS,  Bolivia. 

FRANCISCO  BUITRAGO  DIAZ,  Nicaragua. 

To  What  Extent  is  an  Exchange  of  Students  and  Professors  Between  Ameri- 
can Republics  desirable?  What  is  the  Most  Effective  Basis  for 
a  System  of  Exchange?  What  Plans  Should  be  Adopted  in 
Order  to  Secure  Mutual  Recognition  of  Technical  and  Profes- 
sional Degrees  by  American  Republics? 

REYNALDO  PORCH  AT,  Brazil. 

DOMINGO  AMUNATEGUI  SOLAR,  Rector  of  the  University  of 
Chile,  Santiago,  Chile. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       223 

Plans  for  Securing  a  Mutual  Recognition  of  Technical  and  Professional 
Degrees  Granted  by  Institutions  of  the  First  Rank  in  the  Several 
American  Republics. 

R6MULO  K.  DURON,  Honduras. 

AUGUSTUS  S.  DOWNING,  First  Assistant  Commissioner  in  Higher 
Education,  Albany,  N.  Y. 


FRIDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  7,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Entire  Section. 

LARGE  BALLROOM,  NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL. 

P.  P.  CLAXTON,  Chairman. 

Method  in  Pedagogic  Science. 

Luis  ARCE  LACARZE,  Bolivia. 

Synthetic  Report  on  Education  in  the  State  of  Sao  Paulo. 
TIBURTINO  MONDIM  PESTANA,  Brazil. 

Physical  Education  in  Bolivia. 
HENRI  DE  GENST,  Bolivia. 

Pan  American  Bibliographic  Union. 

CARLOS  SILVA  CRUZ,  Chile.     (Read  by  Prof.  DAR!O  B.  SAL  AS.) 

The  State  and  Music  in  the  Americas. 

NARCISO  GARAY,  Director  of  the  National  Conservatory  of  Music 
and  Declamation,  Republic  of  Panama. 

A  Contribution  to  Pan  American  Understanding. 

Jos£  MARIA  GALVEZ,  Professor,  University  of  Chile. 

A  Scheme  for  Modern  Education. 
RODOLFO  ROBLES,  Guatemala. 

Medical  Relations  in  the  Americas. 
CARLOS  MORALES  MACEDO,  Peril. 

The  Teaching  of  General  Mathematics  in  the  University  of  La  Plata. 

HUGO  BROGGI,    Professor  of  Mathematical  Analysis  and    Higher 
Mathematics,  Argentine  Republic. 


224      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  Teaching  of  Mathematics  in  the  Public  Schools. 

RODRIGO  MUNOZ  ORIBE,  Surveyor,  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Uni 
versity  of  Uruguay. 

Substitution  for  the  Euclid  Postulate  of  A  nother  Seemingly  Evident. 
Juuo  COMPT£  Y  RIQU£,  Uruguay. 

Education   and   Social   Economy    Contributions    of    the    Panama-Pacific 

International  Exposition  to  Pan  American  Interests. 
ALVIN  S.  POPE,  Chief,  Department  of  Education  and  Social  Econ- 
omy,  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition,   San   Francisco 
Cal. 

The  Educational  Value  of  Endowment  for  Public  Schools. 

JOHN  A.  BRASHEAR,  Educational  Fund  Commission,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


FRIDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  7,  1916—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Entire  Section. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL. 

Jos£  MARIA  GALVEZ,  Chairman. 

Industrial  Education. 

HAROLD  E.  EVERLEY,  Special  Student,  Bradley  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute, Peoria,  111. 

To  What    Extent    May   College   Courses    in    Engineering    be   Profitably 
Supplemented  by  Practical  Work  in  the  Shop?     To  What  Extent 
May  Laboratory  Work  in  Engineering  be  Replaced  Through  Coop- 
eration with  Industrial  Plants  ? 
JUAN  MONTEVERDE,  Uruguay. 

ARTHUR  A.  HAMERSCHLAG,  Director,  Carnegie  Institute   of   Tech- 
nology, Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Subsection  7.— Medical  Education. 

What  Preparation  Should  be  Required  for  Admission  to  Medical  Schools? 
What  Should  be  the  Minimum  Requirements  for  Graduation? 
What  Portion  of  the  Faculty  of  a  Medical  School  Should  be  Re- 
quired to  Give  All  Their  Time  to  Teaching  and  Investigation? 
What  Instruction  May  Best  be  Given  by  Physicians  Engaged  in 
Medical  Practice  ? 

FRANCISCO  A.  RfsQUEz,  Secretary,  National  Board  of  Instruction, 
Venezuela. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       225 

Subsection  8. — Agricultural  Education. 

What  Preparations  Should  be  Required  for  Admission  to  State  and  Na- 
tional Colleges  of  Agriculture?  To  What  Extent  Should  the  Courses 
of  Study  in  the  Agricultural  College  be  Theoretical  and  General , 
and  to  What  Extent  Practical  and  Specific?  To  What  Extent 
Should  the  Curriculum  of  Any  Such  College  be  Determined  by  Local 
Conditions  ? 
B.  H.  A.  GROTH,  Panama. 

Subsection  9.— Industrial  Education. 

What  Should  be  the  Place  of  Industrial  Education  in  the  School  System 
of  the  American  Republics  9  Should  it  be  Supported  by  Public 
Taxation?  Should  it  be  Considered  Under  Separate  Control ? 
How  and  to  What  Extent  May  Industrial  Schools  Cooperate  With 
Employers  of  Labor  9 

H.  METTEWIE,  Bolivia. 

JOAQufN  CABEZAS,  Chile. 

ALFREDO  SAMONATI,  Technical  Inspector  of  Primary  Instruction, 
Uruguay. 

JULIO  CE;SAR  BOLET,  Venezuela. 

HAROLD  E.  BVERLEY,  Special  Student,  Bradley  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute, R.  A.,  Peoria,  111. 

Subsection  10. — Commercial  Education. 

How  Can  a  Nation  Prepare  in  the  Most  Effective  Manner  its  Young 
Men  for  a  Business  Career  That  is  to  be  Pursued  at  Home  or 
in  a  Foreign  Country  ? 

(a)  In  Schools  That  are  a  Part  of  the  Public  School  System. 

(6)  In  Schools  of  Private  Endowment. 

(c)   In  Special  Business  Schools  of  Private  Ownership. 

Outline  a  Course  of  Study  That  Will  Best  Prepare  young  Men  to  Engage 
in  Such  a  Business  Career.  Each  Suggested  Outline  Should  Con- 
sider not  Only  the  Character  of  the  Educational  System  of  the  Coun- 
try for  Which  the  Course  of  Study  is  Intended,  but  the  Desirability 
and  Practicability  in  a  Uniform  Course  of  Business  Education 
for  all  Pan  American  Countries. 

SANTIAGO  H.  FiTz  SiM6N,  Professor,  International  School,  Buenos 
Aires,  Argentina. 

ANTONIO  L.  VALVERDE,  Professor,  School  of  Commerce,  Habana, 
Cuba. 

A.  AUBERT,  Nicaragua. 

M.  DELLEY,  Venezuela. 

FRANCISCO  ARAYA  BENNETT,  Chile. 
27750—16 15 


SECTION  V.— ENGINEERING. 


Brig.  Gen.  W.  H.  BIXBY,  Chairman. 

JOSE)  RAMON  ViUvALON,  Honorary  Chairman. 

BivMER  L.  CoRTHEUv,  Secretary. 

ALBERTO  SMITH,  Corresponding  Secretary. 


Subsection  1. — Civil  Engineering. 

Subsection  2. — Marine  Engineering. 

Subsection  3. — Electrical  Engineering. 

Subsection  4. — Reclamation,  Sewage,  and  Municipal  Water  Supply. 

Subsection  5. — Mechanical  Engineering. 

Subsection  6. — Standards,  Surveys,  Parks,  Buildings,  Nomenclature. 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  1. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  GREEN  ROOM. 

B.  L.  CoRTHEUv,  Chairman. 

Scientific  Work  of  the  United  States  Office  of  Public  Roads. 

L.  W.  PAGE,  Director,  Office  of  Public  Roads,  United  States  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Public  Roads  in  the  United  States. 

J.  B.  PENNYBACKER,  Chief,  Division  of  Road  Bconomics,  United 
States  Office  of  Public  Roads. 

City  Streets  and  Pavements. 

GEORGE  W.  TIU.SON,  Consulting  Bngineer,  Borough  of  Brooklyn, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.     (Read  by  J.  B.  PENNYBACKER.) 

Highways  and  Streets  in  Bogota. 

A.  MANRIQUE  MARTIN,  Bogota,  Colombia. 

Highways  in  Ecuador. 

FR  ANCISCO  MANRIQUE,  Bcuador. 

227 


228      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Session  of  Subsection  2. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  NINTH  FLOOR,  ROOM  934. 

Capt.  C.  A.  McAujSTER,  Chairman. 

Scientific  Work  of  the  United  States  Navy. 

Admiral  D.  W.  TAYLOR,  Chief,  Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair, 
United  States  Navy. 

Engineering  and  Scientific  Work  of  the  United  States  Coast  Guard. 

Capt.  C.  A.  MCALLISTER,  Engineer  in  Chief,  United  States  Coast 
Guard. 

Organization  of  Technical  Work  of  the  United  States  Lighthouse  Service. 
G.  R.  PUTNAM,  Commissioner,  United  States  Bureau  of  Lighthouses, 
Department  of  Commerce,  United  States  of  America. 

Lighthouses,  Light  Vessels,  Fog  Signals,  and  Buoys.  • 

G.  R.  PUTNAM,  Commissioner,  United  States  Bureau  of  Lighthouses, 
United  States  of  America. 

Session  of  Subsection  4. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM. 

M.  O.  LEIGHTON,  Chairman. 

Municipal  Water  Supply.     (Lantern  slides.) 

GEORGE  C.  WHIPPLE,  Harvard  School  of  Engineering,  Cambridge, 
Mass. 

Reservoirs  for  Municipal  Water  Supply.     (Illustrated  with  lantern  slides.) 
ALFRED  D.  FLINN,  Deputy  Chief  Engineer,  Board  of  Water  Supply 
of  City  of  New  York,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Session  of  Subsection  5. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  ENGLISH  ROOM. 

CARL  C.  THOMAS,  Chairman. 

Economy  of  Steam  Power  Plants,  Using  Gas,  Gasoline,  Coal,  and  Other 

Pan  American  Fuels. 
WILLIAM  KENT,  64  Orange  Road,  Montclair,  N.  J. 

Discussion  of  same  by — 
CHANDLER  DAVIS,  i  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Agricultural  Implements  and  Machinery. 

E.  B.  McCoRMiCK,  Chief,  Division  of  Rural  Engineering,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       229 

TUESDAY  EVENING,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—8  O'CLOCK. 
Second  General  Session  of  Section  V.— Engineering. 

PAN  AMERICAN  BUILDING. 

Joint  Session  of  Section  V  with  Section  III  (Conservation)  and  with  Section  VII  (Mining)  in  Pan 

American  Building. 

W.  L.  SAUNDERS,  Chairman. 
Paper  furnished  by  Section  III,  Conservation: 

Conservation  of  Human  Life. 

T.  N.  CARVER,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Paper  furnished  by  Section  VII,  Chemistry: 

The  Functions  of  Food  in  Securing  National  Efficiency. 

H.  W.  WILEY,  Chemist,  former  President  American  Chemical  Society. 

Work  of  United  States  Office  of  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds.     (Illus- 
trated with  lantern  slides.) 

Col.  W.  W.  HARTS,  United  States  Army,  in  charge  of  United  States 
Office  of  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds. 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  1. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  TENTH  FLOOR,  SMALL  BANQUET  ROOM. 

B.  I/.  CoRTHEiviv,  Chairman. 

Long  Span  Bridges.     (With  lantern  slides.) 

H.  S.  JACOBY,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Vertical  Lift  Bridges.     (With  lantern  slides.) 
J.  A.  L.  WADDEUV,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Session  of  Subsection  4. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  GREEN  ROOM. 

Joint  Session  of  Subsections  3  and  4,  Section  V,  with  Section  III,  Subsection  3  (Water  Powers),  in  Section 

V  Rooms. 

JOHN  B.  WHITEHEAD;  H.  W.  GROVER,  Chairmen. 

Electrochemical  Industries. 

G.  A.  RousH,.Lehigh  University,  South  Bethlehem,  Pa. 


230      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Industrial  Applications  of  Electricity. 

PHILIP  TORCHIO,  124  East  Fifteenth  Street,  New  York  City. 

Present  Status  of  Water  Power  Development. 

H.  W.  BUCK,  49  Wall  Street,  New  York  City. 

Laws  and  Regulations   Regarding  the    Use  of  Water  for  All  Purposes. 
(Question  specially  referred  to  this  Congress  by  its  predecessor.) 

Laws' ^Governing  Running  Water  and  Waterfalls. 

G.    CLODOMIRO  PEREIRA  DA  SILVA,  Technical  Counselor,  Ministry  of 
Agriculture,  State  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 

Laws  and  Regulations  Regarding  the  Use  of  Water  for  All  Purposes  in 

North  and  South  America. 

ROME  G.  BROWN,   1006  Metropolitan  L/ife  Building,    Minneapolis, 
Minn. 

Paper  furnished  by  Section  III: 

Regulation  and  Control  of  Water  Power  as  a  Public  Utility  by  State  Com- 
missions. 

HALFORD  KRICKSON,  Chairman,  Railroad  Commission  of  Wisconsin, 
Madison,  Wis. 


WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  1  and  5. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  NINTH  FLOOR,  ROOM  910. 

E.  L.  CORTHELL,  Chairman. 

Bascule  Bridges. 

J.  B.  STRAUSS,  104  South  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago,  111. 

Fixed  Submersible  Bridges. 

FEDERICO  A.  CAPURRO,  Uruguay. 

Aerial  Transporters  or  Conveyors  in  Warehouses  and  at  Port  Terminals. 
EDUARDO  GARC!A  DE  ZUNIGA,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       231 

Session  of  Subsection  3. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  OAK  ROOM. 

Joint  Session  of  Section  V,  Subsection  3  (Electricity)  with  Section  IH,  Subsection  3  (Conservation),  in 
Section  V,  Subsection  3,  rooms  at  Raleigh  Hotel. 

JOHN  B.  WHITEHEAD,  Chairman. 

Hydroelectric    Utilization    at    Niagara    and    Elsewhere.     (With    lantern 

slides  and  moving  pictures.) 
MAURICE  DEUTSCH,  50  Church  Street,  New  York  City. 

Paper  presented  by  Section  III,  Subsection  3 : 

Water  Powers  in  Brazil. 

I/uis  BETIM  PAES  LEME,  Brazil. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  30,  191S-9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  1. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  GREEN  ROOM. 

E.  I/.  CORTHELL,  Chairman. 

Scientific  Work  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army. 

Col.  B.  E.  WINSLOW,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army, 
War  Department,  United  States  of  America. 

Contracting  and  Regulating  Works  at  the  Mouths  of  Rivers. 
E.  L.  CORTHELL,  North  Egremont,  Mass. 

Improvement  of  Mouth  of  Magdalena  River. 

MIGUEL  TRIANA,  Civil  Engineer,  Colombia. 

Estuary  of  La  Plata. 

FRANCISCO  P.  MIRANDA,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

New  York  State  Canals. 

WILLIAM  B.  LANDRETH,  Deputy  State  Engineer,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Session  of  Subsection  6. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM. 

O.  E.  PITTMAN;  S.  W.  STRATTON,  Chairmen. 

Acceptance  Tests  of  Electrical  Apparatus. 

CLAYTON  H.  SHARP,  Technical  Director,  New  York  Electrical  Test- 
ing Laboratories,  Eightieth  Street  and  East  End  Avenue,  New 
York,  N.  Y. 


232      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Work  of  the  United  States  National  Bureau  of  Standards.     (With  lantern 

slides.) 

S.  W.  STRATTON,   Director,  United  States  Bureau  of  Standards, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


THURSDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  1. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  NINTH  FLOOR,  ROOM  910. 

K.  L.  CORTHELL,  Chairman. 

Mountain  Railroad  Transportation  Development. 

G.  CLODOMIRO  PEREiRA  DA  SILVA,  Technical  Counselor,  Ministry  of 
Agriculture,  State  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil.     (Read  by  J.  R.  VIL- 

LAL6N.) 

Session  of  Subsection  4. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  TENTH  FLOOR,  ANTEROOM  TO  BANQUET  ROOM. 

M.  O.  LEIGHTON,  Chairman. 

Joint  Session  of  Subsection  4,  Section  V,  with  Section  III,  Subsection  4  (Irrigation)  in  Section  III  rooms. 

(The  topic  of  Irrigation  was  specially  referred  to  this  Congress  by  its 

predecessor.) 

Engineering  Work  of  the  United  States  Reclamation  Service. 

A.  P.  DAVIS,  Director,  United  States  Reclamation  Service,  Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior,  United  States  of  America. 

Irrigation  and  Drainage. 

F.  H.  NEWEU,,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Papers  furnished  by  Section  III: 

The  Irrigation  Work  of  the  Indian  Office. 

W.  M.  REED,  United  States  Indian  Office. 

Use  of  .Irrigation  Waters  as  Sources  of  Power. 
GEORGE  G.  ANDERSON,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Irrigation  in  the  United  States.     (With  lantern  slides.) 

SAMUEL  FORTIER,  Chief  of  Irrigation  Investigations,  Department  of 
Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       233 

FRIDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Third  General  Session  of  Section  V. — Engineering. 

Joint  session  of  entire  Section  V  with  Section  IV,  Subsection  6  (Engineering  Education),  and  Section  VII, 
Subsection  4  (Applied  Chemistry),  on  topic  of  Engineering  Nomenclature. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM. 

GARDNER  C.  ANTHONY,  Chairman. 

Engineering   Nomenclature.     (This  topic  was  specially   referred  to  this 
Congress  by  its  predecessor.) 
ALBERTO  SMITH. 

Papers  by  Section  IV  (Educational  Engineering) : 

The  Influence  of  Technical  Journals  upon  Engineering  Education. 

T.  A.  RICKARD,  Editor,  Mining  and  Scientific  Press,  San  Francisco, 

Cal. 
THOMAS  J.  READ,  New  York. 

Engineering  Education  in  the  United  States. 

CHARLES  S.    HOWE,    President,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science, 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

What  is  Engineering  Education  Contributing  toward  Scientific  Progress 

and  Invention? 

VLADIMIR  KARAPETOFF,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
WALTER  RAUTENSBRAUCH,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Significance  of  Engineering  Degrees  in  the  United  States. 

WILLIAM  T.  MAGRUDER,  342  West  Ninth  Street,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Paper  by  Section  VII  (Mining) : 

The  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines. 

VAN.  H.  MANNING,  Director,  Bureau  of  Mines. 

MONDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  3,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  1. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR.  GREEN  ROOM. 

LOGAN  WALTER  PAGE,  Chairman. 

Potable  Water  Supply  of  Sucre,  Bolivia. 
CARLOS  DOYNEL,  Engineer,  Bolivia. 


234      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Engineering  in  General  in  Colombia. 
PAULO  PiNz6N,  Bogota,  Colombia. 

Best  Type  of  Construction  for  Piers  and  Quays  on  Water  Fronts  of  Great 
Depths  and  Swift  Currents.  (Question  specially  referred  to  this 
Congress  by  its  predecessor.) 

J.  F.  COLEMAN,  920  Hibernia  Building,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Discussion  by  CHANDLER  DAVIS,  i  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Soils  as  Regards  Pressures  Allowable  Thereon. 

ROBERT  A.  CUMMINGS,  225  Fourth  Avenue,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Session  of  Subsection  3. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  ENGLISH  ROOM. 

JOHN  B.  WHITEHEAD,  Chairman. 

Electric  Current  and  Flow. 

BAUTISTA  LASGOYTI,  Uruguay. 

Electric  Power  Transmission  and  Distribution  Systems. 
PERCY  H.  THOMAS,  2  Rector  Street,  New  York  City. 

Aluminum  Conductors  for  Electric  Transmission  Lines. 

THEODORE  VARNEY,  Aluminum  Company  of  America,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Underground  Cables. 

H.   W.   FISHER,   Standard   Underground   Cable   Company,    Perth 
Amboy,  N.  J. 

Exact  Calculation  of  Electric  Transmission  Lines. 
ARTURO  K.  SALAZAR,  Chile. 

Session  of  Subsection  4. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  NINTH  FLOOR,  ROOM  910. 

M.  O.  L/EIGHTON,  JOHN  H.  FINNEY,  Chairmen. 

FinafiDis  position  of  City  Sewage. 

RUDOLPH  HERING,  Sanitary  Engineer,   170  Broadway,  New  York 
City. 

Sewers  and  Sewage  Disposal. 

H.  DE  B.  PARSONS,  22  William  Street,  New  York  City. 
G.  CLODOMIRO  PEREIRA  DA  SILVA,  Technical    Counselor,  Ministry 
of   Agriculture,  State   of   Sao  Paulo,    Brazil.     (Read  by  M.   O. 
LEIGHTON.) 


FINAL  ACT  OF   SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       235 

Sanitary  Engineering  in  Ecuador. 
FRANCISCO  MANRIQUE. 

Sanitary  Engineering  in  Bogota. 

CARLOS  DE  NARVAEZ,  Q.,  Bogota,  Colombia.  (Read  by  EDWARD 
BARTOW.) 

Joint  Session  of  Subsections  5  and  6. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM.     — 

CARL  C.  THOMAS,  Chairman. 

New  Property  of  Involution  of  Polygons  Circumscribed  and  Inscribed  to 

Conic  Sections. 
JOSE;  ISAAC  DEL  CORRAL. 

Method  of  Diagonal  Notation,  etc. 

RODOLFO  AGUILAR  BATRES,  Topographical  Engineer,  Guatemala. 

The  Gyroscope  Applied  to  Aerial  and  Water  Navigation.     (With  lantern 

slides  and  moving  pictures.) 

ELMER  A.  SPERRY,  Sperry  Gyroscope  Company,  Manhattan  Bridge 
Plaza,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Chronocyclograph   Motion   Devices   for   Measuring   Achievement.     (With 

lantern  slides.) 
FRANK  B.  GILBRETH,  77  Brown  Street,  Providence,  R.  I. 

MONDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  3,  1916—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsections  1  and  2. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL,  TENTH  FLOOR,  SMALL  BALLROOM. 

Joint  Session  of  Subsections  1  and  2,  Section  V,  with  Subsection  1  of  Section  IX  (Transportation)  in  Section 
IX  Rooms  at  the  New  Willard  Hotel. 

Brig.  Gen.  W.  H.  BIXBY,  JOHN  H.  BRASHEAR,  and  ALEXANDER  GRAHAM 

BELL,  Chairmen. 
Merchant  Marine. 

LEWIS  NIXON,  22  East  Thirty-third  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Shallow-draft  Boat  and  Barge  Transportation. 

Col.  L.  H.  BEACH,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  in  collaboration  with 

Lieut.  Col.  CHARLES  KELLER,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States 
Army,  Mobile,  Ala. 


236      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS. 

Hydroplanes  for  Passenger  and  Freight  Transportation  on  Inland  Waters. 

(With  lantern  slides.) 
GONZALO  MEJIA,  Colombia. 

Airships  to  Assist  in  Joining  North  and  South  America.     (Illustrated  by 

lantern  slides  and  moving  pictures.) 
SANTOS  DUMONT,  Aviator,  Brazil. 

TUESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  4,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  1. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  ENGLISH  ROOM. 

E.  L.  CoRTHELL,  Chairman. 

Instrumental  Hydrographic  Work  in  River  de  La  Plata. 

Drainage  of  Basin  of  La  Plata. 

Hydrography  and  Navigation  of  the  River  de  la  Plata. 

AGUST!N  MERCAU,  Vice  Dean  of  National  University^of  Buenos 
Aires,  Argentina. 

Harbor  and  Port  Terminal  Facilities  and  Works. 

H.  McL.  HARDING,  52  Vanderbilt  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

Employment  and  Behavior  of  Concrete  and  Reinforced  Concrete  in  Fresh 
and  Saline  Waters   and   Under  Servitude  of   Waves  in  Exposed 
Positions. 
CHANDLER  DAVIS,  i  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

Session  of  Subsection  3. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM. 

JOHN  B.  WHITEHEAD,  Chairman. 

Electrical  Codes  and  Standards. 

EDWARD  B.  ROSA,  United  States  National  Bureau  of  Standards, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Recent  Telegraph  and  Telephone  Development. 

F.  B.  JEWETT,  Assistant  Chief  Engineer,  Western  Electric  Company, 
463  West  Street,  New  York  City.     (Read  by  Mr.  SHREEVE.) 

Steel-Tripod  Telegraph  Posts. 

GUIIXERMO  DESTRUGE,  Director  General  of  Telegraph  and  Tele- 
phones, Quito,  Ecuador. 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       237 

Electrification  of  Transportation  Lines. 

N.  W.  STORER,  General  Engineer,  Westinghouse  Electric  and  Manu- 
facturing Company,  East  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Radiotelegraphy  in  Uruguay. 

BERNARDO  KAYEL,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Wireless  Telegraph  Service  and  Conventions. 

EMILIO  E.  DAGASSAN,  Engineer  Lieutenant,  Argentine  Navy. 

Proposition  for  a  Pan  American  Radiotelegraph  Convention. 

Rear  Admiral  JUAN  A.  MARTIN,  and  Engineer  Lieut.  EMILIO  E. 
DAGASSAN,  Argentine  Navy. 

Physical  Aspects  of  Radiotelegraphy.     (Lantern  slides.) 

JOHN  N.  HOGAN,  Jr.,  Chief  Research  Engineer,  National  Electric 
Signaling  Company,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Session  of  Subsection  4. 

Joint  session  of  Subsection  4,  Section  V,  with  Section  VIII,  Subsection  4  (Public  Health,  Sanitation, 

Water  Supply)  Section  VHI. 

NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL,  SECTION  VHI  ROOMS. 

J.  D.  GATEWOOD,  Medical  Director,  United  States  Navy,  Chairman. 

Disposal  of  Sewage  and  Garbage. 

MORRIS  KNOWLES,  Oliver  Building,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Street  Cleaning  and  Disposal  of  Its  Refuse. 

J.  W.  PAXTON,  Office  of  Engineer  Commissioner,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, Washington,  D.  C. 

Papers  and  writers  furnished  by  Section  VIII,  Subsection  D : 

Disposal  of  Refuse. 

GEORGE  A.  SOPER,  President,   Metropolitan  Sewage  Commission, 

New  York  City. 
WILLIAM  T.  SEDGE  WICK,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology, 

Boston,  Mass.  * 

J.  T.  FETHERSON,  Commissioner  of  Street  Cleaning,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 


238      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  4,  1916—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  1. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  FIRST  FLOOR,  PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM. 

E.  I/.  CORTHELL,  Chairman. 

Engineering  and  Other  Scientific  Work  of  the   United  States  Coast  and 

Geodetic  Survey.     (With  moving  pictures.) 

E.  LESTER  JONES,  Superintendent,  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Engineering  and  Other  Scientific  Work  of  the  United  States  Geological 

Survey. 

R.   B.   MARSHALL,    Chief    Geographer,    United    States    Geological 
Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Governmental  Geographical  Work  in  Colombia. 

M.    ESCOBAR    LARRAZABAL,     Engineer,    Office    of    Longitudes    of 
Colombia. 

Surface  Curve  of  Water  in  an  Open  River  Channel. 

RAMON  SALAS  EDWARDS,  Professor,  Catholic  University,  Santiago, 
Chile. 

Sandy  Seacoast  Shore  Protection. 

B.  F.  CRESSON,  Jr.,  New  Jersey  State  Board  of  Commerce  and  Navi- 
gation, 75  Montgomery  Street,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

As  part  of  the  discussion : 

Development  of  the  More  Important  Shore  Protection  Work  in  Holland, 

1905-1915. 
JOHN  W.  THIERRY,  Haarlem,  Holland. 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  5,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  1. 

SPECIAL  PAN  AMERICAN  TOPICS  FOR  SECTION  V. 

t  RALEIGH  HOTEL,  TENTH  FLOOR,  SMALL  BANQUET  ROOM 

Gen.  W.  H.  BIXBY  and  ELMER  L.  CORTHELL,  Chairmen. 

Uniform  Gauge  for  Railways  in  Central  and  South  America. 

G.  CLODOMIRO  PEREIRA  DA  SILVA,  Technical  Counselor,  Ministry  of 
Agriculture,  State  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 

C.  TEJADA  SOLORZANO,  Civil  Engineer,  La  Paz,  Bolivia 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       239 

Uniform  Gauge  for  Railways. 

SANTIAGO  MARIN  VICUNA,  Civil  Engineer,  Santiago,  Chile. 

Uniform  Gauge  for  Railways  in  Pan  America.     (Special  Pan  American 

topic  for  Section  V.) 
FRED  LAVIS,  50  Church  Street,  New  York  City. 


WEDNESDAY  EVENING,  JANUARY  5,  1916—8  O'CLOCK. 

MEMORIAL  CONTINENTAL  HALL. 

An  Evening  with  the  Stars.     (^Illustrated  by  lantern  slides.) 

JOHN    BRASHEAR,    President, .  American    Society    of    Mechanical 
Engineers. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  6,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Session  of  Subsection  6. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  TENTH  FLOOR,  SMALL  BANQUET  ROOM. 

ELMER  I/.  CORTHELL,  Chairman. 

New  Traverse  Tables,  with  Sexagesimal  and  Centesimal  Divisions  of  Arcs. 
IBERIO  SAN  ROMAN,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine. 


SECTION    VI.— INTERNATIONAL   LAW,    PUBLIC    LAW,    AND 

JURISPRUDENCE. 


JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  Chairman. 

CLEMENT  L.  Bouv£,  Secretary  of  Subsection  on  International  Law. 
IGNATIUS  J.  COSTIGAN,  Secretary  of  Subsection  on  Public  Law. 
A.  GONZALES-LAMAS,  Corresponding  Secretary. 


First  Session  of  Section  VI. 


TUESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—10  O'CLOCK. 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  Chairman. 
Opening  of  session,  JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT. 

Relation  of  International  Law  to  National  Law  in  American  Countries. 
ALEJANDRO  ALVAREZ,  Counselor  for  the  Legations  of  Chile  in  Europe. 

Should  International  Law  be  Codified?  And  if  so,  Should  it  be  Done 
Through  Governmental  Agencies  or  by  Private  Scientific  Institu- 
tions? 

RODRIGO  OCTAVIO,  of  the  Faculty  of  Legal  and  Social  Sciences  of 
the  University  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Relations  Between  the  Judicial  and  Legislative  Powers. 
EDUARDO  RODRIGUEZ  PINERES,  of  Colombia. 

Criminal  Law  and  Procedure  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Scope  and 

Limits  of  Jury  Trials. 
Moists  A.  ViEiTES,  of  Cuba. 

27750—16 16  241 


242      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—2  O'CLOCK. 
First  Session  of  the  Subsection  on  International  Law. 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

CHARLES  NOBLE  GREGORY,  Chairman. 
Opening  of  the  meeting  by  JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT. 

How  Can  the  People  of  the  American  Countries  Best  be  Impressed  with 

the  Duties  and  Responsibilities  of  the  State  in  International  Law? 

DAVID  JAYNE  HILL,  formerly  American  Ambassador  to  Germany. 

The  Study  of  International  Law  in  American  Countries  and  the  Means  by 

Which  it  May  be  Made  More  Effective. 
JACOB  GOULD  SCHURMAN,  President  of  Cornell  University. 
JAMES  W.  GARNER,  Professor  of  Political  Science  in  the  University 

of  Illinois. 
CLEMENT  L.  Bouv£,  of  the  Bar  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

TUESDAY  NIGHT,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—8  O'CLOCK. 

Second  Session  of  the  Subsection  on  International  Law. 

(Meeting  Jointly  with  the  American  Society  of  International  Law.) 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

ELIHU  ROOT,  Chairman. 

The  Relation  of  International  Law  to  National  Law  in  American  Countries. 
JOHN  BASSETT  MOORE,  formerly  Counselor  for  the  Department  of 

State.- 
GEORGE  G.  WILSON,  Professor  of  International  Law  in  Harvard 

University. 

Papers  reported: 

Jos£  MICNDEZ,  Professor  of  International  Law  in  the  University  of 

Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 
Jos£  LINHARES,  Member  of  the  Brazilian  Society  of  International 

Law. 

The  Duties  and  Obligations  of  Neutral  Governments,  Parties  to  The  Hague 
Conventions,  in  Case  of  Actual  or  Threatened  Violations  by  Bel- 
ligerents of  the  Stipulations  of  the  Said  Conventions. 
NORMAN  DWIGHT  HARRIS,  Professor  of  European  Diplomatic  His- 
tory in  Northwestern  University. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       243 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—10  O'CLOCK. 
Third  Session  of  the  Subsection  on  International  Law. 

(Meeting  Jointly  with  the  American  Society  of  International  Law. 
SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

CHARLES  NOBLE  GREGORY,  Chairman. 

The  Attitude  of  American  Countries  Toward  International  Arbitration  and 

the  Peaceful  Settlement  of  International  Disputes. 
WALTER  S.  PENFIELD,  of  the  Bar  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 
JACKSON  H.  RALSTON,  of  the  Bar  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

What  Means  Should  be  Provided  and  Procedure  Adopted  for  Authorita- 
tively Determining  Whether  The  Hague  Conventions,  or  Other 
General  International  Agreements,  or  the  Rules  of  International  Law 
Have  Been  Violated?  In  Case  of  Violations,  What  Should  be  the 
Nature  of  the  Remedy  and  How  Should  it  be  Enforced? 

THEODORE  S.  WOOLSEY,  formerly  Professor  of  International  Law  in 
Yale  University. 

EDWARD  A.  HARRIMAN,  of  the  Bar  of  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Papers  reported: 

The  Attitude  of  American  Countries  Toward  International  Arbitration  and 

the  Peaceful  Settlement  of  International  Disputes. 
BUSEBIO  BRACAMONTE,  President  of  the  Court  of  Second  Instance 

of  the  Western  Section  of  Salvador. 
FRANCISCO  CAPELLA  Y  PONS,  of  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 
ANTONIO  MADRID,  Honduras. 

Attitude  of  Colombia  Toward  International  Arbitration  and  the  Peaceful 

Settlement  of  International  Disputes. 
ARCESIO  PENAGOS,  Popaydn,  Colombia. 

The  Right  to  Safety  in  the  High  Seas  for  the  Citizens  of  all  the  American 

Republics. 
A.  C£SAR,  Nicaragua. 


244      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

THURSDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—2  O'CLOCK. 
Fourth  Session  of  the  Subsection  on  International  Law. 

(Meeting  Jointly  with  American  Society  of  International  Law  and  the  American  Institute  of  International 

Law.) 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

CHARLES  NOBLE  GREGORY,  Chairman. 

The  Unification  of  International  Law  in  the  American  Continent. 
VICTOR  MAURTUA,  of  Peru. 

Should  International  Law  be  Codified?  And  if  so,  Should  it  be  Done 
Through  Governmental  Agencies  or  by  Private  Scientific  Societies? 

ELIHU  ROOT,  President  of  the  American  Society  of  International 
Law. 

SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN,  formerly  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Errors  of  Connecticut. 

ARTHUR  K.  KUHN,  of  the  New  York  Bar. 

Informal  discussions  as  to  how  the  societies  of  international  law  in  the 
different  American  countries  can  best  cooperate  with  each  other  in 
promoting  their  common  objects. 

FRIDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—2  O'CLOCK. 
First  Session  of  the  Subsection  on  Public  Law. 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN,  Chairman. 
Opening  of  meeting  by  JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT. 

The  Historical  Evolution  of  Public  Law. 

GORDON  E.  SHERMAN,  Professor  of  Law  in  Yale  University. 

The  Relation  of  Public  Law  to  International  Law. 

JUSTICE  BEACH,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors  of  Connecticut. 

Criminal  Law  and  Procedure  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Scope  and 
Limits  of  Jury  Trials,  and  the  Several  Theories  for  the  Punish- 
ment of  Criminals,  and  Differences  Between  the  Criminal  Pro- 
cedure of  States  Following  the  Civil  Law  and  Those  Following  the 
Common  Law. 

CHARLES  F.  McLEAN,  formerly  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New 
York. 

Paper  reported: 

Jos£  A.  VARGAS  TORRES,  of  Colombia. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       245 

MONDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  3,  1916—10  O'CLOCK. 
Second  •  Session  of  the  Subsection  on  Public  Law. 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN,  Chairman. 

Public  Law  as  Affecting  Legal  Procedure  in  Civil  Causes. 

WILLIAM  W.  SMITHERS,  formerly  Secretary  of  the  Bureau  of  Com- 
parative Law  of  the  American  Bar  Association. 

The  Effect  on  American  Public  Law  of  our  Written  Constitutions. 

(a)  In  Their  Bearing  on  the  Sovereignty  of  the  State. 

Luciuus  A.  EMERY,  formerly  Chief  Justice  of  Maine. 

(b)  Constitutional  Provisions  Making  Treaties  Law. 

GEORGE  D.  WATROUS,  Professor  in  Yale  University. 

Papers  submitted  by : 
Jos£  MAZA,  Chile. 
REYNALDO  PORCHAT,  Brazil. 

MONDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  3,  1916—2  O'CLOCK. 
Third  Session  of  the  Subsection  on  Public|Law. 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN,  Chairman. 

Is  There  an  American  Public  Law  that  Can  be  Differentiated  from  That 

of  Other  Continents  ? 
ROBERT  LUDLOW  FOWLER,  Surrogate  of  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Presidential  and  Parliamentary  Government  on  the  American  Continent 
in  State  and  Nation.  (This  topic  is  suggested  particularly  to 
open  discussion  as  to  the  means  for  preventing  any  lack  of  due 
cooperation  between  these  two  branches,  including  the  admission 
of  cabinet  ministers  to  a  voice  in  debate.) 

RAFAEL  MARIA  ANGULO,  of  the  Bar  of  Cuba. 

THOMAS  I.  PARKINSON,  of  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

FERNANDO  SANCHEZ  DE  FUENTES,  of  the  Law  School  of  Habana, 
Cuba. 

Papers  reported: 

The  Power  of  the  President  to  Dictate  By-LawsJand  Regulations. 

Moists  VARGAS,  Professor  of  Administrative  Law|in  the  University 
of  Chile. 


246      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Relations  Between  the  Judicial  and  Legislative  Powers. 
CARLOS  BRAVO,  of  Colombia. 

The  Republican  Dictatorship  and  the  Brazilian  Government. 

ANTONIO  Dos  Rios  CARVALHO,  Professor,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 

Government  and  Responsibility. 

JUSTING  B.  JIMENEZ  DE  ARECHAGA,  of  the  Faculty  of  Law  of  Monte- 
video, Uruguay. 


TUESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  4,  1916-10  O'CLOCK. 
First  Session  of  the  Subsection  on  Jurisprudence. 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

EUGENE  WAMBAUGH,  Chairman. 
Opening  of  the  meeting,  JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT. 
Address  by  EUGENE  WAMBAUGH. 

Recent  Law  Reforms  in  the  United  States  of  America. 
FREDERICK  N.  JUDSON,  of  the  Bar  of  Missouri. 

The  Extra-territorial  Effect  of  Criminal  Statutes.. 

WILLIAM  H.  PAGE,  Professor  of  Law  in  Ohio  State  University. 

How  May  Lawyers  of  One  Country  be  Most  Easily  and  Effectively  Made 

Acquainted  with  the  Laws  of  Another  Country? 

ROBERT  P.  SHICK,  Secretary  of  the  Bureau  of  Comparative   Law 
of  the  Bar  Association.     (Read  by  PHANOR  J.  EDER.) 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  4,  1916—2  O'CLOCK. 
Second  Session  of  the  Subsection  on  Jurisprudence. 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

EUGENE  WAMBAUGH,  Chairman. 

The  International  Manifestations  of  Law:  Its  Needs  and  Its  Possibilities 

from  the  American  Standpoint. 

JOHN  H.  WIGMORE,  Dean  of  the  Law  Faculty  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity.    (Read  by  GEORGE  H.  BOKE.) 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       247 

Judicial  Organization  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Nomination  or  Elec- 
tion of  Judges;  Organization  and  Functions  of  the  Minor  Judiciary. 
ANDRES  J.  MONTOLIO,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  Dominican  Republic. 

How  May  Lawyers  of  One  Country  be  Most  Easily  and  Effectively  made 

Acquainted  with  the  Laws  of  Another  Country? 

EDWIN  B.    B ORCHARD,    Librarian  of  the  United   States   Supreme 
Court  Library. 

A  Study  in  Mexican  Law. 

THOMAS  W.  PALMER,  Jr.,  of 'the  Alabama  Bar. 

Papers  reported : 

Judicial  Organization  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Appointment  of  Judges. 
Organization  and  Functions  o'j  the  Courts  of  Justice  of  First  Instance. 
ALFREDO  ALMEIDA  DE  RUSSELL,  Brazil. 

Delicte  Juvenil. 

ALFREDO  BALTHAZAR  DA  SILVEIRA,  Brazil. 


WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  5,  1916—10  O'CLOCK. 
Pan  American  Conference. 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

CHARLES  NOBLE  GREGORY,  Chairman. 

How  Can  the  People  of  the  American  Countries  Best  be  Impressed  with  the 

Duties  and  Responsibilities  of  the  State  in  International  Law? 
Excmo.  Sr.  JUAN  DE  BIOS  GARCIA  KOHLY,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  Cuba  to  the  Netherlands. 

Mission  of  the  American  Institute  of  International  Law. 

ANTOLIN  IRALA,  Professor  of  International  Law  in  the  University 
of  Paraguay. 

Pan  Americanism  in  the  Light  of  the  Traditional  Policy  of  Argentina. 

ENRIQUE  GIL,  Delegate  of  the  National  University  of  Buenos  Aires, 
Argentina. 

Are  There  Specific  American  Problems  of  International  Law? 

LEO  S.  RowE,  Professor  of  Political  Science  in  the  University  of 

Pennsylvania.     (Read  by  ALEJANDRO  ALVAREZ  of  Chile.) 
JOHN  FOSTER  DULLES,  of  the  New  York  Bar. 


248      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Papers  reported : 

MANUEL  TAVARES  CAVALCANTI,  Parahiba,  Brazil. 

CHRYSANTO  FREIRE  DE  BRITO,  Member  of  the  Brazilian  Society  of 

International  Law. 
M.  CASTRO  RAMIREZ,  Salvador,  President  of  the  Central  American 

Court  of  Justice. 
Luis  ALFREDO  OTERO,  of  Colombia. 


THURSDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  6,  1916—10  O'CLOCK. 
Pan  American  Conference — Continued. 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

CHARLES  NOBLE  GREGORY,  Chairman. 

New  Orientations  in  the  Study  of  International  Law. 

*        ALEJANDRO    ALVAREZ,    Counselor   for   the   Legations   of   Chile    in 
Europe. 

The  Study  of  International  Law  in  American  Countries,  and  Means  by 

Which  it  May  be  Made  More  Effective. 

Jos£  MATOS,  Professor  of  International  jLaw  in  the  Faculty  of  Law 
and  Notarial  Practice  of  Guatemala. 

Should  International  Law  be  Codified?     And  if  so,  Should  it  be  Done 

through  Governmental  Agencies  or  by  Private  Scientific  Societies? 
ALONSO   REYES   GUERRA,    Member   of    the    Permanent    Court    of 
Arbitration  at  The  Hague,  formerly  Professor  of  International 
Law,  San  Salvador,  Salvador. 

Paraguay  and  America. 

JUAN  F.  PISREZ,  Institute  of  Paraguay. 

The  Attitude  of  American  Countries  Toward  International  Arbitration  and 

the  Peaceful  Settlement  of  International  Disputes. 
BENITO  JAVIER  PEJREz-VERDiA,  formerly  Secretary  of  the  Mexican 
Legation  at  Guatemala. 

Papers  reported : 

The  Drago  Doctrine;  Its  Importance  in  American  International  Law. 
ERNESTO  RESTELLI,  of  Argentina. 

The  Diplomatic  History  of  Brazil  in  the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Centuries 
A.  G.  DE  ARAUJO-JORGE,  of  the  Foreign  Office  of  Brazil. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       249 

FRIDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  7,  1916—10  O'CLOCK. 
Closing  Session  of  Section  VI. 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

JAMES  BROWN  ScoTT,  Chairman. 

The  Great  European  War  and  the  Neutrality  of  Chile,  by  Alejandro  Alvarez. 
EDUARDO  SARMIENTO  LASPIUR,  Professor  of  International  Law  and 
Diplomacy  in  the  Universities  of  Buenos  Aires  and  La  Plata. 

A  Study  of  the  Jury  System  of  Ecuador. 

VICTOR  M.  PENAHERRERA,  Professor  in  the  School  of  Law,  Cen- 
tral University  of  Quito,  Ecuador. 


SECTION    VII.— MINING,    METALLURGY,    ECONOMIC 
GEOLOGY,  AND  APPLIED  CHEMISTRY. 


HENNEN  JENNINGS,  Chairman. 

ALBERT  H.  FAY,  Secretary. 

ANTONIO  LLANO,  Corresponding  Secretary. 


Subsection  1. — Mining. 
Subsection  2. — Metallurgy. 
Subsection  3. — Economic  Geology. 
Subsection  4. — Applied  Chemistry. 


TUESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  28,  1915— 9.30  O'CLOCK. 

ANTEROOM  TO  BANQUET  HALL,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

HENNEN  JENNINGS,  Chairman. 

Opening  address  by  Hon.  FRANKLIN  K.  LANE,  Secretary,  Department  of 
the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  Relation  of  Mining  to  the  Pan  American  Countries,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Peru. 

His  Excellency  the  Peruvian  Minister,  F.  A.  PEZET,  [Washington, 
B.C. 

The  Value  of  Technical  Societies  to  Mining  Engineers. 

R.  W.  RAYMOND,  Secretary  Emeritus,  American  Institute  of  Mining 
Engineers,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Section  VII  as  a  Whole. 

ANTEROOM  TO  BANQUET  HALL,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

C.  E.  MUNROE,  Chairman. 

ENRIQUE  CUEVAS,  Honorary  Chairman. 

Lifting  Ground  Waters  by  Compressed  Air. 

W.  L.  SAUNDERS,  President,  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers, 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

251 


252      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  Nitrate  Industry  of  Chile. 

ENRIQUE  CUEVAS,  Counselor  of  the  Chilean   Embassy,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

Uniform  Methods  of  Analysis. 

W.  F.  HILLEBRAND,  Chief  Chemist,  United  States  Bureau  of  Stand- 
ards, Washington,  D.  C. 


TUESDAY  NIGHT,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—8.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  Sections  HI,  V,  and  Vn. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION  HALL. 

W.  L.  SAUNDERS,  Chairman. 
Tuuo  OSPINA,  Honorary  Chairman. 

The  Functions  of  Foods  in  Securing  National  Efficiency. 

H.  W.  WILEY,  Chemist,  former  President,  American  Chemical  So- 
ciety.    (Section  VII,  Subsection  4,  Chemistry.) 

Conservation  of  Human  Life. 

T.  N.  CARVER,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass.     (Section  III, 
Subsection  i,  Conservation.) 

Engineering  and  Other  Scientific  Work  of  the  Office  of  Public  Buildings  and 

Grounds. 

Col.  WIUJAM  W.  HARTS,  Washington,  D.  C.     (Section  V,  Engi- 
neering). 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsection  1  (Mining)  and  Section  m,  Subsection  1  (Conservation). 

ENGLISH  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

VAN.  H.  MANNING,  Chairman. 
I.  C.  WHITE,  Honorary  Chairman. 

Methods  and  Costs  of  Obtaining  Crude  Petroleum. 

THOMAS  Cox,  Consulting  Engineer,  Oakland,  Cal. 

Legal  and  Economic  Factors  in  the  Conservation  of  Oil  and  Gas. 

ROSWELL  H.  JOHNSON,  University  of  Pittsburgh,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
(Section  III,  Subsection  i,  Conservation.) 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       253 

Extent,  Mode  of  Occurrence,  and  Probable  *Yield  of  the  Petroleum  Fields 

of  Argentina. 

E.  M.  HERMITTE,  Director  of   the   Department  of  Mines,  Buenos 
Aires,  Argentina. 

Subsection  3  (Geology). 

Delegates  invited  to  attend  meeting  of  the  Geological  Society  of  America, 
George  Washington  Medical  School,  1325  H  Street. 

Subsection  4  (Applied  Chemistry). 

PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

C.  E.  MUNROE,  Chairman. 

CHARLES  BASKERVILLE,  Honorary  Chairman. 

Tanning  Materials  from  Native  Sources  in  Latin  American  Countries. 
THOMAS  H.  NORTON,  Department  of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Dyestuffs  from  Materials  Native  to  Latin  American  Countries. 
SAMUEL  P.  SADTLER,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

The  Benzine  Ring. 

ANIBAL  CHACON,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  Subsection  3  (Geology)  and  Subsection  1  (Mining). 

ANTEROOM  TO  BANQUET  HALL.  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Chairman. 

The  Coals  of  the  United  States. 

M.    R.    CAMPBELL,    Geologist,    United   States    Geological    Survey, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

The  Coals  of  Brazil. 

I.  C.  WHITE,  State  Geologist,  Morgantown,  W.  Va. 

Mineral  Production  of  the  Various  Latin  American  Countries. 

G.  A.  ROUSH,  Editor,  Mineral  Industry,  South  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

Mining  in  Ecuador. 

J.  W.  MERCER,  General  Manager,  South  American   Development 
Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Sketch  of  the  Mineral  Resources,  of  Venezuela. 
GERMAN  JIMENEZ,  Caracas,  Venezuela. 


254       FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  2  and  4  (Applied  Chemistry). 

PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

C.  E.  MUNROE,  Chairman. 

CHARLES  BASKERVILLE,  Honorary  Chairman. 

Drying  Oils  Produced  in  the  Americas. 

H.  A.  GARDNER,  Institute  of  Industrial  Research,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paints  for  Tropical  Climates. 

MAXIMILIAN  TOCH,  Chemist,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Extent  and  Possible  Development  of  the  Borax  Deposits  of  Argentina. 

E.  M.  HERMITTE,  Director  of  the  Department  of  Mines,  Buenos  Aires, 
Argentina. 

The  Electric  Furnace  in  Metallurgy. 

JOSEPH  W.  RICHARDS,  Professor  of  Metallurgy,  Lehigh  University. 

The  Iron  Mines  of  Cuba  and  the  Methods  of  Preparing  their  Ore. 
J.  E.  LITTLE,  Mechanical  Engineer,  Felton,  Cuba. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsection  3  (Geology)  and  Section  HI  (Conservation). 

ENGLISH  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

M.  R.  CAMPBELL,  Chairman. 

Petroleums  and  Asphalts  in  the  United  States. 

E.W.SHAW,  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington, 
D.  C.     (Section  VII,  Subsection  3.) 

Conservation  of  the  Oil  and  Gas  Resources  of  the  Americas. 

RALPH  ARNOLD,  Consulting  Geologist  and  Engineer,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
(Section  II,  Subsection  i,  Conservation.) 

The  Petroleum  Resources  of  Mexico. 

D.  T.  DAY,  Consulting  Chemist,  United  States  Bureau  of   Mines, 
Washington,  D.  C.     (Section  VII,  Subsection  3.) 

Petroleum  Resources  of  Ecuador. 

C.  D.  ANDRADE,  Official  Delegate  from  Ecuador. 

The  Migration  of  Oil  Through  Small  Fissures  and  Faults. 
CASSIUS  A.  FISHER,  Consulting  Geologist,  Denver,  Colo. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       255 
Subsection  4  (Applied  Chemistry). 

ROOM  B,  RALEIGH  HOTEL 

C.  B.  MUNROE,  Chairman. 

W.  P.  MASON,  Honorary  Chairman. 

The  Value  of  Scientific  Research  and  Laboratory  Control  in  the  Manu- 
facture of  Foods. 
W.  D.  BIGELOW,  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  Preservation  of  Foodstuffs. 

CARL   Iy.   ALSBERG,  Chief,   Bureau   of   Chemistry,    Department  of 
Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Toxicological  Analyses  of  Mercury. 

CARLOS  REN  SON,  San  Salvador,  Salvador. 

THURSDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Sessions  Subsections  2  (Metallurgy)  and  3  (Geology). 

PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Chairman. 
TULIO  OSPINA,  Honorary  Chairman. 

Metallurgical  Practices  at  the  Tin  Mines  of  Bolivia. 

SCOVILL  K.  HOLLISTER,  Mill  Superintendent,  Compania  Estanifera, 
L/lallagua,  Bolivia. 

Bolivian  Tin. 

ROWLAND  BANCROFT,  Mining  Geologist,  Denver,  Colo. 

The  Occurrence  and  Preparation  of  Radium  and  Associated  Metals.  (Illus- 
trated by  lantern  slides  and  motion  pictures,  showing  work  of 
Bureau  of  Mines.) 

CHARLES  L.   PARSONS,  Chief   Mineral  Technologist,  United   States 
Bureau  of  Mines,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Radioactive  Minerals  of  Brazil. 
L/uis  BETIM  PAES  LEME. 

General  and  Economic  Geology  of  Colombia. 

TULIO  OSPINA,  Mining  Engineer,  Medellin,  Colombia. 


256      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Cement  Production  in  the  United  States. 

E.  C.  ECKEL,  Consulting  Engineer,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Geological  Sketch  of  the  Department  of  Cundinamarca. 
R.  LLERAS  CODAZZI,  Bogota,  Colombia. 

General  Geology  of  El  Salvador  and  its  Relations  to  Mining. 
Luis  FLEURY,  San  Salvador,  Salvador. 

Subsection  4  (Applied  Chemistry). 

OAK  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

C.  E.  MUNROE,  Chairman. 

H.  B.  McDoNNELL,  Honorary  Chairman. 

Rubber. 

PERCY  H.  WALKER,  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Chemical  Research  as  a  Directing  Aid  in  the  Efficient  Utilization  of  Pine 

Forests.     (Illustrated.) 

C.    H.    HERTY,    President    American    Chemical    Society,    Chapel 
Hill,  N.  C. 

Subsection  1  (Mining)  and  Section  III  (Conservation). 

ROOM  A,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

VAN.  H.  MANNING,  Chairman. 

Mining  Costs  and  Selling  Prices  of  Coal  in  the  United  States  and  Europe 

with  Special  Reference  to  Export  Trade. 

GEORGE  S.   RICE,  Chief   Mining  Engineer,   United  States  Bureau 
of  Mines,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

The  Copper  Mining  Industry  in  the  Americas. 

WALTER    HARVEY   WEED,   Geologist   and    Mining   Engineer,    New 
York,  N.  Y. 

Mining,  Metallurgy,  and  Economic  Geology  of  Salvador. 
Luis  FLEURY,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador. 

The  Conservation  of  Copper. 

W.  H.  EMMONS,  State  Geologist  of  Minnesota,  University  of  Minne- 
sota. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       257 

The  Conservation  of  Metals  by  the  Recovery  of  Scrap  or  Used  Metals. 
J.  P.  DUNLOP,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

The  Possibility  of  Treating  by  the  Cyanide  Process  the  Complex  Silver  or 

Silver-Gold  Ores  of  the  Latin  American  Republics. 
G.  H.  CLEVENGER,  Metallurgist,  Palo  Alto,  Cal. 

Cyaniding  in  South  America. 

H.  A.  MEGRAW,  Editorial  Staff,  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal, 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

Metallurgy  of  Native  Silver  Ores  in  Southwestern  Chihuahua. 

WAI/TER    M.    BRODIE,    Mining    Engineer    and    Metallurgist,    The 
Batopilas  Mining  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Concentration  and  Metallurgy  at  the  San  Antonio  Mines. 

MIGUEL  CALLEJAS,  Director  of  the  Mining  Society,  San  Antonio 
de  Oriente,  Honduras. 

Concentration  by  Flotation. 
F.  G.  FUCHS,  Lima,  Peru. 

FRIDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session,  Sections  V,  IV  (Subsection  6),  and  VH. 

PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

GARDNER  C.  ANTHONY,  Chairman. 

The  Influence  of  Technical  Journals  upon  Engineering  Education. 

T.  A.  RICKARD,  Editor,  Mining  and  Scientific   Press,   San   Fran- 
cisco, Cal.     (Section  IV,  Subsection  6,  Educational  Engineering.) 

The  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines. 

VAN  H.  MANNING,  Director,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.     (Section  VII,  Subsection  i.) 

Engineering  Nomenclature. 

A.  O.  SMITH.     (Section  V.) 

Engineering  Education  in  the  United  States. 

CHARLES  S.   HOWE,   President,  Case  School  of   Applied   Science, 

Cleveland,  Ohio.     (Section  IV,  Subsection  6.) 
27750—16—17 


258      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

FRIDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  Sections  HI  and  VII. 

SMALL  BANQUET  HALL,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

JAMES  F.  CALLBREATH,  Secretary,  American   Mining   Congress,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Chairman. 

Mine  Accidents  and  Uniform  Records. 

ALBERT  H.  FAY,  Mining  Engineer,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines, 
Washington,  D.  C.     (Section  III,  Subsection  i,  Conservation.) 

Uniformity  in  Collection  of  Statistics  of  Mineral  Production. 

EDWARD  W.  PARKER,  Director  of  the  Anthracite  Bureau  of  Infor- 
mation, Wilkes-Barre,    Pa.     (Section  VII,  Subsection  i.) 

Mine-rescue  Work. 

J.  W.   PAUL,  Mining  Engineer,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines, 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.     (Section  III,  Subsection  i,  Conservation.) 

Improved  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Methods  as  an  Aid  to  Conservation. 
L,.  D.  RICKETTS,  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Engineer,  New  York, 
N.  Y.     (Section  VII,  Subsection  i.) 

MONDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  3,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Section  VII  as  a  Whole. 

SMALL  BANQUET  HALL,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

VAN.  H.  MANNING,  Chairman. 
TULIO  OSPINA,  Honorary  Chairman. 

Buying  and  Selling  of  South  American  N  on  ferrous  Metals. 
L.  VOGELSTEIN,  Metal  Merchant,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Public  Interest  in  Mineral  Resources. 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Director,  United  States  Geological  Survey, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

The  Interrelations  of  Pure  and  Applied  Chemistry. 

F.  W.  CLARKE,  Chemist,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       259 

MONDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  3,  1916—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Section  VH  as  a  Whole. 

SMALL  BANQUET  HALL,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Chairman. 
TULIO  OSPINA,  Honorary  Chairman. 

Gold  and  Silver  in  the  Western  Hemisphere. 

WAUDEMAR  LINDGREN,  Geologist,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, Boston,  Mass. 

The  American  Alining  Congress  and  its  Work. 

CARL  SCHOLZ,  President,  American  Mining  Congress,  Chicago,  111. 

Assaying  in  the  United  States  Mint  Service. 

R.  W.  WOOU.EY,  Director,  United  States  Mint,  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  Storage  and  Handling  of  Explosives  in  Mines. 

C.  E.  MUNROE,  Dean,  Graduate  Studies,  George  Washington  Uni- 
versity, Washington,  D.  C. 

TUESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  4,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 

Joint  Session  Subsection  1  (Mining),   Subsection  2  (Metallurgy),  and  Subsection  3 

(Geology). 

ROOM  A,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Chairman. 

Recent  Progress  in  Electrical  Smoke  Precipitation. 

F.  G.   CoTTREUv,  Chief  Chemist,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Coal-dust  Firing  in  Reverberatories. 

C.   R.    KuzEUv,   Anaconda   Copper   Mining  Company,   Anaconda, 
Mont. 

Organization  and  Cost  of  Geological  Surveys. 

DAVID  WHITE,  Chief  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Report  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Uruguay. 

ROLF  MARSTRANDER,  Mining  Engineer,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Age  of  Peruvian  Fossils. 

C.  I.  LJSSON,  Lima,  Peru. 


260      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 
Subsection  4—9.30  O'Clock. 
ROOM  C,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

C.  E.  MUNROE,  Chairman. 

W.  P.  MASON,  Honorary  Chairman. 

The  Determination  of  Active  Oxygen  in  Washing  Perborates. 
A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Coloring  Lakes. 

P.  B.  GUGGIARI,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  University  of  Paraguay, 
Asunci6n,  Paraguay. 

Explosives  for  Use  in  Industrial  and  Commercial  Development. 

C.  E.  MUNROE,  Dean,  Graduate  Studies,  George  Washington  Uni- 
versity, Washington,  D.  C. 

Recent  Development  in  Water  Purification  and  Sewage  Disposal. 
W.  P.  MASON,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  N.  Y. 

Pharmaceutical  Products  Made  from  Materials  Native   to  Latin  America. 
A.  R.  D.  DOHME,  Chemist,  Baltimore,  Md. 

A  Simple,  Efficient,  and  Economic  Filter;  Its  Application  to  the  Filtration 

of  the  Yellow  Precipitate  in  Phosphoric-acid  Estimations. 
S.    L.   JODIDI,    Organic   Chemist,   United   States    Department    of 
Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  4,  1916—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  Subsections  1,  2,  and  3  of  Section  VII  with  Subsection  1  of  Section  III. 

OAK  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

M.  R.  CAMPBELL,  Chairman. 

Fuel  Situation  in  the  Andean  Plateau. 

BENJAMIN  L.  MILLER,  Professor  of  Geology,  Lehigh  University, 
South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  and  JOSEPH  T.  SINGEWALD,  Jr.,  Asso- 
ciate, Economic  Geology,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore, 
Md.  (Section  VII,  Subsection  i.) 

Practical  Difficulties  in  Conserving  our  Coal  Supply. 

J.  S.  BURROWS,  Norfolk  Va.     (Section  III,  Subsection  i.) 

Saving  of  Coal  through  Employment  of  Better  Methods  of  Mining. 

FRANK  HAAS,  Assistant  General  Manager,  Fairmont  Coal  Com- 
pany, Fairmont,  W.  Va.  (Section  III,  Subsection  i.) 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       26l 

Metallurgy  at  Braden. 

BERNARD  T.  COLLEY,  Superintendent,  Braden  Copper  Company, 
and  Ross  E.  DOUGLAS,  Mining  Engineer,  'Braden  Copper  Com- 
pany, New  York,  N.  Y.  (Section  VII,  Subsection  2.) 

Metallurgical  Operations  at  Chuquicamata. 

E.  A.  ROSE,  Metallurgist,  American  Smelting  &  Refining  Com- 
pany, New  York,  N.  Y.  (Section  VII,  Subsection  2.) 

Recent  Progress  in  Metallurgical  Practice  in  Peru. 

MIGUEL  FORT,  Mining  Engineer,  Lima,  Peru.  (Section  VII,  Sub- 
section 2.) 

Conservation  of  Phosphate  Rock  in  the  United  States. 

W.  C.  PHALEN,  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  (Section  VII,  Subsection  3.) 

Phosphate  Resources  of  the  United  States.     (Illustrated.) 

GEORGE  R.  MANSFIELD,  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Survey, 
Washington,  D.  C.  (Section  VII,  Subsection  3.) 

Subsection  4. 

ROOM  D,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

C.  E.  MUNROE,  Chairman. 

W.  P.  MASON,  Honorary  Chairman. 

Action  of  Sulphate  of  Manganese  in  Wine  Fermentation. 

JUAN  B.  LARA,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  University  of  Mendoza, 
Mendoza,  Argentina. 

The  Application  of  the  Paper  Pulp  Filter  to  the  Quantitative  Estimation  of 

Calcium  and  Magnesium. 

S.  L.  JODIDI,  Organic  Chemist,  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D.  C. 

Rittman  Process. 

W.  RITTMAN,  Chemical  Engineer,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines, 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Standard  Methods  for  Analyzing  Coal  and  Coke. 

A.  C.  FIELDNER,  Chemist;  G.  S.  POPE,  Engineer;  and  J.  D.  DAVIS, 
Chemist,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Washington,  D.  C. 


262      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  5,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Pan  American  Topics  (Metallurgy  and  Applied  Chemistry). 

OAK  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

BRADLEY  STOUGHTON,  Chairman. 

Ore  Dressing. 

R.  H.  RICHARDS,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Boston, 
Mass. 

Genesis  of  Chilean  Nitrate  Deposits. 

J.  T.  SINGEWALD,  Jr.,  Associate  Economic  Geologist,  Johns  Hopkins 
University,  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  BENJAMIN  L.  MILLER,  Lehigh 
University,  South  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

Consideration  of  resolutions. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  6,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Pan  American  Topics  (Mining  and  Geology). 

OAK  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

GEORGE  S.  RICE,  Chairman. 

Mining  Laws  of  Panama. 

J.  F.  SANCHEZ,  Panama  City,  Panama. 

The  Mining  Code  of  Chile. 

JULIO  FOSTER,  Santiago,  Chile. 

Mining  Laws  of  Colombia. 

PHANOR  J.  EDER,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Mining  Laws  of  the  United  States. 

J.  W.  THOMPSON,  Law  Examiner,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines, 
Washington,  D.  C, 

Recent  Contributions  to  the  Geology  of  Brazil,  and  their  Relations  to  the 

Development  of  the  Country. 

J.  C.  BRANNER,  President,  Leland  Stanford  University,  Stanford 
University,  Cal. 

Consideration  of  resolutions. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       263 

FRIDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  7,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Section  VII  as  a  Whole. 

PRIVATE  DINING  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

GARDNER  F.  WILLIAMS,  Chairman. 

The  Petroleum  Industry  of  Peru  in  1915. 

R.  A.  DEUSTUA,  Mining  Engineer,  Uma,  Peru. 

Data  for  the  History  of  Mining  in  Guatemala. 
MANUEL  LEMUS,  Guatemala. 

A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  the  Earth  and  the  Remarkable  Parallelism 
of  the  Earth's  Mountain  System.     (Paper  to  be  presented  by  Don 
Rafael  Guirola.) 
Luis  MATAMOROS  SANDOVAL,  Civil  Engineer,  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica. 

The  Prospect  for  Marketing  South  American  Zinc  Ores. 

W.  R.  INGALLS,  President  of  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society,  and 
Editor,  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Lead  and  Zinc  in  the  United  States. 

C.   E.   SIEBENTHAL,   Geologist,   United  States   Geological   Survey, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Iron  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Americas. 

CHARLES  C.  K.  LEITH,  Professor,  Economic  Geology,  University  of 
Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wis. 

FRIDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  7,  1916—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Section  VII  as  a  Whole. 

GREEN  ROOM,  RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

W.  R.  INGALLS,  Chairman. 

TULIO  OSPINA,  Honorary  Chairman. 

Mining,  the  Pioneer  of  Intimate  Commercial  Relations. 

F.  F.  SHARPLESS,  Secretary,  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society,  New 
York,  N.  Y. 

Value  of  Mining  Property. 

J.  R.  FINLAY,  Mining  Engineer,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


264      FINAI,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Development    Work    and   Mining   Operations    of    the    Chile    Exploration 

Company. 
POPE  YEATMAN,  Mining  Engineer,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

History  and  Development  of  Gold  Dredging  in  Montana.     (Illustrated  with 

lantern  slides  and  motion  pictures.) 
HENNEN  JENNINGS,  Mining  Engineer,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Placer  Mining  Methods  and  Operating  Costs. 

CHARLES  JANIN,  Mining  Engineer,  Bureau  of  Mines,  San  Francisco, 
Cal. 


SECTION  VIII.— PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND   MEDICAL  SCIENCE. 


Surg.  Gen.  WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS,  Chairman. 

Col.  JOHN  VAN  R.  HOFF,  Vice  Chairman. 

Maj.  EUGENE  R.  WHITMORE,  Secretary. 

ARTURO  L,.  GuERRA,  M.  D.,  Corresponding  Secretary. 


Subsection  A. — Public  Health. 

Subsection  B. — Vital  Statistics. 

Subsection  C. — Sociological  Medicine. 

Subsection  D. — Sanitation. 

Subsection  E. — Laboratory  Conferences. 


TUESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—9  O'CLOCK. 

SECTION  HEADQUARTERS  AND  ALL  SECTION  MEETINGS  AT  THE  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL . 

First  General  Session  of  Section  Vm. 

SECTION  ROOM,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

Surg.  Gen.  WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS,  Chairman. 
Address  of  Welcome,  Surg.  Gen.  WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS. 

Problems  of  Insect-borne  Diseases  in  Pan  America. 

JUAN   GUITERAS,  Director  of  Health  of  Cuba,  Professor  of  General 
Pathology  and  Tropical  Diseases  in  the  University  of  Habana. 

Immunity  to  Yellow  Fever. 

H.  R.  CARTER,  United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Baltimore,  Md. 

The  Occurrence  of  Filariasis  in  Pan  America. 

A.  J.  SMITH,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

265 


266      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—2  O'CLOCK. 

• 

Second  General  Session  of  Section  VH3. 

SECTION  ROOM,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

Col.  JOHN  VAN  R.  HOFF,  Chairman. 

Parasitic  Diseases  in  the  American  Tropical  Countries. 
DAMASO  RIVAS,  Nicaragua. 

The  Eradication  of  Typhus  Fever  in  Serbia. 

R.  P.  STRONG,  Professor,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Infectious  Diseases  in  the  Prison  Camps  of  Europe. 

B.  W.  CALDWELL. 

Review  of  the  Present  Yellow  Fever  Situation. 

A.  AGRAMONTE,  Professor  of  Bacteriology  and  Pathology,  Univer- 
sity of  Habana,  Cuba. 

Carlos  Fin-lay,  on  the  House-mosquitoes  of  Habana. 

F.   KNAB,    Bureau    of    Entomology,    Department   of    Agriculture, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Dr.  Liceaga  and  Yellow  Fever. 

Maj.  T.  C.  LYSTER,  United  States  Army. 

Eradication  of  Yellow  Fever  from  the  State  of  Sao  Paulo 
E.  RIBAS,  Brazil. 

Human  Blastomycosis  in  Peru  and  Bolivia 
E.  ESCOMEL,  Peru. 

Present  Views  in  Respect  to  Modes  and  Periods  of  Infection  in  Tubercu- 
losis. 
M.  P.  RAVANEL,  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Mo. 

Typhoid  Fever  in  Bolivia. 
N.  MORALES,  Bolivia. 

Prophylaxis  of  Typhoid  Fever  by  Means  of  Vaccination. 

J.     F.     GONZALEZ,     Uruguay.     (Presented     by    L.    E.    MIGONE, 
Paraguay.) 

Fruit  Fever. 

C.  MATRON,  Haiti. 

La  Buba  (Leishmaniosis  Americana). 
L.  E.  MIGONE,  Paraguay. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       267 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—9  O'CLOCK. 
Third  General  Session  of  Section  VHI. 

WHITE  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

Surg.  Gen.  WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS,  Chairman, 

Alcohol  and  Drug  Prophylaxis. 

HARVEY  W.   WILEY,  Good   Housekeeping  Magazine,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

Maconha  Smokers — Effects  and  Evils  of  the  Habit. 

JOSE;  RODRIGUEZ  DA  COSTA  DORIA,  Bahia,  Brazil. 

The  Problems  of  Alcoholism  and  its  Possible  Solution. 
Luis  LOPEZ  MESA,  Bogota,  Colombia. 

Causes  of  Crime. 

R.  B.  VON  KLEINSMID,  President  University  of  Arizona,  Tucson, 

Ariz. 
RICARDO  SARMIENTO  LASPIUR,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Pauperism.  , 

EDWARD  T.  DEVINE,  Director  New  York  School  of  Philanthropy, 
New  York  City. 

WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  29,  1915. 
Fourth  General  Session. 

WHITE  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

Col.  JOHN  VAN  R.  HOFF,  Chairman. 

Humanity's  Poison. 

ANTONIO  VALET  A,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Repression  of  Alcoholism. 

ATILIO  NARANCIO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Mechanical  Appliances  in  the  Treatment  of  Pyorrhea. 

FELIPE   GALLEGOS,    Secretary   of  the  Faculty  of  Dental  Surgery, 
San  Jos£,  Costa  Rica. 

Buccal  Flora  and  Fauna.     (Lantern-slide  demonstration.) 
TOMAS  S.  VARELA,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 


268      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Care  of  the  Baby. 

ATILIO  NARANCIO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Milk  Dispensaries  as  a  Means  of  Diminishing  Infantile  Mortality. 
JULIO  A.  BAUZA,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Modern  Methods  for  the  Prevention  of  Infantile  Mortality.     (L/antern- 

slide  demonstration.) 

ARTURO  L.  GUERRA,  on  the  staff  of  the  Washington  Diet  Kitchen 
Association,  Washington,  D.  C. 

An  Essential  Mistake  of  Person  in  the  Law  of  Civil  Marriage  of  Brazil. 
Jos£  RODRIGUEZ  DA  COSTA  DORIA,  Bahia,  Brazil. 

A  Study  on  the  Treatment  of  Puerperal  Injection  by  the  Use  of  Prolonged 

Luke-warm  Baths. 

A.   FIALLO    CABRAL,    Professor    of   Pathology    and    Bacteriology, 
Central  University  of  Santo  Domingo. 

Naturalism  in  the  Home. 

ANTONIO  VALETA,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Respiratory  Action  of  the  Depressor  Cordis. 
TEODORO  MUHM,  Santiago,  Chile. 

Prophylaxis  of  Ophidism  in  America.     (Motion-picture  demonstration.) 
VITAL  BRASIL,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 

Autosangotherapy  in  Leprosy. 

L,.    ZANOTTI-CAVAZZONI,    Asuncion,    Paraguay.     (Read   by  L.    E. 
MIGONE,  Asuncion,  Paraguay.) 


WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 

Joint  Session  of  Section  Vm  (Subsection  C)  with  the  American  Association  for  Labor 

Legislation. 

THE  LODGE.  SHOREHAM  HOTEL. 

Dangerous  Trades  and  the  Bearings  of  Industry  upon  Medicine. 

DAVID  L.  EDSALL,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,  Mass. 

Child  Labor  and  Public  Health. 

OWEN  R.  L/OVEJOY,  General  Secretary  National  Child  Labor 
Committee,  New  York  City. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       269 

Employment  of  Married  and  Pregnant  Women  and  the  Protection  and 
Promotion  of  the  Health  of  Female  Wage  Earners. 

JOHN  B.  ANDREWS,  Secretary  American  Association  for  Labor 
Legislation. 

AUGUSTO  TURENNE,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Factory  Sanitation. 

E.  R.  HAYHURST,  Ohio  State  Board  of  Health,  Columbus, 
Ohio. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—9  O'CLOCK. 
Fifth  General  Session  of  Section  VIE. 

WHITE  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

Surg.  Gen.  WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS,  Chairman. 

The  Etiology  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  from  the  Sociological  Point  of 

View. 

WILLIAM     CHARLES    WHITE,    Associate    Professor    of    Medicine, 
Pittsburgh  University,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

The  Treatment  of  Tuberculosis  by  the  Operation  of  Artificial  Pneumo- 

thorax. 
J.  DE  OLIVEIRA  BOTELHO,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 

Housing  of  Wage  Earners. 

LAWRENCE    VEiLLER,    Director    of    National    Housing    Company, 
New  York  City. 

Hygiene  of  Habitations. 

JUAN  DE  MONTEVERDE,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Hygiene  and  Medical  Inspection  of  Schools — Medical  Inspection  in  the 

Schools  of  Costa  Rica. 
Luis  SCHAPIRO,  San  Jose",  Costa  Rica. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—10  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  Subsection  B  with  the  American  Statistical  Association. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

E.  DANA  DURAND,  Chairman. 

The  Nature  and  Significance  of  the  Changes  in  the  Birth  and  Death  Rates 

in  Recent  Years. 
WALTER  F.  WILLCOX,  Cornell  Univeisity,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  Influence  of  Vital  Statistics  upon  the  Conservation  of  Human  Life. 
W.  S.  RANKIN,  Secretary  of    the  State  Board  of  Health,  Raleigh, 

N.  C. 

The  Relation  of  Sickness  Reports  to  Health  Administration. 
JOHN  W.  TRASK,  United  States  Public  Health  Service. 

Vital  Statistics  in  Relation  to  Life  Insurance. 

Louis  I.  DUBLIN,  Statistician  Metropolitan   Life   Insurance  Com- 
pany, New  York  City. 

Statistics  of  Infant  Mortality. 

LEWIS  MERIAM,  Bureau  of  Municipal  Research,  New  York  City. 

Joint  Session  Subsection  D  with  the  American  Civic  Association. 

WILLARD  HOTEL. 

Town  and  City  Planning. 

FREDERICK  L.  OLMSTED,  Architect,  Brookline,  Mass. 

The  Human  Side  of  City  Planning. 

J.  HORACE  MCFARLAND,  President  of  American  Civic  Association, 
Harrisburg,  Pa. 

The  Effect  of  Land  Subdivision.     (Lantern-slide  demonstration.) 
JOHN  NOLEN,  Landscape  Architect,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Town  and  City  Planning. 

JOHN  N.  HURTY,  State  Board  of  Health,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

City  Planning  Administration. 

RICHARD  B.  WATROUS,  Secretary  of  American  Civic  Association, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

THURSDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—2  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  Subsection  B  with  the  American  Statistical  Association. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

JOSEPH  A.  HILL,  Chairman. 

The  Federal  Registration  Service  of  the  United  States:  Its  Development, 

Problems,  and  Defects. 

CRESSY  L.  WILBUR,   Director,  Division    of   Vital    Statistics,    State 
Department  of  Health,  Albany,  N.  Y. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       2JI 

Vital  Statistics. 

WILMER  R.  BATT,  State  Register  of  Vital  Statistics,  Harrisburg, 
Pa. 

The  Incidence  of  the  Different  Causes  of  Mortality  in  Providence,  R.  I. 
CHARLES  V.  CHAPIN,  Superintendent  of  Public  Health,  Providence, 
R.I. 

Vital  Statistics  with  Special  Reference  to  New  York  City.     (Lantern-slide 

demonstration.) 
WILLIAM  H.  GUILFOY,  Registrar  of  Records,  New  York  City. 

Five  Years  of  Demographic  Records  in  Uruguay. 
DE  S  ALTER  AIN. 


Development  of  Demographic  Statistics  in  Cuba. 
JORGE  LE-RoY  Y  CASSA. 

The  Accuracy  and  Completeness  of  Compiled  Vital  Statistics  in  the  United 

States. 

JOHN  S.  FULTON,  Secretary  of  State  Board  of  Health,  Baltimore, 
Md. 

THURSDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—  2  O'CLOCK. 
Sixth  General  Session  of  Section  VTH. 

WHITE  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

GEORGE  M.  KOBER,  Chairman. 

Medical  and  Social  Problems  of  Venereal  Diseases. 

EDWARD  L.  KEYES,  Jr.,  New  York  City.     (Read  by  WILLIAM  F. 
SNOW.) 

Sexual  Education  of  Young  Men  as  a  Prophylactic  Measure  Against 

Venereal  Diseases. 
ALFREDO  PISRSICQ,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Suggested  Ordinance  for  the  Regulation  of  Prostitution. 
SILVESTRE  OLIVA,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Public  Health  Measures  in  Relation  to  Venereal  Diseases. 

WILLIAM  F.  SNOW,  General   Secretary   American   Social    Hygiene 
Association,  New  York  City. 

International  Agreements  in  Relation  to  the  Suppression  of  Vice. 

JAMES  B.  REYNOLDS,  American  Social  Hygiene  Association,  New 
York  City. 


272      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

FRIDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—9  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  Subsection  C  with  the  American  Sociological  Society. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

Surg.  Gen.  WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS,  Chairman. 

Social  Medicine  and  the  Work  Problems  in  the  Argentine  Republic. 

ENRIQUE  FEINMANN.  (Paper  presented  by  SARMIENTO  LASPIUR, 
Surgeon  of  the  Fernandez  Hospital;  Secretary  General  of  Public 
Sanitation;  Professor,  International  University  of  Buenos  Aires, 
Argentina.) 

Influence  of  Ankilostomiasis  upon  Agriculture  and  Infantile  Mortality  in 

Costa  Rica. 

Luis  SCHAPIRO,  Assistant  Director  of  the  Ankilostomiasis  Depart- 
ment, San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  in  collaboration  with  MAURO  FER- 
NANDEZ, Assistant  Director  of  the  Rockefeller  Foundation  in 
Costa  Rica. 

Ways  and  Means  of  Bringing  Matters  of  Public  Health  to  Social  Useful- 
ness: 

(a)  Sources  of  Information,  Statistics,  Health  Reports ,  Municipal  and 

State  Surveys. 

(b)  Preparation  of  Legislative  Measures — Committee  Hearings,  etc. 

(c)  Publicity  Avenues  and  Methods,  Use  of  Existing  Organizations, 

New  Organizations,  Press,  etc. 

WILLIAM  C.  WOODWARD,  Washington,  D.  C. 

What  Can  Unofficial  Effort  do  for  Public  Health! 

IRVING  FISHER,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
HAYES  K.  DEARHOLT,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wis. 

FRIDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—2  O'CLOCK. 
Seventh  General  Session  of  Section  Vin. 

WHITE  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

Surg.  Gen.  WILLIAM  C.  BRAISTED,  Chairman. 

Buildings  for  Human  Occupancy. 

ROBERT  W.  DE  FOREST,  National  Housing  Association,  New  York 
City. 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       273 

The  Means  by  which  Infectious  Diseases  are   Transmitted,   and   Their 

Extermina  tion. 
ALVAH  H.  DOTY,  New  York  City. 

Medical  Preparedness  in  Campaign. 

Lieut.   Col.    E.   L.   MUNSON,   Medical   Department,   United  States 

Army. 

Artificial  Illumination. 

J.   D.  GATEWOOD,   United   States   Naval   Medical   School,  United 
States  Navy,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Sanitary  Work  on  the  Panama  Canal.     (Lantern-slide  demonstration.) 
D.  S.  REEDER,  Ancon,  Isthmian  Canal  Zone. 

Climate  and  Hygiene  of  Rio  de  Janiero. 
J.  DE  OuvEiRA  BoTEUio,  Brazil. 

Health  Regulations. 

M.  H.  ALCIVAR,  Guayaquil,  Ecuador. 


MONDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  3,  1916—9  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session,  Subsection  C  and  American  Psychological  Association. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL. 

GEORGE  M.  KOBER,  Chairman, 

The  Defective  Child  and  the  Prevention  of  Feeble-mindedness. 

HENRY  H.  GOODARD,  Director  of  Psychological  Research,  Training 
School,  Vineland,  N.  J. 

Treatment  of  the  Insane  at  Large  in  the  Argentine  Republic.     (Cinemato- 
graph.) 
RICARDO  SARMIENTO  LASPIUR,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Education  and  Training  of  Defectives. 

E.  R.  JOHNSTONE,  Superintendent,  Training  School,  Vineland,  N.  J. 

Juvenile  Delinquency. 

WILUAM  HEALY,  Director  of  the  Psychopathic  Institute,  Juvenile 

Court,  Chicago,  111. 
27750—16 18 


274      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Etiology  and  Prevention  of  Insanity  from  the  Sociological  Point  of  View. 
WILUAM  A.  WHITE,  Superintendent,  Government  Hospital  for  the 
Insane,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Aftercare  of  the  Insane  as  Prophylaxis. 

K.  C.  SOUTHARD,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,  Mass. 
S.  C.  Rossi,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Mental  Hygiene  of  Adolescents. 

A.  MORAGA  PORRAS,  Santiago,  Chile.     (Three  papers.) 

Mental  Autophrasia. 

FERNANDO   GORRITI,  Physician    of    the    National    Colony  for   the 
Insane,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

J.  MORENO,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina.     (Five  reprints.) 


MONDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  3,  1916—9  O'CLOCK. 
Eighth  General  Session  of  Section  VIH,  Subsection  4. 

WHITE  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

Surg.  Gen.  RUPERT  BL.UE,  Chairman. 

A  Resume  of  Some  of  the  Recent  Studies  of  the  United  States  Public  Health 
Service  Relating  to  the  Causation  and  to  a  Method  of  Preventing 
Pellagra. 
JOSEPH  GOLDBERGER,  United  States  Public  Health  Service. 

The  Known  and  the  Unknown  with  Regard  to  the  Etiology  and  Prevention 

of  Beriberi. 

Capt.  K.  B.  VEDDER,  Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Beriberi,  an  Epidemiologic  and  Experimental  Study. 

MARIO  G.  LEBREDO,  Chief  of  the  Section  and  of  the  Laboratory  of 
Investigations,  etc.,  Board  of  Health,  Habana,  Cuba. 

On  the  Chemical  Nature  of  the  Vitamines. 

R.  R.  WIUJAMS,  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       275 

Infantile  Scurvy. 

ALFRED  F.  HESS,  New  York  City. 

Retardation  of  Nutrition  in  Highlands  of  Bogota. 
CAUXTO  TORRES,  Bogota,  Colombia. 

Testicular  Graft. 

A.  F.  CELESIA,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

R.  KRAUS,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina.     (Two  reprints.) 
J.  MORENO,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina.     (Four  reprints.) 

Treatment  of  Acute  Appendicitis. 

K.  J.  CoRBELUNi,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

T.  MAZZA,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina.     (Three  reprints.) 

Treatment  of  Whooping  Cough. 

R.  KRAUS,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 


MONDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  3,  1916—2  O'CLOCK. 
Ninth  General  Session  of  Section  Vffl. 

WHITE  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

J.  D.  GATEWOOD,  Chairman. 

Changes  in  the  Food  Supply. 

LAFAYETTE    B.    MENDEL,    Professor    of    Physiological    Chemistry, 
Sheffield  Scientific  School,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Food  Supply. 

CARL  Iv.  ALSBERG,  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  Department  of  /Agriculture, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

.4  Safe  and  Sane  Milk  Supply. 

JOHN  WEINZIRL,  University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Wash. 

Plans  for  the  Regulation  of  the  Milk  Commerce  in  Buenos  Aires. 
RICARDO  SARMIENTO  LASPIUR,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Buccal  Hygiene. 

C.  P.  BERRA,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 
J.  L.  CATONI,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 


2j6      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

TUESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  4,  1916—9  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session,  Subsection  D  with  Section  V  (Engineering),  Subsection  4. 

WHITE  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

J.  D.  GATEWOOD,  Chairman. 
Disposal  of  Refuse. 

GEORGE  A.  SOPER,  President,  Metropolitan  Sewage  Commission,  New 
York  City. 

WILLIAM  T.  SEDGWICK,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Bos- 
ton, Mass. 

Collection  and  Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse.  (Lantern-slide  demon- 
stration.) 

J.  T.  FETHERSTON,  Commissioner  of  Street  Cleaning,  New  York. 
(Lantern-slide  demonstration.) 

MORRIS  KNOWLES,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

J.  W.  PAXTON,  Washington,  D.  C. 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  4,  1916—2  O'CLOCK. 
Tenth  General  Session  of  Section  VHI. 

SECTION  ROOM,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

S.  L.  ROGERS,  Chairman. 
Water  Supply. 

EDWIN    O.   JORDAN,    Department   of   Hygiene   and    Bacteriology, 

University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 

E.  M.  CHAMOT,  Laboratory  of  Sanitary  Chemistry,  Cornell  Univer- 
sity, Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
EDWARD  BARTOW,  Director  State  Water  Survey,  Urbana,  111. 

Travel  and  Transportation. 

ALLAN  J.  MCLAUGHLIN,  United  States  Public  Health  Service. 

Fresh  Air  and  Ventilation  in  the  Light  of  Modern  Research. 
C.  E.  A.  WINSLOW,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Winter  Stations  in  Argentina. 

J.  MORENO,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Climatology  of  the  Sanatoria  of  Jordan,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 
VicroR  GODINHO,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 

The  Model  Institute  of  Medical  Clinics  of  Buenos  Aires.     (Lantern-slide 

demonstration.) 
TOMAS  S.  VARELA,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       277 
WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  5,  1916—9  O'CLOCK. 

ROOM  108,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

S.  L.  ROGERS,  Chairman. 

PAN  AMERICAN  TOPIC. 

Progress  of  Vital  Statistics  in  the  Pan  American  Countries. 
Report  on  the  Vital  Statistics  of  El  Salvador. 

PEDRO  S.  FONSECA,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador. 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  5,  1916—9  O'CLOCK. 
Eleventh  General  Session  of  Section  Vin. 

RED  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

Surg.  Gen.  WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS,  Chairman. 

Symposium  on  Anaphylaxis. 

Leader:  JOHN  F.  ANDERSON,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

The  Important  Steps  in  the  Development  of  our  Knowledge  of  Anaphylaxis. 
JOHN  F.  ANDERSON,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.     (Read  by  RICHARD 
WEIL.) 

Argentine  Biological  Theory  of  Immunity. 

JULIO  MISNDEZ.     (Paper  read  by  RICARDO  SARMIENTO   LASPIUR, 
Buenos  Aires,  Argentina.) 

Concept  of  Anaphylaxis  According  to  the  Biological  Immunity  Theory  of 

Argentina. 
RICARDO  SARMIENTO  LASPIUR,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Anaphylaxis  and  its  Relation  to  Immunity. 

J.  BRONFENBRENNER,  Director,  Pathological  and  Research  Labo- 
ratories, Western  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Anaphylactic  Reactions  in  the  Diagnosis  of   Disease  and  as  an  Index  of 

Resistance. 
J.  A.  KOLMER,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Hay  Fever. 

The  Relation  of  Hay  Fever  to  Anaphylaxis. 

G.  A.  H.  CLOWES,  Gratwick  Laboratory,  Research  Hospital,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y. 


278      FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Anaphylatoxin  and  the  Mechanism  of  Anaphylaxis. 

RICHARD  WEIL,  Cornell  University  Medical  College,  New  York  City. 

Hay  Fever  and  Certain  Other  Local  Anaphylactic  Phenomena  Referable  to 

the  Respiratory  Mucous  Membranes. 
A.  P.  HITCHINS,  Glenolden,  Pa. 
C.  P.  BROWN,  Glenolden,  Pa. 

Asthma. 

J.  A.  RAMPINI,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Hemophilia. 

Intensive  Antipest  Serum  Cure. 

J.  MORENO,  Buenos  Aires,'  Argentina. 

The  Suprarenal  Glands  in  Normal  and  Pathological  Pregnancy. 
J.  GABASTOU,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

WEDNESDAY  EVENING,  JANUARY  5,  1916—8  O'CLOCK. 
Twelfth  General  Session  of  Section  VIE. 

RED  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

Col.  JOHN  VAN  R.  HOFF,  Chairman. 

Symposium  on  Cancer  Research. 

Leader:   LEO   LOEB,   Washington   University   Medical  School,   St. 

Louis,  Mo. 
Eight  papers.     GENARO  GIACOBINI.     (Read  by  title  by  JUAN  GUIT- 

ERAS.) 

General  Tendencies  and  Problems. 

LEO  LOEB,  Washington  University  Medical  School,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Experimental  Studies  in  Heredity. 

MAUD  SLYE,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 

Factors  in  Immunity  to  Cancer. 

J.  B.  MURPHY,  Rockefeller  Institute,  New  York  City. 

W.   H.   WOGLOM,   Crocker  Laboratory,   Columbia  University, 

New  York  City. 
E.  E.  TYZZER,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,  Mass. 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       279 

Application  of  Chemistry  to  Cancer  Problems. 

CASIMIR  FUNK,  General  Memorial  Hospital,  New  York  City. 
RICHARD  WEIL,  Cornell  University  Medical  College,  New  York  City. 

Venereal  Granuloma. 

F.  S.  GUARCH,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Lymphocytosis  Syphilitics. 

C.  P.  MAYER  and  A.  C.  GOURDY,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 


THURSDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  6,  1916—9  O'CLOCK. 

ROOM  108,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

GEORGE  M.  KOBER,  Chairman. 

PAN  AMERICAN  TOPIC. 

Etiology  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  from  the  Sociological  Standpoint. 
N.  A.  SOLANO,  Panama,  Panama. 
N.  MORALES,  La  Paz,  Bolivia.     (Paper  read   by   E.  SAGARNAGA, 

La  Paz,  Bolivia.) 

CONST  AN  cio  CASTEIXS,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 
JOAQUIN  DE  SALTERAIN,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 
FEUPE  GAUvEGOS,  San  Jose",  Costa  Rica. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  6  1916—9  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsection  E  and  American  Association  for  Cancer  Research. 

RED  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

LEO  LOEB,  Chairman. 

Cancer  Problems  in  Special  Biological  Groups. 

(a)  Plant  tumors.     (Lantern-slide  demonstration.) 

E.  F.  SMITH,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
(6)  Fish  tumors. 

H.  R.  GAYLORD,  Gratwick  Cancer  Laboratory,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Tissue  Culture  in  Cancer. 

R.  A.   LAMBERT,  College   of    Physicians   and  Surgeons,   Columbia 
University,  New  York  City. 

M.  BURROWS,  Johns  Hopkins  University  Medical  School,  Baltimore, 
Md. 


280      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

The  Mechanistic  Theory  of  Cancer. 

G.  A.  H.  CLOWES,  Gratwick  Laboratory,  Research  Hospital,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y. 

Radium  in  Experimental  Cancer. 

F.  C.  WOOD,  Crocker  Laboratory,  Columbia  University,  New  York 

City. 
WILLIAM  DUANE,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,  Mass. 

Pathology  of  Experimental  Cancer. 

J.  EWING,  Cornell  University  Medical  College,  New  York  City. 

Laboratory  Diagnosis  of  Cancer — Sero-Diagnostic  Methods  in  Cancer — The 

Reactions  of  Freund  v.  Dungern,  and  Abderhalden. 
A.  F.  COCA,  Cornell  University  Medical  College,  New  York  City. 

Teratoma  of  the  Tuber  Cinereum. 

C.  A.  Bosco,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

FRIDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  7,  1916—9  O'CLOCK. 
Thirteenth  General  Session  of  Section  Vm. 

RED  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

GARY  N.  CALKINS,  Chairman. 

Symposium,  on  Life  Histories  of  Protozoa. 

Leader :  GARY  N.  CALKINS,  Columbia  University,  New  ..York  City. 

General  Biology  of  the  Protozoa  Life  Cycle. 

GARY  N.  CALKINS,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 

Classification  of  Parasitic  Amoebae  of  Man. 

Capt.  C.  F.  CRAIG,  Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army. 

Origin  of  Diverse  Races  in  Difflugia  corona.     (Lantern  slides.) 
H.  S.  JENNINGS,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 

The  Biological  and  Medical  Significance  of  the  Life  History  of  Intestinal 

Flagellates.     (Lantern-slide  demonstration.) 

C.  A.  KOFOID,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal.     (Paper  read 
by  M.  M.  METCALF.) 

Discovery  and  Identification  of  the  Stages  in  the  asexual  Cycle  of  the  Causa- 
tive Organism  of  Peruvian  Verruga. 

C.  H.  T.  TOWNSEND,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       28 1 

A  New  Plant  Flagellate. 

Parasitology  of  Certain  Animals  of  Paraguay. 
L.  K.  MIGONE,  Asuncion,  Paraguay. 

Trypano somes  of  Venezuela. 

Ascanio's  Method  of  Staining  Parasites. 

R.  GONZALEZ  RINCONES,  Caracas,  Venezuela. 

Cultivation  of  the  Parasite  of  Rabies  by  Noguchi's  Method. 
R.  KRAUS  and  B.  BARBARA,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Adrenalin  in  Amoebic  Dysentery. 
T.  BAYMA,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 


FRIDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  7,  1916—2  O'CLOCK. 
Fourteenth  General  Session  of  Section  Vm. 

RED  PARLOR,  NEW  EBBITT  HOTEL. 

H.  R.  CARTER,  Chairman. 

Mortality  from  Cancer  in  the  Western  Hemisphere. 

FREDERICK  L.  HOFFMAN,  Prudential  Insurance  Company,  Newark, 
N.J. 

The  Relation  of  Modes  of  Infection  to  the  Control  of  Bacterial  Diseases  in 

Pan  America. 
M.  J.  ROSEN AU,  Professor  of  Preventive  Medicine,  Harvard  Medical 

School,  Boston,  Mass. 
Discussion  by  JAMES  T.  B.  BOWLES,  New  York  City. 

The  Results  Obtained  in  the  Use  of  Magnesium  on  Tetanus  in  the  Present 

War. 
S.  J.  MELTzER,  Rockefeller  Institute,  New  York  City. 

Tropical  Parasitosis. 
Biting  Insects  of  Venezuela. 

R.  GONZALEZ  RINCONES,  Caracas,  Venezuela. 

Reorganization  of  the  Medico-Legal  Service  in  Chile. 
I.  MARCIAI,  RIVERA,  Santiago,  Chile. 

Operative  Treatment  of  Voluminous  Unilocular  Cysts. 
D.  MASSA,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 


282      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Prophylaxis  of  Gonorrhea  and  Syphilis. 
J.  TRAVIESO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Method  of  Approach  in  Teaching  Sex  Ethics  to  Girls  and  Young  Women. 
WIIXIAM  R.  MANNING,  University  of  Texas,  Austin,  Tex. 

The  Septicity  of  the  Mouth  and  the  Affections  of  the  Naso-Pharynx. 
C.  ROBERTSON,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Antirabic  Vaccination  in  Habana,  with  Statistics  Compared  with  Those  of 

Other  Nations. 

JUAN  SANTOS  FERNANDEZ,  Habana,  Cuba.  (Paper  read  by  JUAN 
GUITERAS,  Habana,  Cuba.) 

A  Historical  Resume  of  the  Investigations  of  Yellow  Fever  Leading  up  to 

the  Findings  of  the  Reed  Board. 

Gen.  GEORGE  M.  STERNBERG,  United  States  Army.  (Paper  read 
by  Col.  J.  V.  R.  HOFP,  United  States  Army.  Gen.  STERNBERG 
died  Nov.  2,  1915.) 


SECTION    IX.— TRANSPORTATION,    COMMERCE,    FINANCE, 

AND  TAXATION. 


L-  S.  Rows,  Chairman. 

H.  N.  BRANCH,  Corresponding  Secretary. 


Subsection  1. — Transportation. 
Subsection  2. — Commerce. 
Subsection  3. — Finance. 
Subsection  4. — Taxation. 


TUESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
First  General  Session. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL,  SMALL  BALLROOM,  TENTH  FLOOR. 

ERNESTO  QUESADA,  Chairman. 

Opening  of  session  by  JACOB  H.  HOLLANDER,  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity, Baltimore,  Md. 

Address  of  Welcome  by  the  Hon.  WILLIAM  G,  McADOO,  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury. 

Response  on  behalf  of  the  members  of  Section  IX  by  the  Hon. 
JOAQUIN  D.  CASASUS,  ex- Ambassador  from  Mexico  to  the 
United  States. 

Remarks  by  JACOB  H.  HOLLANDER. 

The   Relation   of  Central  to  Local   Control  on  the  Regulation  of  Public 

Utilities. 

C.  A.  PROUTY,  Director,  Division  of  Valuation,  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission.     (Read  by  C.  K.  STAPLES.) 

International  Currency. 

JOAQUIN    D.    CASASUS,    ex- Ambassador   from    Mexico    to    the 
United  States. 

283 


284      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 

Joint  Session  of  Section  IV  and  Section  IX  with  Program  Furnished  by  Subsection 
on  Commercial  Education  of  Section  IV  and  Subsection  of  Commerce  of  Sec- 
tion IX. 

PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

ANTONIO  RAM!REZ  FONTECHA,  Chairman. 

INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS. 

Hon.  WILLIAM  C.  REDFIELD,  Secretary  of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Hon.  ANDREW  J.  PETERS,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

JOHN  H.  FAHEY,  former  President,  United  States  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, Boston,  Mass, 

EDMUND  J.  JAMES,  President,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

GENERAL  TOPIC. 

Preparation  for  Trade,  Domestic  and  Foreign,  from  the  Standpoint  of  the 
Educator.  EDWIN  F.  GAY,  Dean,  graduate  School  of  Business 
Administration,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

TUESDAY  EVENING,  DECEMBER  28,  1915—8  O'CLOCK. 
Section  IX  Guest  of  American  Economic  Association. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL,  LARGE  BALLROOM. 

Rear  Admiral  CHARLES  HERBERT  STOCKTON,  Chairman. 

Addresses  of  the  Presidents  of  the  American  Economic  Association  and 
American  Historical  Association: 

The  Apportionment  of  Representatives. 

WALTER  F.  WILLCOX,  American  Economic  Association. 

The  Relation  of  History  to  Nationalism. 

H.  MORSE  STEPHENS,  American  Historical  Association. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       285 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Second  General  Session. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL,  SMALL  BALLROOM. 

His  Excellency  DOMICIO  DA  GAMA,  Chairman. 

Is  it  Desirable  and  Possible  to  Establish  Uniform  Rates,  Methods,  and 
Classifications  in  Port  Charges,  Customs  Regulations,  and 
Classifications  Between  the  North,  Central,  and  South  Amer- 
ican Countries'? 

JUAN  Jos£  REINOSO,  Peru.     (Read  by  Corresponding  Secre- 
tary.) 

Hon.  F.  M.   HALSTEAD,  Division  of  Customs,  United   States 
Treasury. 

WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  29,  1915—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Section  IX  Guest  of  American  Economic  Association. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  LARGE  BANQUET  HALL. 

BALTHASAR  H.  MEYER,  Chairman. 

Economic  Theorizing  and  Scientific  Progress. 

J.  H.  HOLLANDER,  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

The  Role  of  Money  in  Economic  Theory. 

W.  C.  MITCHELL,  Columbia  University. 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  30,  1915—10.30  O'CLOCK. 
Section  IX  Guest  of  the  American  Economic  Association. 

RALEIGH  HOTEL,  LARGE  BANQUET  HALL. 

Maintenance  of  Retail  Prices. 

FRANK  W.  TAUSSIG,  Harvard  University. 

Some  Problems  and  Principles  of  Government  Regulation  of  Railroads. 
EMORY  R.  JOHNSON,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 


286      FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS- 

THURSDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  30,  1915— 2.30  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Section  IX  with  American  Economic  Association. 

HOTEL  RALEIGH,  LARGE  BANQUET  HALL. 

Topic :  The  Relation  of  Public  Finance  to  Private  Credit. 

The  Requisites  for  the  Encouragement  of  the  Investment  of  Foreign  Capital. 
WILLARD  STRAIGHT,  New  York  City. 

Discussion:  JULIO  PHILIPPI,  Messrs.  SRIDINAS  R.  WAGEL, 
Madras,  India;  C.  E.  PEPPER,  Washington,  D.  C.;  VICENTE 
GONZALEZ  B.,  National  Manufacturers' Association,  New  York; 
and  Prof.  BONN. 

FRIDAY  MORNING,  DECEMBER  31,  1915—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Third  General  Session  of  Section  IX. 

SMALL  BALLROOM,  NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL. 

ROBERTO  ANCIZAR,  Chairman. 

General  Topic:  Principles  that  Should  Govern  the  Relations 
Between  Federal,  State,  and  Local  Revenues. 

History  of  the  Local  and  Fiscal  Finances  of  Chile. 
JULIO  PHILIPPI. 

On  the  general  topic: 

EDWIN  R.  A.  SELIGMAN,  Columbia  University. 
SERAPIO    HERNANDEZ    Y    HERNANDEZ,    Tegucigalpa,    Honduras. 
(Read  by  title.) 

MONDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  3,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
The  Four  Subsections  Met  Together. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL,  PART  OF  LARGE  BALLROOM. 

EDWIN  R.  A.  SELIGMAN,  Chairman. 

Changes  in  Accepted  Conclusions  as  to  International  Trade  Due  to  (i) 

Asiatic  Development  (2)  War. 
JOHN  BATES  CLARK,  Columbia  University. 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       287 

Effects  of  the  War  Upon  the  Trade  of  South  America. 

GEORGE  C.  ROBERTS,  National  City  Bank,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Organization   and   Functions   of   the  Finances   of   the    United   States  of 

America  and  the  United  States  of  Venezuela. 
N.  VELOZ  GOITICOA,  Venezuela. 

The  Best  Methods  to  Facilitate  Commercial  Transactions  Between  Manu- 
facturers of  the  United  States  and  Spanish  American  Merchants. 
LORENZO    ANADON,    Argentina.     (Paper    read    by    JUAN    B. 
AMBROSETTI,  Argentine  Delegation.) 

The  American  System  of  Special  Assessments  and   its  Applicability  in 

Other  Countries. 
ROBERT  M.  HAIG,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

The  Railway  System  of  Colombia.     (Read  by  title.) 
ALFREDO  ORTEGA,  Bogota,  Colombia. 

Railways  of  Uruguay.     (Read  by  title.) 

DoTTE,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 


Direct  Taxation.     (Read  by  title.) 

JUAN  A.  MARQUEZ,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Abundant    Vegetable   Products  in    Venezuela  for  Dyeing   and   Tanning. 

(Read  by  title.) 
ANDRES  YBARRA,  Caracas,  Venezuela. 

MONDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  3,  1916—3  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Section  V  with  Subsection  on  Transportation  of  Section  IX. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL,  SMALL  BALLROOM. 

(The  papers  supplied  by  Section  IX  were  as  follows:) 

Air  -propelled  Gliding  Boats  and  their  Applicability  to  Rapid  Navigation 

on  South  American  Rivers. 
GONZALO  MEJIA,  Colombia. 

How  the  Aeroplane  May  Effect  Closer  'Alliance  of  the  South  American 

Countries  with  the  United  States. 
A.  SANTOS-DUMONT,  Brazil. 


288      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

MONDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  3,  1916—3  O'CLOCK. 
Joint  Session  of  Subsections  2,  3,  and  4. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL,  PART  OF  LARGE  BALLROOM. 

EDWIN  R.  A.  SEUGMAN,  Chairman. 

Commerce  Between  the  United  States  and  Central  America. 
RAFAEL  GUIROLA,  Salvador. 

The   Necessity    of   Adopting    Uniform    Principles    in   Banking    in    the 
American  Countries  as  a  Means  of  Approximation  to  Uniform 
Monetary  Systems. 
TORIBIO  ESQUIVEL,  OBREGON,  Mexico. 

Possibility  of  Introducing  a  Common  Monetary  Standard  as  Between  the 

Republics  of  America. 
E.  W.  KEMMERER,  Princeton  University. 

The  Taxation  of  Business. 

THOMAS  S.  ADAMS,  Cornell  University. 

Commercial  Relations  Between  El  Salvador  and  the  United  States.     (Read 

by  title.) 
PEDRO  S.  FONSECA,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador. 

A  Common  Monetary  Unit  for  America.     (Read  by  title.) 
GUILLERMO  SUBERCASEAUX,  Santiago,  Chile. 

TUESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  4,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
The  Four  Subsections  Met  Together. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL,  SMALL  BALLROOM. 

S.  N.  D.  NORTH,  Chairman. 

Summary  of  Inland  Navigation  in  Brazil. 

PEDRO  SOUTO  MAIOR,  Brazil.     (Read  by  CUNTON  JD.  SMITH.) 

The  Safety  First  Movement  in  American  Railways. 
R.  G.  RICHARDS,  Chicago. 

The  Balance  of  Trade  Between  South  America  and  the  United  States. 
JEREMIAH  W.  JENKS,  New  York  University. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      289 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  JANUARY  4,  1916—2.30  O'CLOCK. 
The  Four  Subsections  Met  Together. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL,  SMALL  BALLROOM. 

JACOB  H.  HOLLANDER,  Chairman. 

The  Financial  Problem  of  Nicaragua. 

PEDRO  J.  CUADRA  CH.,  Nicaragua. 

Foreign  Trade  Between  the  Countries  of  the  American  Continent.     (Read 

by  title.) 
ARTURO  GUIMARAES,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 

The  Industrial  and  Financial  Investments  as  a  Basis  of  Foreign  Trade 

Expansion. 
DAVID  KINLEY,  University  of  Illinois. 

Why  Latin- American  Municipal  and  State  Bonds  Should  be  Quoted  in 

New  York. 
ROGER  W.  BABSON,  Boston,  Mass. 

Direct  Taxation  in  Costa  Rica. 

ROBERTO  BRENES  MESE;N,  Costa  Rica. 

Uniformity  in  Demographic  Statistics  and  in  Dates  for  the  Taking  of 

the  Census  in  Latin  American  Countries.     (Read  by  title.) 
ALVARO  COVARRUBIAS  ARLEGUI,  Santiago,  Chile. 

Natural   Resources  and   the  Commercial   and   Economic   Development   of 

Guatemala.     (Read  by  title.) 
PEDRO  GALVEZ  PORTOCARRERO,  Guatemala  City,  Guatemala. 

The  Common  Monetary  Standard.     (Read  by  title.) 
PEDRO  J.  CUADRA  CH.,  Nicaragua. 

Brazil:  Contribution  to  Her  Economic  and  Financial  Study  from  1888  to 

1915.     (Read  by  title.) 
ALVARO  DE  MENEZES,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 

Organization  of  the  European  Foreign  Trade  with  Uruguay,  with  Special 

Reference  to  Manufactured  Goods.     (Read  by  title.) 
OCTAVIO   MORATO,   in   collaboration   with   J.    WEST,    Montevideo, 
Uruguay. 

Public  Finance  and  Credit  in  Peru.     (Read  by  title.) 
ENRIQUE  RAM!REZ  G ASTON,  Lima,  Perti. 
27750—16 19 


2QO      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  5,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
The  Four  Subsections  Met  Together. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL,  INTERSTATE  ROOM.  MEZZANINE  FLOOR. 

JOHN  BATES  CLARK,  Chairman. 

Motor-driven  Vehicles  and  Motor  Railroad  Cars  as  a  Factor  in   Trans- 
portation. 
THOMAS  H.  WHELESS,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Resources  of  Honduras  and  its  Commercial  Development. 

Exmo.    Sr.    GUILLERMO    CAMPOS,    Minister    of    Honduras    in 
Guatemala. 

A  Plea  for  the  Ratification  of  the  Buenos  Aires  Trade-Mark  Convention 

of  August  20,  19 jo. 

JAMES  T.  NEWTON,  First  Assistant  Commissioner  of  Patents, 
United  States  of  America. 

Some  Possible  Reciprocal  Relations  in  the  Patent  Practice  of  Pan  Ameri- 
can Countries. 
FREDERICK  TRANSOM,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Need  of  an  International  Agreement  on  Ship  Tonnage.     (Read  by  title.) 
GUILLERMO  LYONS,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Natural  Resources  and  the  Commercial  and  Economic  Development  of 

Uruguay.     (Read  by  title.) 
PABLO  FONTAINA,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Customs  Regulations  in  Uruguay.     (Read  by  title.) 
A.  IDIARTEGARAY,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Credit  and  Banking.     (Read  by  title.) 

ALEJANDRO  TALICE,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Need  of  Reforming  the  Taxation  Laws  so  as  to  Correlate  Them  with  the 
Cadastral  Survey  in  the  Political  and  Economic  Policy  of  Nations. 
(Read  by  title.) 
ANTONIO  F.  SOLARI,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       291 

THURSDAY  MORNING,  JANUARY  6,  1916—9.30  O'CLOCK. 
Closing  Session  of  Section  IX. 

NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL,  INTERSTATE  ROOM,  MEZZANINE  FLOOR. 

JACOB  H.  HOLLANDER,  Chairman. 

Lines  of  Future  Railway  Development. 
FRED  LAVIS,  New  York. 

The  Relation  of  Central  to  Local  Control  in  the  Regulation  of  Public  Utilities. 
ALFRED  P.  THOM,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Education,  Climate,  Mineral  and  Agricultural  Resources,  Commerce,  Fi- 
nance, and  Charitable  Institutions  of  Guatemala. 
JoAQufN  DE  OLIVEIRA  BOTELHO,  Brazil. 

The  Republic  of  Honduras:  Its  Means  of  Communication,  Commerce,  Pres- 
ent and  Prospective  Industrial  and  Economic  Development. 
Biographical  and  Statistical  Review  of  the  Republic  of  Honduras. 
ANTONIO  RAMIREZ  FONTECHA,  Honduras. 

The  Assessment  of  Real  Estate. 

LAWSON  PURDY,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Notes,  on  the  Commercial  and  Industrial  Development  of  the  Dominican 

Republic.     (Read  by  title.) 
FEDERICO  VELASQUEZ,  Santo  Domingo,  Dominican  Republic. 


APPENDIX  V. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES,  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS, 
PRIVATE  ORGANIZATIONS,  AND  GOVERNMENTAL 
BUREAUS. 

Academia  Brasileira  de  Letras,  Brasil. 

Academia  de  Ciencias  Medicas,  Fisicas  y  Naturales  de  la  Habana,  Cuba. 
Academia  de  Chile,  Chile. 

Academia  Colombiana  de  Jurisprudencia,  Colombia. 
Academia  de  la  Historia,  Mexico. 
Academia  Militaf,  Guatemala. 
Academia  Nacional  de  Historia,  Colombia. 
Academia  Nacional  de  Medicina,  Brasil. 
Academia  Nacional  de  Medicina,  Peru. 
Academia  Peruana  de  Jurisprudencia  y  Legislaci6n,  Peru. 
Academia  de  Practica  Forense,  Peru". 
Actuarial  Society  of  America. 
Aero  Club  of  America. 
Agricultural  College  of  Utah,  Logan,  Utah. 
Agriculture  and  Mechanical  College,  College  Station,  Texas. 
Albany  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 
American  Academy  of  Medicine. 
American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science. 
American  Anthropological  Association. 
American  Antiquarian  Society. 
American  Association  Farmer's  Institute  Workers. 
American  Association  for  International  Conciliation. 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Agricultural  Teaching. 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 
American  Association  for  Labor  Legislation. 
American  Association  Immunologists. 

American  Association   Instructors  and   Investigators  in   Poultry   Hus- 
bandry. 

American  Association  Medical  Milk  Commissioners. 
American  Association  Museums. 
American  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists. 
American  Association  to  Promote  Teaching  of  Speech  to  the  Deaf. 

293 


294      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

American  Astronomical  Society. 

American  Bankers  Association. 

American  Bar  Association. 

American  Ceramic  Society. 

American  Chemical  Society. 

American  Civic  Association. 

American  Climatological  and  Clinical  Association. 

American  Economic  Association. 

American  Electric  Railway  Association. 

American  Electrochemical  Society. 

American  Entomological  Society. 

American  Ethnological  Society. 

American  Exporters  and  Importers'  Association. 

American  Farm  Management  Association. 

American  Folk  Lore  Society. 

American  Forestry  Association. 

American  Foundrymen's  Association. 

American  Genetic  Association. 

American  Geographical  Society. 

American  Highway  Association. 

American  Historical  Association. 

American  Home  Economics  Association. 

American  Institute  of  Architects. 

American  Institute  of  Chemical  Engineers. 

American  Institute  of  Consulting  Engineers. 

American  Institute  of  Criminal  Law  and  Criminology. 

American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers. 

American  Institute  of  Metals. 

American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers. 

American  Library  Association. 

American  Manufacturers'  Export  Association. 

American  Mathematical  Society. 

American  Medical  Association. 

American  Medical  .Society  for  Study  of  Alcohol  and  Narcotics. 

American  Mining  Congress. 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

American  Peace  Society. 

American  Peat  Society. 

American  Pedriatic  Society. 

American  Philological  Association. 

American  Philosophical  Association. 

American  Philosophical  Society. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       295 

American  Physical  Education  Association. 

American  Physical  Society. 

American  Physiological  Society. 

American  Phytopathological  Society. 

American  Political  Science  Association. 

American  Pomological  Society. 

American  Prison  Association. 

American  Psychological  Association. 

American  Public  Health  Association. 

American  Railway  Association. 

American  Railway  Bridge  and  Building  Association. 

American  Railway  Engineering  Association. 

American  Railway  Master  Mechanics'  Association. 

American  Red  Cross. 

American  Sanitorium  Association. 

American  School  Hygiene  Association. 

American  Society  for  Cancer  Research. 

American  Society  for  Control  of  Cancer. 

American  Society  for  Extension  of  University  Teaching. 

American  Society  for  Testing  Material. 

American  Society  International  Law. 

American  Society  for  Judicial  Settlement  of  International  Disputes. 

American  Society  of  Aeronautic  Engineers. 

American  Society  of  Agronomy. 

American  Society  of  Biological  Chemists. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 

American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers. 

American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 

American  Society  of  Municipal  Improvements. 

American  Society  of  Naturalists. 

American  Society  of  Naval  Engineers. 

American  Society  of  Refrigerating  Engineers. 

American  Society  of  Tropical  Medicine. 

American  Society  of  Zoologists. 

American  Sociological  Society. 

American  Statistical  Association. 

American  Surgical  Association. 

American  Therapeutic  Society. 

American  Veterinary  Medical  Association. 

American  Water  Works  Association. 

Amherst  College,  Amherst,  Mass. 

Anthropological  Society  of  Washington. 

Archeological  Institute  of  America. 


296      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Architectual  League  of  America. 

Asistencia  Publica  de  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Asociacion  de  Educacion  Nacional,  Chile. 

Asociacion  de  Maestros  del  Uruguay,  Uruguay. 

Association  American  Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations. 

Association  American  Economic  Entomologists. 

Association  American  Law  Schools. 

Association  American  Portland  Cement  Manufacturers. 

Association  American  State  Geologists. 

Association  American  Universities. 

Association  Civil  Engineers  of  Cornell  University. 

Association  Life  Insurance  Medical  Directors. 

Association  Military  Surgeons  of  the  United  States. 

Association  of  Colleges  and  Preparatory  Schools  of  the  Southern  States. 

Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae. 

Association  of  Engineering  Societies. 

Association  of  Feed  Control  Officials. 

Association  of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists. 

Association  of  Official  Seed  Analysts. 

Association  of  State  Superintendents. 

Astrophysical  Observatory. 

Ateneo  de  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Ateneo  de  Santiago,  Chile. 

Atlanta  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Babson's  Statistical  Organization. 

Barnard  College,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 

Biological  Society  of  Washington. 

Board  of  Indian  Commissioners. 

Boston  College,  Boston,  Mass. 

Boston  University,  Boston,  Mass. 

Botanical  Society  of  America. 

Bowdoin  College,  Brunswick,  Me. 

Brooklyn  Engineers'  Club. 

Brown  University,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Brunswick  Board  of  Trade. 

Bryn  Mawr  College,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 

Bucknell  University,  Lewisburg,  Pa. 

Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

Bureau  of  Commercial  Economics. 

Bureau  of  Railway  Economics. 

Business  Men's  Club  of  Memphis. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       297 

Butler  University,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

California  State  Board  of  Health. 

Canisius  College,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace. 

Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching. 

Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Carnegie  Institute  of  Washington. 

Carnegie  Museum  of  Pittsburgh. 

Case  School  of  Applied  Sciences,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Catholic  Educational  Association. 

Catholic  University  of  America,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Centro  Nacional  de  Ingenieios,  Argentina. 

Centre  Naval,  Argentina. 

Centro  de  Sciencias,  Letras  e  Artes,  Brasil. 

Chamber  of  Commerce  of  United  States  of  America. 

Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

Charleston  (S.  C.)  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Charleston  (W.  Va.)  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Charlotte  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Chemical  Society  of  Washington. 

Chemists'  Club,  New  York  City. 

Chicago  Association  of  Commerce. 

Cincinnati  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Civil  Engineers'  Society  of  St.  Paul. 

Clark  University,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Clemson  Agricultural  College,  Clemson,  S.  C. 

Cleveland  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Cleveland  Engineering  Society. 

Club  de  Engeriharia,  Brasil. 

Colegio  de  Abogados  de  la  Habana,  Cuba.    . 

Colegio  de  Abogados  de  la  Republica  de  Costa  Rica,  Costa  Rica. 

Colegio  Nacional  "Benigno  Malo,"  Ecuador. 

College  of  Hawaii,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  New  York  City. 

College  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Colorado  College,  Colorado  Springs,  Colo. 

Columbia  Historical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 

Columbus  (Ohio)  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Comision  Nacional  de  Education  Fisica  del  Uruguay,  Uruguay. 

Commercial  Law  League,  Chicago,  111. 


298      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Commercial  Museum,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Comparative  Law  Bureau,  American  Bar  Association. 

Conference  of  State  and  Provincial  Boards  of  Health  of  North  America. 

Consejo  Nacional  de  Higiene,  Uruguay. 

Conservatorio  de  Musica  y  Declamacion,  Panama. 

Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Corte  de  Justicia  Centro-Americana,  Centre-America. 

Cosmos  Club,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Council  on  Medical  Education. 

Cruz  Vermelha  Brasileira,  Brasil. 

Dartmouth  College,  Hanover,  N.  H. 

Davenport  Academy  of  Sciences,  Indiana. 

Delaware  College,  Newark,  Del. 

Denver  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Department  of  Correction,  New  York  City. 

Department  of  Health,  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 

Detroit  Board  of  Commerce. 

Direccion  General  de  Instruction  Primaria,  Uruguay. 

Division  of  Economics  and  History,  Carnegie  Endowment  for  Inter- 
national Peace. 

Division  of  Intercourse  and  Education,  Carnegie  Endowment  for  Inter- 
national Peace. 

Division  of  International  Law,  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International 
Peace. 

Drexel  Institute,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Earlham  College,  Richmond,  Ind. 

Engineers'  Club  of  Baltimore. 

Engineers'  Club  of  Minneapolis. 

Engineers'  Club  of  Philadelphia. 

Engineers'  Society  of  Milwaukee. 

Engineers'  Society  of  North  Eastern  Pennsylvania. 

Engineers'  Society  of  Pennsylvania. 

Engineers'  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania. 

Entomological  Society  of  America. 

Entomological  Society  of  Washington. 

Escola  de  Direito  de  Bahia,  Brasil. 

Escuela  de  Derecho  de  Costa  Rica,  Costa  Rica. 

Escuela  de  Ingenieros,  Peru. 

Escuela  de  Medicina,  Quimica  y  Farmacia  de  la  Universidad  de  El 
Salvador,  El  Salvador. 

Escuela  Nacional  de  Industrias  de  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       299 

Bscuela  Nacional  de  Minas,  Colombia. 

Estacion  Experimental  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

Estacion  Experimental  de  Tucuman,  Argentina. 

Eugenics  Research  Association. 

Faculdade  Livre  de  Sciencias  Juridicas  e  Sociaes  do  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brasil. 

Faculdade  de  Medicina  de  Porto  Alegre,  Brasil. 

Facultad  de  Agronomia  y  Veterinaria  de  La  Universidad  Nacional  de 

Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 
Facultad  de  Ciencias  Economicas  de  la  Universidad  Nacional  de  Buenos 

Aires,  Argentina. 
Facultad  de  Ciencias  Exactas,  Fisicas  y  Naturales  de  la  Universidad 

Nacional  de  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Facultad  de  Ciencias  Fisicas,  Matematicas  y  Astronomicas  de  la  Uni- 
versidad Nacional  de  la  Plata,  Argentina. 
Facultad  de  Ciencias  Juridicas  y  Sociales  de  la  Universidad  Nacional  de 

la  Plata,  Argentina. 
Facultad  de  Ciencias  Medicas  de  la  Universidad  Nacional  de  Buenos 

Aires,  Argentina. 

Facultad  de  Derecho  y  Ciencias  Sociales  de  la  Universidad  Nacional  de 
•  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Facultad  de  Derecho  y  Notariado,  Guatemala. 

Facultad  de  Derecho  y  Notariado  de  Occidente  y  Septentrion,  Nicaragua. 
Facultad  de  Filosofia  y  Letras  de  la  Universidad  Nacional  de  Buenos 

Aires,  Argentina. 

Federation  de  Estudiantes  de  Chile,  Chile. 
Federation  of  American  Societies  for  Experimental  Biology. 
Federation  of  International  Polity  Clubs. 
Field  Museum  of  Natural  History. 
Fordham  University,  New  York  City. 
Franklin  Institute,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs. 
Geological  Society  of  America. 
Geological  Society  of  Washington. 
George  Peabody  College  for  Teachers,  Nashville,  Tenn 
Georgetown  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Georgia  School  of  Technology,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Gimnasio  Paraguayo,  Paraguay. 
Grand  Rapids  Association  of  Commerce. 
Greater  Des  Moines  Committee,  Iowa. 


300      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Greater  Vermont  Association. 

Gremio  Polytechnico  de  Sao  Paulo,  Brasil. 

Grinnell  College,  Grinnell,  Iowa. 

Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  N.  Y. 

Hartford  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Health  Department  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Honolulu  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Hospital  Resales,  El  Salvador. 

Hunter  College,  New  York  City. 

Illinois  Manufacturers'  Association. 

Illinois  Society  of  Engineers  and  Surveyors. 

Illinois  State  Board  of  Health. 

Illuminating  Engineers'  Society,  New  York  City. 

Ilustre  Colegio  de  Abogados,  Peru. 

Indiana  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Indiana  State  Board  of  Health. 

Indiana  University,  Bloomington,  Ind. 

Institute  of  Radio  Engineers. 

Institute  Archeologico  e  Geographico  Pernambucano,  Brasil. 

Institute  y  Escuela  Normal  Central  de  Senoritas,  Guatemala. 

Instituto  Geografico  Argentine,  Argentina. 

Institute  Historico  da  Bahia,  Brasil. 

Instituto  Historico  e  Geographico  Brasileiro,  Brasil. 

Instituto  de  Ingenieros  de  Chile,  Chile. 

Instituto  de  Ingenieros  de  Rio  de  la  Plata,  Argentina. 

Instituto  Medico  de  Sucre,  Bolivia. 

Instituto  Nacional  Central  de  Varones,  Guatemala. 

Instituto  da  Ordem  dos  Advogados  Brasileiros,  Brasil. 

Instituto  Paraguayo,  Paraguay. 

Instituto  Pedagogico  'de  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Instituto  Pedagogico  de  Santiago,  Chile. 

Instituto  Polytechnico  Brasileiro,  Brasil. 

Insular  Chamber  of  Commerce,  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico. 

International  Association  for  Testing  Materials. 

International  Dry  Farming  Congress. 

International  Health  Commission. 

Iowa  Engineering  Society. 

Iowa  State  College,  Ames,  Iowa. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Junta  de  Historia  y  Numismatica  Americana,  Argentina. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      301 

Kansas  State  Agricultural  College,  Manhattan,  Kans. 

Kenyon  College,  Gambler,  Ohio. 

Knox  College,  Galesburg,  111. 

Knoxville  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Lafayette  College,  Kaston,  Pa. 

Lake  Mohonk  Conference  of  Friends  of  the  Indians  and  Other  Dependent 

Peoples. 

Lehigh  University,  South  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  Leland  Stanford  University,  Cal. 
Lewis  Institute,  Chicago,  111. 
Liga  Nacional  Contra  el  Alcoholismo,  Chile. 
Louisiana   State   University   and   State   Agricultural   and    Mechanical 

College,  Baton  Rouge,  La. 
Louisville  Board  of  Trade. 

Maryland  Agricultural  College,  College  Park,  Md. 
Maryland  State  Board  of  Health. 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  Amherst,  Mass. 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Boston,  Mass. 
Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 
Medical  Society  of  Virginia. 

Merchants  and  Manufacturers'  Association,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Merchants  Association  of  New  York. 
Merchants  Association,  Manila,  P.  I. 
Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio. 
Michigan  College  of  Mines,  Houghton,  Mich. 
Michigan  State  Board  of  Health. 
Middlebury  College,  Middlebury,  Vt. 
Milwaukee  Public  Museum. 
Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society  of  America. 
Mississippi  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  Agricultural  College, 

Miss. 

Missouri  Historical  Society. 
Modern  Language  Association  of  America. 
Montana  Society  of  Engineers. 
Montana  State  College  of  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Arts,  Bozeman, 

Mont.  .  • 

Montana  State  School  of  Mines,  Butte,  Mont. 
Mount  Holyoke  College,  South  Hadley,  Mass. 
Municipal  Engineers  of  New  York. 
Museo  de  Historia  Natural  de  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 
Museo  Nacional,  Brasil. 


302      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Museo  Nacional,  Colombia. 

Museo  Nacional,  HI  Salvador. 

Museo  "Simoens  da  Silva,"  Brasil. 

Museo  Social  Argentine,  Argentina. 

Museo  de  la  Universidad  Nacional  de  la  Plata,  Argentina. 

Museum  of  the  American  Indian,  Heye  Foundation. 

Museum  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

National  Academy  of  Sciences. 

National  Association  for  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 

National  Association  of  Cotton  Manufacturers. 

National  Association  of  Manufacturers. 

National  Association  of  State  Universities. 

National  Brick  Manufacturers'  Association. 

National  Child  Labor  Commission. 

National  Commercial  Teachers'  Federation. 

National  Committee  on  Provision  for  the  Feeble-minded. 

National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Corrections. 

National  Conservation  Association. 

National  Dental  Association. 

National  District  Heating  Association. 

National  Drainage  Congress. 

National  Economic  League. 

National  Education  Association. 

National  Electric  Light  Association. 

National  Federation  of  College  Women. 

National  Federation  State  Teachers'  Association. 

National  Fire  Protection  Association. 

National  Foreign  Trade  Council. 

National  Geographic  Society. 

National  Housing  Association. 

National  Implement  and  Vehicle  Association. 

National  Kindergarten  Association. 

National  Municipal  League. 

National  Rivers  and  Harbors  Congress. 

National  Society  for  Promotion  of  Industrial  Education. 

National  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution. 

National  Tax  Association. 

New  England  Water  Works  Association. 

New  Hampshire  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  Durham    N.  H, 

New  Mexico  School  of  Mines,  Socorro,  N.  Mex. 

New  York  Academy  of  Medicine. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      303 

New  York  Academy  of  Sciences. 
New  York  Botanical  Gardens. 
New  York  Entomological  Society. 
New  York  State  Waterways  Association. 
New  York  University,  New  York  City. 
Norfolk  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
North  Carolina  State  Board  of  Health. 

North  Dakota  Agricultural  College,  Agricultural  College,  N.  Dak. 
Northwestern  University,  Kvanston,  111. 
Oberlin  College,  Oberlin,  Ohio. 

Observatorio  Astronomico  del  Colegio  de  Bel£n,  Cuba: 
Observatorio  del  Colegio  de  Nuestra  Sefiora  de  Montserrat,  Cuba. 
Official  Dairy  Instructors'  Association. 
Oficina  Internacional  Centro-Americana,  Centro-Ame'rica. 
Oficina  Internacional  Universitaria  Americana,  Uruguay. 
Oficina  Meteorologica  Argentina,  Argentina. 
Ohio  Engineering  Society. 

Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society. 
Ohio  State  Board  of  Health. 
Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  Delaware,  Ohio. 
Oregon  Society  of  Engineers. 
Pacific  Northwest  Society  of  Engineers. 
Panama- Pacific  Exposition. 

Pan  American  Division,  American  Association  for  International  Con- 
ciliation. 

Pan  American  Society  of  the  United  States. 
Pan  American  Union. 
Peabody  Museum  of  Harvard  University. 
Peabody  Museum  of  Yale  University. 
Philadelphia  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass. 
Philosophical  Society  of  Washington. 
Pittsburgh  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
Portland  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Maine) . 
Prensa  de  Venezuela,  Venezuela. 
Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Purdue  University,  Lafayette,  Ind. 
Radcliffe  College,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Railway  Club  of  Pittsburgh. 
Railway  Signal  Association. 


304      FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Religious  Education  Association. 

Rennselaer  Polytechnic  Institute. 

Rhode  Island  State  College,  Kingston,  R.  I. 

Rice  Institute,  Houston,  Tex. 

Richmond  College,  Richmond,  Va. 

Rockefeller  Foundation  International  Health  Commission. 

Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical  Research. 

Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

Russell  Sage  Foundation. 

Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

St.  Louis  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

St.  Stephens  College,  Annandale,  N.  Y. 

School  of  American  Archaeology. 

Seismological  Society  of  America. 

Smith  College,  Northampton,  Mass. 

Smithsonian  Institution. 

Sociedad  de  Amigos  de  la  Educacion  Popular  de  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Sociedad  Argentina  de  Derecho  Internacional,  Argentina. 

Sociedad  Boliviana  de  Derecho  Internacional,  Bolivia. 

Sociedad  Cientifica  Argentina,  Argentina. 

Sociedad  Cientifica  de  Chile,  Chile. 

Sociedad  Colombiana  de  Ingenieros,  Colombia. 

Sociedad  Cubana  de  Derecho  Internacional,  Cuba. 

Sociedad  Cubana  de  Ingenieros,  Cuba. 

Sociedad  Econ6mica  de  "Amigos  del  Pais  de  la  Habana,'   Cuba. 

Sociedad  de  Fomento  Fabril,  Chile. 

Sociedad  de  Geografia  e  Historia,  Chile. 

Sociedad  Juridico  Literaria,  Ecuador. 

Sociedad  Mexicana  de  Geografia  y  Estadistica,  Mexico. 

Sociedad  Nacional  de  Agricultura,  Chile. 

Sociedad  Nacional  de  Profesores,  Chile. 

Sociedad  Odontol6gica  Argentina,  Argentina. 

Sociedad  Paraguaya  de  Derecho  Internacional,  Paraguay. 

Sociedad  Peruana  de  Derecho  Internacional,  Peru. 

Sociedade  Brasileira  de  Direito  Internacional,  Brasil. 

Sociedade  de  Geographia  de  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brasil. 

Sociedade  de  Medicina  Legal  e  Criminalogia  da  Bahia,  Brasil. 

Sociedade  Nacional  de  Agricultura,  Brasil. 

Sociedade  Scientifica  de  Sao  Paulo,  Brasil. 

Socie"te  Haitienne  du  Droit  International,  Haiti. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      305 

Society  for  Practical  Astronomy. 

Society  for  Promotion  of  Agricultural  Sciences. 

Society  for  Promotion  of  Engineering  Education. 

Society  of  American  Bacteriologists. 

Society  of  American  Foresters. 

Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engineers. 

South   Dakota  State   College  of    Agricultural    and    Mechanical    Arts, 
Brookings,  S.  Dak. 

South  Dakota  State  School  of  Mines,  Rapid  City,  S.  Dak. 

Southern  Commercial  Congress. 

Southern  Conference  for  Education  and  Industry. 

Southern  Geographical  Society. 

Southern  Sociological  Congress. 

State  College  of  Washington,  Pullman,  Wash. 

State  University  of  Iowa,  Iowa  City,  Iowa. 

State  University  of  Nevada,  Reno,  Nev. 

Stevens  Institute  of  Technology,  Hoboken,  N.  J. 

Swarthmore  College,  Swarthmore,  Pa. 

Teachers'  College,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 

Throop  College  of  Technology,  Pasadena,  Cal. 

Trinity  College,  Durham,  N.  C. 

Trinity  College,  Hartford,  Conn. 

Tufts  College,  Tufts  College,  Mass. 

Tulane  University,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Union  College,  Schenectady,  N.  Y. 

United  States  Army  Medical  Museum. 

United  States  Board  of  Engineers  for  Rivers  and  Harbors,  War  Depart- 
ment. 

United  States  Board  of  Indian  Commissioners. 

United  States  Botanic  Gardens,  Washington,  D.  C. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Biological  Survey,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Education,  Interior  Department. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Fisheries,  Department  of  Commerce. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  Department 
of  Commerce. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Immigration,  Department  of  Labor. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs,  War  Department. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  Department  of  Labor. 
27750—16 20 


306    FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS 

United  States  Bureau  of  Lighthouses,  Department  of  Commerce. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  Navy  Department. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Interior  Department. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Naturalization,  Department  of  Labor. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Department  of  Commerce. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Navy  Department. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Soils,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering,  Navy  Department. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Standards,  Department  of  Commerce. 

United  States  Bureau  of  the  Census. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Yards  and  Docks,  Navy  Department. 

United  States  Children's  Bureau,  Department  of  Labor. 

United  States  Civil  Service  Commission. 

United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  Interior  Department. 

United  States  Department  of  Justice,  Attorney  General's  Office. 

United  States  Division  of  Latin  American  Affairs,  State  Department. 

United  States  Engineers  Office,  War  Department. 

United  States  Federal  Reserve  Board,  Treasury  Department. 

United  States  Federal  Trade  Commission. 

United  States  Forest  Service,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

United  States  General  Land  Office,  Interior  Department. 

United  States  Geographic  Board,  Interior  Department. 

United  States  Geological  Survey,  Interior  Department. 

United  States  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane. 

United  States  Indian  Office,  Interior  Department. 

United  States  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Association,  Chicago,  111. 

United  States  Medical  Department,  War  Department. 

United  States  Military  Academy,  West  Point,  N.  Y. 

United  States  National  Museum. 

United  States  Naval  Academy,  Annapolis,  Md. 

United  States  Naval  Hospital,  Navy  Department. 

United  States  Naval  Institute. 

United  States  Naval  Medical  School,  Navy  Department. 

United  States  Naval  Observatory. 

United  States  Naval  Radio  Service,  Navy  Department. 

United  States  Office  Markets  and  Rural  Organization,  Department  of 

Agriculture. 
United  States  Office  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,  Department 

of  Agriculture. 

United  States  Patent  Office,  Interior  Department. 
United  States  Postmaster  General's  Office,  Post  Office  Department. 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       307 

United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Treasury  Department. 

United  States  Reclamation  Service,  Interior  Department. 

United  States  States  Relations  Service,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Universidad  de  Antioquia,  Colombia. 

Universidad  Catolica  de  Chile,  Chile. 

Universidad  de  Cauca,  Colombia. 

Universidad  Central  de  Quito,  Ecuador. 

Universidad  de  Chile,  Chile. 

Universidad  de  Cuzco,  Peru. 

Universidad  de  El  Salvador,  El  Salvador. 

Universidad  de  la  Habana,  Cuba. 

Universidad  Mayor  de  San  Marcos,  Perti. 

Universidad  de  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 

Universidad  Nacional  de  Cordoba,  Argentina. 

Universidad  Nacional  de  la  Plata,  Argentina. 

Universidad  de  Tucuman,  Argentina. 

University  Museum,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

University  of  Alabama,  University,  Ala. 

University  of  Arizona,  Tucson,  Ariz. 

University  of  Arkansas,  Fayetteville,  Ark. 

University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 

University  of  Cincinnati,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

University  of  Colorado,  Boulder,  Colo. 

University  of  Denver,  University  Park,  Colo. 

University  of  Florida,  Gainesville,  Fla. 

University  of  Georgia,  Athens,  Ga. 

University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

University  of  Louisville,  Louisville,  Ky. 

University  of  Maine,  Orono,  Me. 

University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

University  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Mo. 

University  of  Montana,  Missoula,  Mont. 

University  of  Nebraska,  Lincoln,  Nebr. 

University  of  New  Mexico,  Albuquerque,  N.  Mex. 

University  of  North  Carolina,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 

University  of  North  Dakota,  University,  N.  Dak. 

University  of  Notre  Dame,  Notre  Dame,  Ind. 

University  of  Oklahoma,  Norman,  Okla. 


308      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

University  of  Oregon,  Eugene,  Oreg. 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
University  of  Pittsburgh,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
University  of  Porto  Rico,  San  Juan,  P.  R. 
University  of  Rochester,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
University  of  South  Carolina,  Columbia,  S.  C. 
University  of  South  Dakota,  Vermilion,  S.  Dak. 
University  of  Tennessee,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 
University  of  Texas,  Austin,  Tex. 
University  of  the  South,  Sewanee,  Tenn. 
University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
University  of  Vermont  and  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  Bur- 
lington, Vt. 

University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Wash. 
University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wis. 
University  of  Wyoming,  Laramie,  Wyo. 
Vassar  College,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 
Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute,  Lexington,  Va. 
Washington  Academy  of  Sciences. 
Washington  and  Lee  University,  Lexington,  Va. 
Washington  Board  of  Trade,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Washington  Branch  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  America. 
Washington  Branch  of  the  National  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers. 
Washington  Society  of  Engineers. 
Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Wellesley  College,  Wellesley,  Mass. 
Wesleyan  University,  Middletown,  Conn. 
Western  Association  of  Electrical  Inspectors. 
Western  Reserve  University,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Western  Society  of  Engineers. 
West  Virginia  University,  Morgantown,  W.  Va. 
Whitman  College,  Walla  Walla,  Wash. 
Williams  College,  Williams  town,  Mass. 
Wilmington  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Wilmington,  Del. 
Wisconsin  State  Board  of  Industrial  Education,  Racine,  Wis. 
Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute,  Worcester,  Mass. 
Yale  University,  New  Haven  Conn. 
Yale  University  Law  School,  New  Haven,  Conn. 


APPENDIX  VI. 


THE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  OF  ORGANIZATION 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  THE  COMMITTEES 
OF  THE  NINE  SECTIONS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 


WILLIAM  PHILLIPS,  Third  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  Chairman  ex 
officio. 

JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  Secretary,  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International 
Peace,  Vice-Chairman. 

WILLIAM  H.  WELCH,  President,  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  Hon- 
orary Vice-Chairman. 

JOHN  BARRETT,  Director  General,  Pan  American  Union. 

W.  H.  BIXBY,  Brigadier  General,  United  States  Army,  retired. 

PHILANDER  P.  CLAXTON,  Commissioner  of  Education. 

WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS,  Surgeon  General,  United  States  Army. 

WILLIAM  H.  HOLMES,  Head  Curator,  Smithsonian  Institution. 

HENNEN  JENNINGS,  Former  President,  London  Institution  of  Mining 
and  Metallurgy. 

GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL,  Chief,  Animal  Husbandry  Division,  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

L.  S.  ROWE,  President,  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science. 

ROBERT  S.  WOODWARD,  President,  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington. 

Executive  Officers: 

JOHN  BARRETT,  Secretary  General. 

GLEN  LEVIN  SWIGGETT,  Assistant  Secretary  General. 


SECTION  I. 

Anthropology. 

WILLIAM  H.  HOLMES,  Head  Curator,  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Chairman. 

ALES  HRDLICKA,  United  States  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C.? 
Secretary. 

3<>9 


310      FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Subsection  1.— Ethnology. 

F.  W.  HODGE,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Smithsonian  Institution, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

WAITER  HOUGH,  United  States  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 

ROLAND  B.  DIXON,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

FREDERICK  STARR,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 

ALBERT  ERNEST  JENKS,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

FRANZ  BOAS,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 

A,  L.  KROEBER,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

ELIZABETH  DUNCAN  PUTNAM,  Davenport  Academy  of  Sciences,  Daven- 
port, Iowa. 

ALICE  C.  FLETCHER,  214  First  Street  SB.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

STEWART  CULIN,  Museum  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

S.  A.  BARRETT,  Milwaukee  Public  Museum,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

GEORGE  A.  DORSEY,  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Chicago,  111. 

C.  F.  LUMMIS,  Southwest  Museum,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

JOHN  R.  Sw ANTON,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, Washington,  D.  C. 

PLINY  E.  GODDARD,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, Washington,  D.  C. 

WALDO  LINCOLN,  American  Antiquarian  Society,  Worcester,  Mass. 

J.  C.  BRANNER,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  Stanford  University, 
Cal. 

Subsection  2.— Archasology. 

J.  WALTER  FEWKES,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, Washington,  D.  C. 
C.  C.  WILLOUGHBY,   Peabody  Museum    of  American  Archaeology    and 

Ethnology,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
GEORGE  B.  GORDON,  University  of  Pennsylvania  Museum,  Philadelphia, 

Pa. 

HIRAM  BINGHAM,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
WARREN  K.  MOOREHEAD,  Department  of  Archaeology,  Phillips  Academy, 

Andover,  Mass. 
M.  H.  SAVILLE,  Heye  Museum,  10  East  Thirty-third  Street,  New  York 

City,  N.  Y. 
ARTHUR  C.  PARKER,  State  Museum,  University  of  the  State  of  New 

York,  Education  Building,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
T.  MITCHELL  PRUDDEN,  American  Ethnological  Society,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      311 

SYLVANUS  G.  MORLEY,  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
EDGAR  L.  HEWETT,  School  of  American  Archaeology,  Museum  of  New 

Mexico,  Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex. 

H.  M.  WHELPLEY,  Missouri  Historical  Society,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
W.  C.  MILLS,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Subsection  3.— Physical  Anthropology. 

GEORGE  GRANT  MACCURDY,  Yale  University  Museum,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
FRANK  BAKER,  Georgetown  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
D.  S.  LAMB,  United  States  Army  Medical  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 
W.  C.  FARABEE,  National  History  Museum,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
ALES  HRDLICKA,  United  States  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 
F.  P.  MALL,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 
F.   B.  TSMANEU,  Mission   House,  Catholic  University  of  Washington, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

SECTION  H. 
Astronomy,  Meteorology,  and  Seismology. 

ROBERT  S.  WOODWARD,  President  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

Subsection  A.— Astronomy  and  Geodesy. 

ROBERT  S.  WOODWARD,  President,  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 
SOLON  I.    BAILEY,    Harvard   College   Observatory,    Cambridge,    Mass.. 

Secretary. 

Subsection  B.— Meteorology  and  Seismology. 

CHARLES  F.  MARVIN,  Chief  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Washington, 

D.  C.,  Chairman. 
C.   FITZHUGH  TALMAN,   United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Washington, 

D.   C.,  Secretary. 

SECTION  HI. 

Conservation  of  Natural  Resources. 

GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL,  Chief  Animal  Husbandry  Division,  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman. 

EDWIN  W.  ALLEN,  Chief  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  States  Relation 
Service,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.C.,  Vice  Chairman. 


312      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

RAYMOND  A.  PEARSON,  President  Iowa  State  College,  Ames,  Iowa , 
Secretary. 

Subsection  1.— Conservation  of  Mineral  Resources. 

M.  R.  CAMPBELL,  Geologist  in  Charge,  Western  Mineral  Fuels,  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

WALDEMAR  LINDGREN,  Professor  of  Economic  Geology,  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  Boston,  Mass. 

C.  E.  SIEBENTHAL,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

W.  C.  PHALEN,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Subsection  2.— Conservation  of  Forests. 

HENRY  S.  GRAVES.,  Chief  Forest  Service,  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

J.  W.  TOUMEY,  Professor  School  of  Forestry,  Yale  University,  New 
Haven,  Conn. 

A.  F.  POTTER,  Associate  Forester,  Forest  Service,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D.  C. 

Mai.  GEORGE  P.  AHERN,  2806  Cathedral  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Subsection  3.— Conservation  of  Water  for  Power. 

N.  C.  GROVER,  Hydraulic  Engineer,  in  Charge  Water  Resources  Branch, 
Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

HERMAN  STABLER,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

M.  O.  LEIGHTON,  Consulting  Engineer,  501  McLachlen  Building,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

E.  C.  FINNEY,  Attorney,  Department  of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 

PHILIP  P.  WELLS,  Attorney,  Conservation  Commission,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

Subsection  4.— Irrigation. 

SAMUEL  FORTIER,  Chief  of  Irrigation  Investigations,  Office  of  Public 
Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Chairman. 

C.  S.  SCOFIELD,  In  Charge  Western  Irrigation  Agriculture,  Bureau  of 
Plant  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

R.  P.  TEELE,  Irrigation  Economist,  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural 
Engineering,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

C.  W.  SuiTON,  Civil  Engineer,  80  Maiden  Lane,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

A.  F.  CHANDLER,  Member  State  Water  Commission,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

I.  D.  O'DoNNELL,  Supervisor  of  Irrigation,  Department  of  the  Interior, 
Billings,  Mont. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       313 
Subsection  5.    Conservation  of  the  Animal  Industry. 

GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL,  Chief  Animal  Husbandry  Division,  Bureau  of  Ani- 
mal Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chair- 
man. 

B.  H.  RANSOM,  Chief  Zoological  Division,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

F.  R.  MARSHALL,  In  Charge  Sheep  and  Wool  Investigations,  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

J.  R.  MOHLER,  Assistant  Chief  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Department 

of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
H.  W.  MUMFORD,  Professor  of  Animal  Husbandry,  University  of  Illinois, 

Urbana,  111. 

B.  H.  RAWL,  Chief  Dairy  Division,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

H.  J.  WATERS,  President  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College,  Manhattan, 
Kans. 

Subsection  6. — Conservation  oi  the  Plant  Industry. 

DAVID  FAIRCHILD,  Agricultural  Explorer  in  Charge  of  Foreign  Seed  and 
Plant  Introduction,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D,  C.,  Chairman. 

L.  O.  HOWARD,  Chief  Bureau  of  Entomology,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, Washington,  D.  C. 

N.  A.  COBB,  Agricultural  Technologist,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

H.  J.  WEBBER,  Director  Citrus  Station,  University  of  California,  Berke- 
ley, Cal. 

G.  N.  COLLINS,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

C.  L.  MARLATT,  Chairman  Federal  Horticultural  Board,  Department  of 
Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Subsection  7.— Marketing  and  Distribution  of  Agricultural  Products. 

CHARLES  J.  BRAND,  Chief  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organization, 
Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

G.  HAROLD  POWELL,  Manager  California  Fruit  Growers'  Exchange,  Los 
Angeles,  Cal. 

L.  M.  ESTABROOK,  Chief  Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D.  C. 

JOHN  J.  DILLON,  Commissioner  Department  of  Foods  and  Markets,  New 
York  City,  N.  Y. 

J.  S.  CRUTCHFIELD,  President  Crutchfield  &  Woolfolk,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

CLARENCE  PoE.  Editor  The  Progressive  Farmer,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 


314      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SECTION  IV. 

Education. 

P.  P.  CLAXTON,  Commissioner  of  Education  of  the  United  States,  Bureau 
of  Education,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

S.  P.  CAPEN,  Specialist  in  Higher  Education,  Bureau  of  Education,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Vice  Chairman. 

Subsection  1.— Elementary  Education. 

JOHN  H.  FINLEY,.  Commissioner  of  Education,  State  of  New  York, 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  Chairman. 

PAUL  MONROE,  Teachers'  College,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

ERNEST  CARROLL  MOORE,  Department  of  Education,  Harvard  Univer- 
sity, Cambridge,  Mass. 

M.  P.  SHAWKEY,  State  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Charleston,  W.  Va. 

Subsection  2.— Secondary  Education. 

ELMER  E.  BROWN,  Chancellor  New  York  University,  New  York,  N.  Y., 

Chairman. 
JESSE  BUTRICK  DAVIS,  Principal  Central  High  School,  Grand  Rapids, 

Mich. 
ALEXIS  F.  LANGE,  Head  of  the  Department  of  Education,  University  of 

California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 
BRUCE  R.  PAYNE,    President   George    Peabody   College  for  Teachers, 

Nashville,  Tenn. 

Subsection  3.— University  Education. 

EDMUND  JANES  JAMES,  President  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,   111., 

Chairman. 

JOHN  GRIER  HIBBEN,  President  Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
BENJAMIN  IDE  WHEELER,  President  University  of  California,  Berkeley, 

Cal. 
HARRY  BURNS  HUTCHINS,  President  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor. 

Mich. 
WILLIAM  OXLEY  THOMPSON,  President  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus 

Ohio. 

Subsection  4.— Education  of  Women. 

SARAH  LOUISE  ARNOLD,  Dean  Simmons  College,  Boston,  Mass.,  Chairman. 
MARGARET  SCHALLENBERGER,  Commissioner  of  Elementary  Education, 

State  Department  of  Education,  Sacramento,  Cal. 

MARION  TALBOT,  Dean  of  Women,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 
MARY  E.  PARKER,  Western  Reserve  University,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
SUSAN  M.  KINGSBURY,  Professor,  Bryn  Mawr  College,  Pa. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       315 

Subsection  5. — Exchange  of  Professors  and  Students. 

NICHOLAS  MURRAY  BUTLER,  President  Columbia  University,  New  York, 

N.  Y.,  Chairman. 
EDWIN  A.  ALDERMAN,  President  University  of  Virginia,  Chariot tesville, 

Va. 
GEORGE  E.  VINCENT,  President  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis, 

Minn. 
HENRY  SUZZALLO,  President  University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Wash. 

Subsection  6.— Engineering  Education. 

ARTHUR  A.  HAMERSCHLAG,  Director,  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology, 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  Chairman. 

FREDERICK  A.  GOETZ,  Dean,  School  of  Mines,  Engineering  and  Chemistry, 
Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

G.  C.  ANTHONY,  Dean,  Engineering  School,  Tufts  College,  Mass. 

R.  M.  HUGHES,  President,  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio. 

HERMAN  SCHNEIDER,  Dean,  College  of  Engineering,  University  of  Cin- 
cinnati, Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

CARL  L.  MEES,  President,  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

JOHN  B.  WHITEHEAD,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Subsection  7.— Medical  Education. 

WILLIAM  CLINE  BORDEN,  Dean,  Medical  School,  George  Washington 

University,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

C.  E.  MUNROE,  George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
PAUL  BARTSCH,  George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
B.  M.  RANDOLPH,  George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
F.  A.  HORN  AD  AY,  George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Subsection  8.— Agricultural  Education. 

WINTHROP  ELLSWORTH  STONE,  President,  Purdue  University,  Lafayette, 

Ind. 

ANDREW  M.  SOULE,  President,  Georgia  Agricultural  College,  Athens,  Ga. 
ROBERT  J.  ALEY,  President,  University  of  Maine,  Orono,  Me. 
RAYMOND  A.  PEARSON,  President,  Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture, 

Ames,  Iowa. 

Subsection  9.— Industrial  Education. 

WILLIAM  T.  BAWDEN,  Specialist  in  Industrial  Education,  Bureau  of 
Education,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

CHARLES  A.  BENNETT,  Bradley  Polytechnic  Institute,  Peoria,  111. 

CHARLES  A.  PROSSER,  Director,  Dunwoody  Industrial  Institute,  Minne- 
apolis, Minn. 


316      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

DAVID  SNEDDEN,  Commissioner,  Massachusetts  Board  of  Education, 
Boston,  Mass. 

Subsection  10.— Commercial  Education. 

GLEN  LEVIN  SWIGGETT,  University  of  Tennessee,  Knoxville,  Tenn., 
Chairman. 

J.  PAUL  GOODE,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 

FREDERICK  C.  HICKS,  Dean,  University  of  Cincinnati,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

JEREMIAH  W.  JENKS,  Division  of  Public  Affairs,  School  of  Commerce, 
New  York  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

If.  C.  MARSHALL,  Dean,  College  of  Commerce  and  Administration,  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 

SECTION  V. 

Engineering. 

Brig.  Gen.  W.  H.  BIXBY,  United  States  Army,  retired,  1709  Lanier  Place 

NW.,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 
Jos£  RAMON  VILLALON,  Secretary  of  Public  Works  of  Cuba,  Habana, 

Cuba,  Honorary  Chairman. 
ELMER  L.  CORTHELL,  North  Egremont,  Mass.,  Secretary. 

Representing  the  Federal  Government  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Treasury  Department: 

Capt.  C.  A.  MCALLISTER,  Engineer  in  Chief,  United  States  Coast 

Guard,  Washington,  D.  C. 
War  Department: 

Lieut.  Col.  E.  E.  WINSLOW,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army, 

Board  of  Engineers  for  Rivers  and  Harbors,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Col.  W.  W.  HARTS,  United  States  Army,  in  charge  Office  Public 

Buildings  and  Grounds,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Navy  Department: 

Admiral  D.  W.  TAYLOR,  United  States  Navy,  Chief  of  Bureau  of  Con- 
struction and  Repair,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Interior  Department: 

A.  P.  DAVIS,  Director  and  Chief  Engineer,  Reclamation  Service, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

R.  B.  MARSHALL,  Chief  Geographer,  Geological  Survey,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 
Department  of  Agriculture: 

L.  W.  PAGE,  Director  Office  of  Public  Roads,  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      317 

Department  of  Commerce: 

S.  W.  STRATTON,  Director  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington,  D.  C. 

G.  R.  PUTNAM,  Commissioner  Bureau  of  Lighthouses,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

B.  LESTER  JONES,  Superintendent  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Representing  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Maj.  C.  W.  KUTZ,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  Engineer 
Commissioner,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Representing  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 

CHARLES  WARREN  HUNT,  Secretary,  220  West  Fifty-seventh  Street, 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

ELMER  L.  CORTHELL,  Civil  and  Consulting  Engineer,  North  Egremont, 
Mass. 

LOGAN  WALLER  PAGE,  Office  of  Public  Roads,  Agricultural  Depart- 
ment, Washington,  D.  C. 

Col.  L.  H.  BEACH,  Corps  of  Engineers,  Customhouse,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Representing  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 

CALVIN  W.  RICE,  Secretary,  29  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 
Brig.  Gen.  W.  H.  BIXBY,  United  States  Army,  retired,  1709  Lanier  Place 

NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
CHARLES  T.  PLUNKETT,  Cotton  Manufacturer,  8  Park  Street,  Adams, 

Mass. 
CARL  C.  THOMAS,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Representing  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers. 

F.  L.  HUTCHINSON,  Secretary,  33  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 

PERCY  H.  THOMAS,  Engineer,  2  Rector  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
JOHN  H.  FINNEY,  Aluminum  Company  of  America,  Washington,  D.  C. 
JOHN  B.  WHITEHEAD,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore, 

Md. 

Representing  the  Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engineers. 

DANIEL  H.  Cox,  Secretary,  29  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Admiral  D.  W.  TAYLOR,  Chief  Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair,  United 
States  Navy,  Washington,  D.C. 


3IS      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

H.  A.  MAGOUN,  New  York  Shipbuilding  Company,  Camden,  N.  J. 
Capt.  CHARLES  A.  MCALLISTER,  Engineer  in  Chief,  United  States  Coast 
Guard,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Subsection  1.— Civil  Engineering. 

E.  L.  CORTHELL,  North  Egremont,  Mass.,  Chairman. 
LOGAN  WALLACE  PAGE,  Director  of  the  United  States  Office  of  Public 
Roads,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Alternate  Chairman. 

Subsection  2.— Marine  Engineering. 

C.  A.  MCALLISTER,  Engineer  in  Chief,  United  States  Coast  Guard,  Treas- 
ury Department,  United  States  Army,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

Admiral  D.  W.  TAYLOR,  Chief  Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair, 
United  States  Navy,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Alternate  Chairman. 

Subsection  3.— Electrical  Engineering. 

JOHN  B.  WHITEHEAD,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore, 
Md.,  Chairman. 

JOHN  H.  FINNEY,  513  National  Metropolitan  Bank  Building,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Alternate  Chairman. 

Subsection  4.— Reclamation,  Sewage,  and  Municipal  Water  Supply. 

M.  O.  LEIGHTON,  501  McLachlen  Building,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

Subsection  5.— Mechanical  Engineering. 

CARL  C.  THOMAS,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md., 

Chairman. 
CHARLES  T.  PLUNKETT,  8  Park  Street,  Adams,  Mass.,  Alternate  Chairman. 

Subsection  6.— Standards,  Surveys,  Parks,  Buildings,  Nomenclature. 

S.  W.  STRATTON,  Director,  United  States  Bureau  of  Standards,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Chairman. 
OTTO  H.  TITTMAN,  lyeesburg,  Va.,  Alternate  Chairman. 

SECTION  VI. 
International  Law,  Public  Law,  and  Jurisprudence. 

JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT,  Secretary,  Carnegie  Endownment  for  International 
Peace,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

Subsection  on  International  Law. 

CHARLES  NOBLE  GREGORY,  2139  Wyoming  Avenue,  Washington  D.  C., 

Chairman. 
CLEMENT  L.  BouviJ,  of  the  Bar  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  Washington, 

D.  C.,  Secretary. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      319 

SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN,  69  Church  Street,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

FREDERICK  R.  COUDERT,  2  Rector  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Hon.  WILLIAM  R.  DAY,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 

United  States,  Washington,  D.  C. 

JOHN  W.  FOSTER,  1323  Eighteenth  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 
AMOS  S.  HERSHEY,  Professor  of  International  Law  in  Indiana  University, 

706  North  College  Avenue,  Bloomington,  Ind. 
DAVID  JAYNE  HILL,  1745  Rhode  Island  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
CHARLES  CHENEY  HYDE,  Merchants  Loan  &  Trust  Building,  Chicago,  111. 
HARRY  S.  KNAPP,  Captain,  United  States  Navy,  Navy  Department,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

ARTHUR  K.  KUHN,  120  Broadway,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Hon.  J.  HAMILTON  LEWIS,  Senator  of  the  United  States,  Washington, 

D.-C. 
Hon.  HENRY  CABOT  LODGE,  Senator  of  the  United  States,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Hon.  JOSEPH  McKENNA,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 

United  States,  Washington,  D.  C. 

JOHN  BASSETT  MOORE,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
JAMES  H.  OLIVER,  Captain,  United  States  Navy,  Navy  Department, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

WALTER  S.  PENFIELD,  Colorado  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
JACOB  GOULD  SCHURMAN,  President  of  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
ALPHEUS  H.  SNOW,  2013  Massachusetts  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Hon.  W.  VAN  DEVANTER,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 

United  States,  Washington,  D.  C. 

HENRY  WHITE,  1624  Crescent  Place,  Washington,  D.  C. 
GEORGE  GRAFTON  WILSON,  Professor  of  International  Law,  Harvard 

University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
THEODORE  S.  WOOLSEY,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

•  Subsection  on  Public  Law. 

SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN,  69  Church  Street,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Chairman. 
I.  J.  COSTIGAN,  of  the  Bar  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  Washington,  D.  C., 

Secretary. 

LUCILIUS  A.  EMERY,  Ellsworth,  Me. 
ROBERT  LUDLOW  FOWLER,  Surrogate  of  New  York,  26  West  Tenth  Street, 

New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

CHARLES  NOBLE  GREGORY,  2139  Wyoming  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Hon.  MAHLON  PITNEY,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 

United  States,  Washington,  D.  C. 


320      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

EUGENE  WAMBAUGH,  Professor  of  Law,  Harvard  Law  School,  Cambridge, 

Mass. 
ANDREW  D.  WHITE,   President  Emeritus,  Cornell  University,   Ithaca, 

N.  Y. 

Subsection  on  Jurisprudence. 

EUGENE  WAMBAUGH,  Professor  of  Law,  Harvard  Law  School,  Cambridge, 

Mass.,  Chairman. 

SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN,  69  Church  Street,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
JOSEPH  H.  CHOATE,  60  Wall  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
MOREFIELD   STOREY,   of   the   Massachusetts   Bar,    Exchange   Building, 

Boston,  Mass. 

Hon.  WILLIAM  H.  TAFT,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
JOHN  H.  WIGMORE,  Dean  of  the  Law  School  of  Northwestern  University, 

Chicago,  111. 

SECTION  VH. 

Mining,  Metallurgy,  Economic  Geology,  and  Applied  Chemistry. 

HENNEN  JENNINGS,  Bureau  of  Mines,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 
ALBERT  H.  FAY,  Bureau  of  Mines,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Secretary. 

COMMITTEES. 
Subsection  1.— Mining. 

VAN.  H.  MANNING,  Director  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Chairman. 

J.  F.  CAUJ3REATH,  Munsey  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
C.  H.  LINDLEY,  Authority  on  Mining  Law,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

E.  W.  PARKER,  Director  Anthracite   Bureau  of   Information,  Wilkes- 
Barre,  Pa. 

H.  C.  PERKINS,  Mining  Engineer,  1701  Connecticut  Avenue  NW., 
Washington,  D.  C. 

G.  S.  RICE,  Chief  Mining  Engineer,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa. 

W.  L.  SAUNDERS,  Engineer,  1 1  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

B.  B.  THAYER,  42  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

Subsection  2.— Metallurgy. 

W.  R.  INGAU.S,  Tenth  Avenue  and  Thirty-sixth  Street,  New  York  City, 
Chairman. 

F.  G.  CoTTREUv,  Chief  Metallurgist,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  San 
Francisco,  Cal. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       321 

R.  H.  RICHARDS,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Boston,  Mass. 
BRADLEY  STOUGHTON,   Metallurgical   Engineer,   29   West  Thirty-ninth 

Street,  New  York  City. 
L.  D.  RICKETTS,  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Engineer,  42  Broadway,  New 

York  City. 

KARL  EILERS,  Metallurgical  Engineer,  165  Broadway,  New  York  City. 
W.  R.  WALKER,  Metallurgist,  New  York  City. 
G.  H.  CLEVENGER,  Professor  of  Metallurgy,  Stanford  University,  Cal. 

Subsection  3.— Economic  Geology. 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Director  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Chairman. 

J.  C.  BRANNER,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  Stanford  University, 
Cal. 

J.  F.  KEMP,  Professor  of  Geology,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 

WALDEMAR  LINDGREN,  Professor  of  Economic  Geology,  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  Boston,  Mass. 

C.  R.  VAN  HiSE,  President  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wis. 

DAVID  WHITE,  Chief  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

I.  C.  WHITE,  State  Geologist  of  West  Virginia,  Morgantown,  W.  Va. 

BAILEY  WILLIS,  Consulting  Geologist  to  Argentine  Government;  Pro- 
fessor, Leland  Stanford  University,  Cal. 

Subsection  4.— Applied  Chemistry. 

CHARLES  E.  MUNROE,  Dean  of  Graduate  Studies,  George  Washington 
University,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

CARL  L.  ALSBERG,  Chief  of  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, Washington,  D.  C. 

C.  H.  HERTY,  President  American  Chemical  Society,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 

B.  C.  HESSE,  Chemist,  90  William  Street,  New  York  City. 

W.  F.  HILLEBRAND,  Chief  Chemist,  United  States  Bureau  of  Standards, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

F.  A.  LIDBURY,  Electrochemist,  American  Electrochemical  Society,  Niag- 
ara Falls. 

P.  C.  MclLHiNNEY,  Chemist,  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  New  York 
City. 

HARVEY  W.  WILEY,  Chemist,  Washington,  D.  C. 
27750—16 21 


322      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SECTION  VIE. 
Public  Health  and  Medical  Science. 

Surg.  Gen.  WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS,  United  States  Army,  War  Department, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

Col.  JOHN  VAN  R.  HOFF,  United  States  Army,  retired,  2112  Massachu- 
setts Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Vice  Chairman. 

Maj.  EUGENE  R.  WHITMORE,  United  States  Army  Medical  School,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Secretary. 

COMMITTEES. 
Subsection  A.— Public  Health. 

Surg.  Gen.  RUPERT  BLUE,  United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Chairman. 

Subsection  B.— Vital  Statistics. 

SAMUEL  L.  ROGERS,  Director  of  the  Census,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

Subsection  C.— Sociological  Medicine. 

GEORGE  M.  KOBER,  1819  Q  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

Subsection  D.-  Sanitation. 

Surg.  Gen.  WILLIAM  C.  BRAISTED,  United  States  Navy,  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Chairman. 

Subsection  E.— Laboratory  Conferences. 

Maj.  EUGENE  R.  WHITMORE,  Professor  of  Pathology  and  Tropical  Medi- 
cine, Army  Medical  School,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 

SECTION  IX. 

Transportation,  Commerce,  Finance,  and  Taxation. 
LEO  S.  RowE,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Chairman. 

COMMITTEES. 
Subsection  1. — Transportation. 

JAMES  S.  HARLAN,  Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  Washington,  D.  C., 

Chairman. 
BALTHASAR  H.  MEYER,  Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
EMORY  R.  JOHNSON,  Professor,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia, 

Pa. 

Subsection  2. — Commerce. 

S.  N.  D.  NORTH,  Assistant  Secretary,  Carnegie  Endowment  of  Inter- 
national Peace,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Chairman. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      323 

David  Kinley,  Dean,  The  Graduate  School,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana, 

111. 
JEREMIAH  W.  JENKS,  Division  of  Public  Affairs,  School  of  Commerce, 

New  York  University,  New  York  City. 

JOHN  BATES  CLARK,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 
EDWIN  F.  GAY,  Dean  Graduate   School   of   Business  Administration, 

Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Subsection  3.— Finance. 

JACOB    H.    HOLLANDER,  Professor,  Johns   Hopkins   University,    Balti- 
more, Md.,  Chairman. 

GEORGE  E.  ROBERTS,  National  City  Bank,  New  York  City. 
EDWIN  W.  KEMMERER,  Professor,  Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
CARL  C.  PLEHN,  Professor,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

Subsection  4.— Taxation. 

EDWIN  R.  A.  SELIGMAN,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City, 

Chairman. 

SAMUEL  T.  HOWE,  Tax  Commissioner,  State  of  Kansas,  Topeka,  Kans. 
CARL  C.  PLEHN,  Professor,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 
CHARLES  J.  BULLOCK,  Professor,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
E.  DANA  DURAND,  Professor,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
T.  S.  ADAMS,  Tax  Commissioner,  State  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wis. 
LAWSON  PURDY,  President,  Department  of  Taxes  and  AssessmentSj  New 

York  City. 
WILLIAM  H.  CORBIN,  Tax  Commissioner,  State  of  Connecticut,  Hartford, 

Conn. 

COOPERATING  COMMITTEES  IN  REPUBLICS  OTHER  THAN 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ARGENTINA. 

The  Argentine  Scientific  Society  acted  as  the  Cooperating  Committee 
of  Argentina: 
President,  Dr.  F.  BESIO  MORENO,  Dean  Faculty  of  Physics,  Mathematics, 

and  Astronomic  Sciences,  National  University  of  La  Plata. 
Delegates: 

Dr.  JUAN  B.  AMBROSETTI,  Professor,  University  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Dr.  CRIST6BAL  M.  HICKEN,  Professor,  University  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Ing.  AousxiN  MERCAU,  Professor,  University  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Ing.  IBERIO  SAN  ROMAN,  Professor,  University  of  Buenos  Aires. 


324      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

BOLIVIA. 

The  following  persons  assisted  in  the  preparatory  work  of  the  Con- 
gress in  that  country : 

Dr.  ANIBAL  CAPRILES,  Minister  of  Public  Instruction. 
Dr.  M.  V.  BALLIVIAN,  Director  of  Statistics. 

Dr.  GEORGES  ROUMA,  Director  General  of  Primary,  Secondary,  and  Nor- 
mal Schools. 

BRAZIL. 

The  Brazilian  Society  of  International  Law  acted  as  the  Cooperating 
Committee  of  Brazil: 

President,  Dr.  AMARO  CAVALCANTI. 

Delegate,  His  Excellency  MANGEL  DE  OLIVEIRA  LIMA,  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary of  Brazil. 

CHILE. 

The  following  persons  assisted  in  the  preparatory  work  of  the  Con- 
gress in  that  country: 

His  Excellency  EDUARDO  POIRIER,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  of  Guatemala  to  Chile  and  Secretary  General  of  the 
First  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  held  in  Santiago,  Chile,  1908. 

CARLOS  SILVA  CRUZ,  Director  of  the  National  Library  of  Chile. 

COLOMBIA. 

The  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  Dr.  EMILIO  FERRERO,  assisted  in  the 
preparatory  work  of  the  Congress  in  that  country. 

COSTA  RICA. 

Cooperating  Committee: 

His  Excellency  JULIO  ACOSTA,  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affaires,  Presi- 
dent. 

Dr.  JUSTO  A.  FACIO,  Chief  of  Section  of  Public  Instruction,  Secretary. 
Dr.  F.  AGUILAR  BARQUERO,  President  of  the  College  of  Lawyers. 
Dr.  TITO  CHAVERRI,  President  of  the  College  of  Pharmacy. 
Dr.  Jos£  JIMENEZ  NUNEZ,  President  of  the  Faculty  of  Dentistry. 
Dr.  EMILIO  ECHEVARRIA,  President  of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine. 
Ing.  Luis  MATAMOROS,  President  of  the  Faculty  of  Engineers. 

CUBA. 

Cooperating  Committee: 

Dr.  RAFAEL  MONTORO,  Secretary  to  the  Presidency,  President. 
Dr.  GUILLERMO  PATTERSON,  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  Secretary. 
Dr.  ARISTIDES  AGRAMONTE,  Professor  of  Bacteriology  and  Pathology, 
University  of  Havana. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       325 

Cooperating  Committee — Continued. 
JUAN  MIGUEL  DIHIGO. 
His  Excellency  JUAN  DE  DIGS  GARCIA  KOHLY,  Envoy  Extraordinary 

and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  Cuba  to  Holland. 
Dr.  JUAN  GUITERAS,  Director  of  Health  of  Cuba. 
Dr.  MARIO  G.  LEBREDO,  Chief  of  the  Section  and  of  the  Laboratory  of 

Investigations,  Board  of  Health  of  Havana. 
Ing.  JOSE:  RAMON  VILLAIN,  Secretary  of  Public  Works. 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 

The  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  Lie.  JACINTO  B.  PEYNADO,  assisted 
in  the  preparatory  work  of  the  Congress  in  that  country. 

ECUADOR. 

Cooperating  Committee: 

Dr.    MANUEL    MARIA    SANCHEZ,    Minister    of    Public    Instruction, 

President. 
JULIO    E.    MORENO,    Assistant    Secretary    of    Public    Instruction, 

Secretary. 

Dr.  Jos£  JULIAN  ANDRADE,  Internationalist. 
Dr.   ISIDRO  AYORA,  Professor  of  Medicine,  Central  University  of 

Quito. 
Dr.   MANUEL  R.   BALAREZO,   Professor  of  Jurisprudence,   Central 

University  of  Quito. 
FRANCISCO  BARBA,  Professor  of   Chemistry,  Central  University  of 

Quito. 

ALBERTO  BUSTAMANTE. 
Dr.  FRANCISCO  COUSIN,  Bacteriologist. 
Dr.  AGUST!N  CUEVA,  Professor  of  Sociology,  Central  University  of 

Quito. 
Dr.  MANUEL  B.  CUEVA  G.,  Professor  of   the  National  College  "Be- 

nigno  Malo." 

RAFAEL  DAVILA,  Professor  of  Geodesy,  Central  University  of  Quito. 
GUILLERMO  DESTRUGE,  Director  General  Telegraphs. 
Dr.  SIXTO  MARIA  DURAN,  Director  National  Conservatory  of  Music. 
ALFREDO  ESPINOSA  PALACIOS,  Professor,  National  Institute  "Mejia." 
Dr.  CARLOS  GARC!A  DROUET,  Professor,  Central  University  of  Quito. 
Dr.  Jos£  GABRIEL  NAVARRO,  Director  National  School  of  Fine  Arts. 
GABRIEL  NORONA,  Professor  of  the  Faculty  of  Sciences,  Central  Uni- 
versity of  Quito. 
ERNESTO  A.  MESTANZA,  Professor,  National  Institute  "Mejia." 


326      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Cooperating  Committee — Continued. 

Dr.  CARLOS  MINO,  Assistant  Director  Public  Health. 

Dr.  ALFONSO  Moscoso/Professor,  National  Institute  "Mejia." 

Dr.  ALEJANDRO  MOSQUERA  NARVAEZ,  Professor.  Central  University 
of  Quito. 

RICARDO  MULLER,  Professor  of  the  Faculty  of  Sciences,  Central 
University  of  Quito. 

Dr.  RAM6N  OJEDA,  Member  of  the  Bar. 

Dr.  MARIANO  PENAHERRERA,  Dean  Faculty  of  Medicine,  Central 
University  of  Quito. 

Dr.  VfcTOR  MANUEL  PENAHERRERA,  Dean  Faculty  of  Jurisprudence, 
Central  University  of  Quito. 

CARLOS  P£REZ  Q. 

Dr.  CLEMENTE  PONCE,  Member  of  the  Bar. 

Dr.  ANTONINO  SAENZ,  Professor  of  International  Law,  Central  Uni- 
versity of  Quito. 

PEDRO  PABLO  TRAVERSARI,  Director  General,  Fine  Arts. 

Dr.  CARLOS  M.  TOBAR  Y  BORGONO,  Dean  Faculty  of  Sciences,  Central 
University  of  Quito. 

Luis  G.  TUFINO,  Director  of  the  Astronomic  Observatory  of  Quito. 

Dr.  ALEJANDRO  VILLAVICENCIO  P.,  Surveyor. 

HOMERO  VITERI  LAFRONTE. 

GUATEMALA. 

Cooperating  Committee: 

Dr.  ANTONIO  BATRES  JAUREGUI,  President. 

Dr.  Jos£  MATOS,  Member  of  the  Faculty  of  Law  and  Notarial  Prac- 
tice, Guatemala,  Secretary. 
Lie.  Jos£  A.  BETETA. 

HONDURAS. 

Cooperating  Committee: 

Dr.  CARLOS  ALBERTO  UCL£S,  Rector  University  of  Honduras,  Presi- 
dent. 

Dr.  RICARDO  DE  J.  URRUTIA,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
Secretary. 

Dr.  C^SAR  BONILLA. 

NICARAGUA. 
Cooperating  Committee: 

Dr.  J.  CAMILO  GUTIERREZ,  President. 

PABLO  HURT  ADO,  Vice  President. 

ABRAHAM  ALVAREZ  S.,  Secretary. 

Dr.  FRANCISCO  BUITRAGO  DIAZ,  Assistant  Secretary. 

ADOLFO  CARDENAS. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      327 

PANAMA. 

Cooperating  Committee: 

Dr.  RICARDO  J.  ALFARO,  President. 
JEPHTA  B.  DUNCAN,  Secretary. 
HARMODIO  ARIAS. 
TOMAS  GUARDIA. 
ALFREDO  MELHADO. 
CRISTOBAL  RODRIGUEZ. 
Dr.  CIRO  L.  URIOLA. 

PARAGUAY. 

The  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  Dr.  JUAN  F.  PiSREz,  assisted  in  the 

preparatory  work  of  the  Congress  in  that  country. 

* 

PERU. 

Cooperating  Committee: 

Dr.   ALEJANDRO  O.   DEUSTUA,   Dean,  Faculty  of   Philosophy  and 

Letters  of  the  University  of  San  Marcos,  President. 
Ing.  FERNANDO  FUCHS. 
Dr.  FRANCISCO  GRANA. 
Ing.  Jos£  ANTONIO  LAVALLE  Y  GARCIA. 
Dr.  EDUARDO  LUQUE. 
.Dr.  JOSE)  MATIAS  MANZANILLA. 
Dr.  ERNESTO  ODRIOZOLA. 
Dr.  PEDRO  OLIVEIRA. 
Dr.  ELEODORO  ROMERO. 
Ing.  RICARDO  Tiz6N  Y  BUENO. 
Dr.  FEDERICO  VILLAREAL.  • 

EL  SALVADOR. 

Cooperating  Committee: 

Dr.   SANTIAGO   LETONA   HERNANDEZ,   Dean,   School   of   Medicine, 

Chemistry  and  Pharmacy,  President. 

Ing.  PEDRO  S.  FONSECA,  Director  General  Statistics,  Secretary. 
Dr.  GUSTAVO  S.  BARON,  Professor  of  Bacteriology. 
RODOLFO  BARON. 
Dr.  SALVADOR  CALDER6N. 
Dr.  VICTOR  JEREZ,  Professor  of  the  School  of  Jurisprudence  and 

Social  Sciences. 
ALBERTO  MASFERRER. 
Dr.  J.  MAX  OLANO,  Member  of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine,  Chemistry, 

and  Pharmacy. 


328      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

URUGUAY. 
Cooperating  Committee: 

Dr.  JUSTING  JIMENEZ  DE  AR^CHAGA,  Member  of  the  Faculty  of  Law 

University  of  Montevideo,  President. 
Ing.  EDUARDO  GARC! A  DE  ZUNIGA,  Professor  Faculty  of  Mathematics, 

University  of  Montevideo,  Vice  President. 

Dr.  JAIME  N.  OLIVER,  Professor  of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine,  Uni- 
versity of  Montevideo,  Vice  President. 
HAMLET    BAZZANO,    Director    National    Meteorological    Institute, 

Secretary. 
Dr.   FRANCISCO  GHIGLIANI,  of  the  Financial  and  Administrative 

Board  of  Montevideo,  Secretary. 
Ing.   ROBERTO   SUNDBERG,  Director   of   the    "Defensa   Agricola," 

Secretary. 
Luis   MORANDI,    Director   Physical    and   Meteorological    Institute, 

Treasurer. 

Ing.  JUAN  BARCIA  TRELLES. 
Dr.  ERNESTO  BAUZA. 

Ing.  VfCTOR  BENAViDEZ. 

Dr.  ALBERTO  BOERGER. 

Dr.  ALBERTO  BRIGNOLE. 

Ing.  FEDERICO  E.  CAPURRO. 

Dr.  LATHAM  CLARKE. 

Dr.  GARIBALDI  DEVICENZI. 

Dr.  F.  FERNANDEZ  ENCISO. 

Dr.  ERNESTO  FERNANDEZ  ESPIRO. 

Ing.  ALFREDO  JONES  BROWN. 

Dr.  MAURICIO  LAMME. 

Ing.  BAUTISTA  LASGOYTI. 

ENRIQUE  LEGRAND. 

Ing.  PEDRO  B.  MAGNOU. 

Dr.  EDUARDO  MART!NEZ. 

Lieut.  Col.  SILVESTRE  MATO,  in  charge  of  the  Military  Geographical 

Service  of  Uruguay. 

Ing.  JUAN  MONTE  VERDE,  Professor  University  of  Montevideo. 
Dr.  RAFAEL  MUNOZ  XIM£NEZ. 
Dr.  ALFREDO  NAVARRO. 

Dr.  ABEL  J.  P&REZ,  National  Inspector  of  Primary  Instruction. 
Dr.  MANUEL  QUINTELA. 
Ing.  ALFREDO  RAMOS  MONTERO. 
Dr.  AM&RICO  RICARDONI. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      329 

Cooperating  Committee — Continued . 
Dr.  JOSE;  SCOSERIA. 
Ing.  JUAN  SCHROEDER. 
Dr.  FRANCISCO  SOCA. 
Ing.  HUGO  SURRACO  CANTERA. 
Dr.  JACOBO  VARELA  ACEVEDO. 
Dr.  CARLOS  VAZ  FERREIRA. 
Dr.  ALFREDO  VIDAL  Y  FUENTES. 

Dr.  CLAUDIO  WlLLIMAN. 
Dr.  KURL  WOLFFUGHEL. 

Dr.  JUAN  ZORRILLA  DE  SAN  MARTIN. 

VENEZUELA. 

Cooperating  Committee: 

Dr.  KDUARDO  CALCANO  SANCHEZ,  Secretary. 
Dr.  GERMAN  JIMENEZ. 

Dr.  VICENTE  LECUNA,  Director,  School  of  Arts  and  Crafts. 
Dr.  SAMUEL  DAR!O  MALDONADO. 
Dr.  Luis  RAZETTI. 

Dr.  FRANCISCO  A.  RfsQUEz,  Secretary,  National  Board  of  Instruc- 
tion. 

Dr.  JOSE:  SANTIAGO  RODRIGUEZ. 
Dr.  EL! AS  TORO. 
Dr.  Luis  UGUETO,  Director  Cagigal  Observatory. 


APPENDIX  VII. 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 


HONORARY  MEMBERS. 

Their  Excellencies  the  Presidents  and  Vice  Presidents  of  the  twenty- 
one  Republics  participating  in  the  Second  Pan  American  Scientific 
Congress. 

Their  Excellencies  the  Ambassadors  Extraordinary  and  Plenipoten- 
tiary, and  Envoys  Extraordinary  and  Ministers  Plenipotentiary  repre- 
senting the  Latin  American  Republics  in  Washington. 

The  Ambassadors  and  Ministers  of  the  United  States  accredited  to  the 
Latin  American  Republics. 

The  Honorable  Secretary  of  State. 
The  Honorable  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
The  Honorable  Secretary  of  War. 
The  Honorable  Attorney  General. 
The  Honorable  Postmaster  General. 
The  Honorable  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 
The  Honorable  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
The  Honorable  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 
The  Honorable  Secretary  of  Commerce. 
The  Honorable  Secretary  of  Labor. 

ALVARADO,  JUAN  ANTONIO,  Consul  of  Chile,  Baltimore,  Md. 
ALVAREZ,  ALEJANDRO,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 
ALVAREZ  SALAS,  RAFAEL,  Cali-Cauca,  Colombia,  South  America. 
ALZAMORA,  ISAAC,  925  West  End  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
ANDERSON,  Luis,  Apartado  238,  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
ANGELL,  JAMES  R.,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 
ARAUJO-JORGE,  A.  G.  DE,  Rua  Conde  Bomfim  1235,  Rio  de  Janeiro, 

Brazil,  South  America. 
ARTIGO,  G.,  Consul  of  Salvador,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


332      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

AUGHINBAUGH,  W.  B.,  Leslie's  Weekly,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

BAILEY,  L.  H.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

BALLIVIAN,  M.  V.,  Director  of  Statistics,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 

BARALT,  Luis  A.,  Habana,  Cuba. 

BARCELO,  SIMON,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 

BATRES  JAUREGUI,  ANTONIO,  9  Avenida  Sur,  68,  Guatemala  City, 
Guatemala,  Central  America. 

BECKER,  GEORGE  F.,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Interior  Depart- 
ment, Washington,  D.  C. 

BERRO  GARC!A,  ADOLFO,  Flo'rida  1525,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South 
America. 

BERTHOLD,  VICTOR  M.,  15  Dey  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

BESIO  MORENO,  F.,  President  Argentine  Scientific  Society,  Buenos  Aires, 
Argentina,  South  America. 

BRASIL,  VITAL,  Caixa  65,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  South  America. 

BRECKENRIDGE,  HENRY,  Washington,  D  C. 

BRENES  MES£N,  ROBERTO,  San  Jose*,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

BRYAN,  CHARLES  PAGE,  Washington,  D.  C. 

BRYAN,  WILLIAM  JENNINGS,  Lincoln,  Nebr. 

BUNGE,  CARLOS  OCTAVIO,  Calle  Villanueva  1129,  Buenos  Aires,  Argen- 
tina, South  America. 

CALLAHAN,  J.  M.,  University  of  West  Virginia,  Morgan  town,  W.  Va. 

CAMPBELL,  P.  P.,  House  of  Representatives,  Washington,  D.  C. 

CAPRILES,  ANfBAL,  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  La  Paz,  Bolivia 
South  America. 

CASASUS,  JoAQuiN  D.    (Died  in  New  York  February  25). 

CASTILLO,  RAFAEL  DEL,  Vice  Consul  Colombia,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

CAVALCANTI,  AMARO,  President  Brazilian  Society  of  International  Law, 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 

CiSSAR,  ALEJANDRO,  Granada,  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 

CUADRA  Ch,  PEDRO  J.,  The  Burlington,  Washington,  D.  C. 

CUERVO  MARQUEZ,  CARLOS,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 

CUEVA  GARC! A,  JUAN,  90  Morningside  Drive,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

DAVIS,  JOHN  W.,  Solicitor  General,  Washington,  D.  C. 

DEUSTUA,  ALEJANDRO  O.,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 

Df  AZ,  R.  CAMILO,  Consul  General,  Honduras,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

DIEZ  DE  MEDINA,  ALBERTO,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 

DILLARD,  J.  H.,  Charlottesville,  Va. 

DOCKERY,  ALEXANDER  M.,  Third  Assistant  Postmaster  General,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

DUNCAN,  STUART,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

DUR6N,  R6MULO  E.,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  Central  America. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       333 

ESQUIVEL  OBREGON,  TORIBIO,  176  Starling  Place,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

KTHEART,  HORACE,  Port  au  Prince,  Haiti. 

FEIKER,  F.  M.,  239  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

FERRERO,  EMIUO,  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  Bogota,  Colombia, 
South  America. 

FITZGERALD,  JOHN  J.,  House  of  Representatives,  Washington,  D.  C. 

GALVEZ,  JOSE;  MARIA,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

GAMEZ,  J.  ALBERTO,  Bluefields,  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 

GARAY,  NARCISO,  Panama  City,  Panama. 

GARC!A  KOHLY,  His  Excellency  JUAN  DE  DIGS,  La  Habana,  Cuba. 

GONZALEZ,  Luis  FELIPE,  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

GRAHAM,  SAMUEL  J.,  Assistant  Attorney  General,  Washington,  D.  C. 

GRAU,  ENRIQUE,  Consul,  Paraguay,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

GUIROLA  DUKE,  RAFAEL,  Santa  Tecla,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 

GUTIERREZ,  His  Excellency  ALBERTO,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 

HAGUE,  ARNOLD,  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

HAMMOND,  JOHN  HAYS,  71  Broadway,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

HAZEN,  CHARLES  D.,  The  Connecticut,  Washington,  D.  C. 

HELVERING,  GUY  T.,  House  of  Representatives,  Washington,  D.  C. 

HERAUX,  EDMOND,  Port  au  Prince,  Haiti. 

HILGARD,  EUGENE  W.,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

HILL,  DAVID  JAYNE,  1724  Rhode  Island  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 

INGENIEROS,  JOSE;,  Viamonte  763,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South 
America. 

IRALA,  ANTOLIN,  Asuncion,  Paraguay,  South  America. 

JAMES,  E.  W.,  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

JOHNSON,  ALBA  B.,  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

JONES,  LEWIS,  Washington,  D.  C. 

KELSEY,  ALBERT,  1530  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

KENDALL,  CALVIN  N.,  Department  of  Public  Instruction,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

^KING,  WILLIAM  F.,  Mount  Vernon,  Iowa. 

KNAEBEL,  ERNEST,  Assistant  Attorney  General,  Washington,  D.  C. 

KUNTZ,  GEORGE  F.,  Tiffany  &  Company,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

LADD,  GEORGE  T.,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

LANDA,  Luis,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  Central  America. 

L&GITIME,  GENERAL  F.  D.,  Port  au  Prince,  Haiti. 

LOWELL,  A.  LAWRENCE,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Luis,  JACINTO  J.,  Consul,  Cuba,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

MALE  URN,  WILLIAM  P.,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Treasury,  Washington, 
D.  C. 


334      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

MANRIQUE,  FRANCISCO,  Guayaquil,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
MARTIN,  THOMAS  S.,  United  States  Senate,  Washington,  D.  C. 
MARTINS-PINHEIRO,  H.  C.  de,  Consul  General  of  Brazil,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
MATOS,  JOSE:,  Guatemala  City,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 
MEHREN,  EDWARD  J.,  239  West  Twenty-ninth  Street,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 

MIGONE,  Luis  E.,  Asuncion,  Paraguay,  South  America. 
MONTEVERDE,  EDUARDO,  Avenida  18  de  Julio  968,  Montevideo,  Uruguay, 

South  America. 

MONTOLIO,  ANDREWS  J.,  Santo  Domingo,  Dominican  Republic. 
NEWTON,  BYRON  R.,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Treasury,  Washington,  D.  C. 
NICHOLS,  E.  F.,  Dartmouth  College,  Hanover,  N.  H. 
NICHOLS,  WILLIAM  H.,  General  Chemical  Company,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
OBARRIO,  P.  DE,  Consul  General  of  Costa  Rica,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
O'BRIEN,  THOMAS  J.,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 
OCTAVIO,  RODRIGO,  38  Rua  Palmeiras,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South 

America. 
OLIVEIRA  LIMA,  MANOEL  DE,  15  Wetherby  Gardens,  South  Kensington, 

S.  W.  London,  England. 
PEABODY,  GEORGE  FOSTER,  State  Reservation  Commission,  Saratoga 

Springs,  N.  Y. 

P£REZ,  ERNESTO  C.,  Consul  General  of  Argentina,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
P^REz,  JUAN  F.,  Asuncion,  Paraguay,  South  America. 
PETERS,  ANDREW  J.,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Treasury,  Washington,  D.  C. 
PEYNADO,  JACINTO  B.,  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  Santo  Domingo, 

Dominican  Republic. 
PINCHOT,  GIFFORD,  Midvale,  Pa. 
POIRIER,  His  Excellency  EDUARDO,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 

Plenipotentiary  of  Guatemala  to  Chile.     Santiago,  Chile,  South 

America. 

POST,  AMOS  L-,  Hotel  Martinique,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
POST,  Louis  F.,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Labor,  Washington,  D.  C. 
PRITCHETT,  HENRY  S.,  576  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
RAMIREZ  FONTECHA,  His  Excellency  ANTONIO,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras, 

Central  America. 

RANSDELL,  JOSEPH  D.,  United  States  Senate,  Washington,  D.  C. 
RAYMOND,  R.  W.,  29  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
REED,  CHARLES  A.  L.,  3544  Biddle  Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
REED,  JAMES  A.,  United  States  Senate,  Washington,  D.  C. 
REMSEN,  IRA,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      335 

REYES  GUERRA,  ALONSO,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 

RICHARDS,  T.  W.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

RICKETTS,  L.  D.,  42  Broadway,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

ROBLES,  RODOLFO,  Guatemala  City,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 

ROOSEVELT,  FRANKLIN,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Navy,  Washington,  D.  C. 

ROOSEVELT,  THEODORE,  ex-President  of  the  United  States,  Oyster  Bay, 
N.  Y. 

ROPER,  DANIEL  C.,  Assistant  Postmaster  General,  Washington,  D.  C. 

ROSENBLUTH,  R.,  Department  of  Correction,  New  York  City,  N,.  Y. 

SAGARNAGA  ELIAS,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 

SANCHEZ  DE  FUENTES,  FERNANDO,  Habana,  Cuba. 

SARMIENTO  LASPIUR,  EDUARDO,  Cangallo  456,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina, 
South  America. 

SHEPHERD,  WILLIAM  R.,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

SMITH,  EDGARD  FAHS,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

SMITH,  HOKE,  United  States  Senate,  Washington,  D.  C. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  R.,  House  of  Representatives,  Washington,  D.  C. 

SOLANO,  NICOLAS  A.,  Avenida  55,  Panama  City,  Panama. 

STRAUSS,  OSCAR  S.,  5  West  Seventy-sixth  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

STUBBS,  WALTER  E.,  Esteco  2490,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South 
America. 

SWEENEY,  Bo,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 

TAFT,  WILLIAM  HOWARD,  ex-President  of  the  United  States,  New  Haven, 
Conn. 

TELLO,  JULIO  C.,  Casilla  383,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 

THOMPSON,  SAMUEL  HOUSTON,  Jr.,  Assistant  Attorney  General,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

TODD,  G.  CARROLL,  Department  of  Justice,  Washington,  D.  C. 

TOWER,  CHARLEMAGNE,  228  South  Seventh  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

UNDERWOOD,  E.  MARVIN,  Assistant  Attorney  General,  Washington,  D.  C. 

URRUTIA,  FRANCISCO  JOSE;,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 

URRUTIA,  RICARDO  J.,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  Central  America. 

VALDEZ,  RAM6N  N.,  Panama  City,  Panama. 

VALENCIA,  FRANCISCO,  Consul  of  Colombia,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

VARDAMAN,  JAMES  K.,  United  States  Senate,  Washington,  D.  C. 

VARGAS,  Moists,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

VELOZ  GOITICOA,  NICOLAS,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 

VENABLE,  FRANCIS  PRESTON,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 

WALLACE,  WILLIAM,  Jr.,  Assistant  Attorney  General,  Washington,  D.  C. 

WALSH,  THOMAS  J.,  United  States  Senate,  Washington,  D.  C. 


336      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

WARREN,  CHARLES,  Assistant  Attorney  General,  Washington,  D.  C. 

WHITE,  HENRY,  1624  Crescent  Place,  Washington,  D.  C. 

WILLIAMS,  GARDNER  F.,  2221  R  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 

WILLIAMS,  LYDIA  ADAMS,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

WILSON,  HENRY  LANE,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

YBARRA,  ANDRES,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 


MEMBERS  OF  SOCIETIES,  INSTITUTIONS  AND  COMMITTEES,   AND 
WRITERS  OF  PAPERS. 

ABBOTT,  ALEXANDER  A.,  Professor,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 
Delegate — Society  of  American  Bacteriologists. 

ABBOTT,  CHARLES  GREELEY,  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Astrophysical  Observatory. 

ABRAMS,  D.  A.,  Lewis  Institute,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — Lewis  Institute. 

ACKER,  G.   N.,   American  Academy  of  Medicine,    noi   Westinghouse 

Building,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Alternate — American  Academy  of  Medicine. 

ACOSTA,  His  Excellency  JULIO,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  San  Jose, 

Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
President,  Cooperating  Committee,  Costa  Rica. 

ADAMS,  FRANK,  United  States  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engi- 
neering, Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Irrigation  Districts  in  the  United  States. 

ADAMS,  FRANKLIN,  Pan  American  Union,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Pan  American  Union. 

ADAMS,  S.  S.,  1801  Connecticut  Avenue  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Pediatric  Society. 

ADAMS,  T.  S.,  Tax  Commissioner,  State  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wis. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  IX. 

ADAMS,  THOMAS  S.,  Professor,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  The  Taxation  of  Business. 

ADLER,  FELIX,  National  Child  Labor  Commission,   105  East  Twenty- 
second  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — National  Child  Labor  Commission. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      337 

AGOTE,  Luis,  Director  Clinical  Medical  Institute,  Buenos  Aires,  Argen- 

tina, South  America. 
Paper  presented  :  Transfusion  of  Blood. 

AGRAMONTE,  ARISTIDES,  Professor  of  Bacteriology  and  Pathology,  Uni- 

versity of  Habana,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 

Delegate  —  Economic  Society  Friends  of  the  Country  of  Habana. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Cuba. 
Paper  presented  :  Review  of  the  Present  Yellow  Fever  Situation. 

AGUILAR  BARQUERO,  F.,  President  of  the  College  of  Lawyers,  San  Jose", 

Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
Cooperating  Committee,  Costa  Rica. 

AGUILAR  BATRES,  RODOLFO,  Guatemala  City,  Guatemala. 
Papers  presented  : 

A  Pan  American  Reform  in  the  Calendar;  Decimal,  Perpetualt 

and  Tropical. 
Method  of  Diagonal  Notation. 

AHERN,  GEORGE  P.,  2806  Cathedral  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsections,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented  :  The  Lesson  of  Forestry  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 


,  MIGUEL  H.,   Professor,  University  of  Guayaquil,  Guayaquil, 
Ecuador. 

Official  Delegate  of  Ecuador. 
Paper  presented  :  Health  Regulations. 

ALDERMAN,  EDWIN  A.,  President    University  of  Virginia,  Charlottes- 

ville,  Va. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  5,  Section  IV. 

ALDRICH,  MORTON,  Professor,  Tulane  University,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Delegate  —  Tulane  University. 

ALEXANDER,  W.  H.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Paper  presented  :  Thunderstorms. 

ALEY,  ROBERT  J.,  President  University  of  Maine,  Orono,  Me. 
Delegate  —  University  of  Maine. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  8,  Section  IV. 

ALFARO,  RICARDO  J.,  Panama  City,  Panama. 
President  Cooperating  Committee,  Panama. 
27750—16  -  22 


338      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ALLEN,  B.  C.,  United  States  Naval  Institute,  Annapolis,  Md. 
Delegate — United  States  Naval  Institute. 

ALLEN,  EDWIN  W.,  Chief,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  States  Relations 

Service,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — States  Relations  Service. 
Vice  Chairman  of  Section  III. 

ALLEY,  JOHN,  Professor,  University  of  Oklahoma,  Norman,  Okla. 
Alternate — University  of  Oklahoma. 

ALSBERG,  CARL  L.,  Chief,  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — American  Society  of  Biological  Chemists. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  VII. 
Papers  presented: 

The  Preservation  of  Foodstuffs. 
Food  Supply. 

ALVAREZ,  ALEJANDRO,  Counselor  for  the  Legations  of  Chile  in  Europe, 

Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 
Honorary  Member. 
Papers  presented : 

New  Orientations  in  the  Study  of  International  Law. 
Relation  of  International  Law  to.  National  Law  in  American 
Countries. 

ALVAREZ  HERAS,  JORGE,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Contributions  to  Colombian  Meteorology. 

ALVAREZ  S.,  ABRAHAM,  Managua,  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 
Secretary  Cooperating  Committee,  Nicaragua. 

Paper  presented :  The  Desirability  of  Uniform  Laws  Throughout 
the  Pan  American  Countries  for  the  Protection  of  Antiquities,  the 
Systematic  Promotion  of  Anthropological  Research,  and  the  Collec- 
tion and  Scientific  Treatment  of  Museum  Materials. 

ALVORD,  JOHN  W.,  Consulting  Engineer,  Hartford  Building,  Chicago,  111. 
Alternate — Illinois  Society  of  Engineers  and  Surveyors. 

ALZAMORA,   ISAAC,   Former  Dean  of   the  Faculty  of   Philosophy  and 
Literature  of  the  University  of  Lima,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Peru. 
Delegate — University  of  San  Marcos. 
Honorary  Member. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       339 

AMBROSETTI,  JUAN    B.,    Director     Ethnological     Museum,    Faculty   of 
Philosophy  and  Letters,  National  University ,Viamonte  430,  Buenos 
Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Argentina. 
Delegate — 

Faculty  of  Philosophy  and  Literature    of  the  National  Uni- 
versity of  Buenos  Aires. 
Faculty  of  Agronomy  and  Veterinary  Medicine  of  the  National 

University  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Museum  of  the  University  of  La  Plata. 
National  University  of  Cordoba. 
Museum  of  Natural  History  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Board  of  American  History  and  Numismatics. 
Argentine  Scientific  Society. 
Argentine  Geographical  Institute. 
Papers  presented: 

The  Figures  of  the  So-called  Scarifiers  of  Northwest  Argentina. 
The  Vases  of  Pukara   Tilkara  of  the  Pelike  Type  as  compared 

with  those  of  Machu  Pichu. 
AMES,  HERMAN  V.,  Dean  University  of   Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Delegate — Association  of  American  Universities. 
AMES,  J.  S.,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Delegate — Johns  Hopkins  University. 
Alternate — American  Physical  Society. 
AMUNATEGUI  SOLAR,  DOMINGO,  Rector,  University  of  Chile,  Santiago, 

Chile. 

Paper  presented:  To  What  Extent  is  an  Exchange  of  Students  and 
Professors  between  American  Republics  Desirable?  What  is  the 
Most  Effective  Basis  for  a  System  of  Exchange?  What  Plans  Should 
Be  Adopted  in  Order  to  Secure  Mutual  Recognition  of  Technical  and 
Professional  Degrees  by  American  Republics? 
ANADON,  LORENZO,  Hotel  Majestic,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South 

America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Best  Methods  to  Facilitate  Commercial  Trans- 
actions between  Manufacturers  of  the  United  States  and  Spanish- 
American  Merchants. 
ANCIZAR,  ROBERTO,  Secretary  of  the  Colombian  Legation  in  the  United 

States,  The  Hamilton,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Colombia. 

AUDAIN,  L.,  Director  Bacteriological  Laboratory,  Port  au  Prince,  Haiti. 
Paper  presented :  Study  of  the  So-called  Fruit  Fever. 


340      FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ANDARA,  Jos6  L.,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Venezuela. 

ANDERSON,  GEORGE  G.,  436  Consolidated  Realty  Bldg.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Paper  presented :  Use  of  Irrigation  Waters  as  Sources  of  Power. 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  F.,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

Alternate — Federation  American  Societies  for  Experimental  Biology. 
American  Physiological  Society. 

Paper  presented :  The  Important  Steps  in  the  Development  of  Our 
Knowledge  of  Anaphylaxis. 

ANDERSON,  Luis,  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
Delegate — School  of  Law  of  Costa  Rica. 
Honorary  Member. 

ANDERSON,  W.  M.,  Professor,  University  of  Louisville,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Delegate — University  of  Louisville. 

ANDRADE,  C^SAR  D.,  Guayaquil,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Ecuador. 
Paper  presented :  Petroleum  Resources  of  Ecuador. 

ANDRADE,  Jos£  JUUAN,  Internationalist,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

ANDREWS,  ARTHUR  I.,  Tufts  College,  Mass. 
Delegate— Tufts  College. 

ANDREWS,  ETHAN  A.,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore, 

Md 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Zoologists. 

ANDREWS,  JOHN  B.,  121  East  Twenty-third  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Association  for  Labor  Legislation. 
Paper  presented:  Employment  of  Married  and  Pregnant  Women  and 
the  Protection  and  Promotion  of  the  Health  of  Female  Wage  Earners. 

ANGULO,  RAFAEL  MARIA,  Amargura  77,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 
Delegate — Bar  Association  of  Habana. 

Paper  presented:  Presidential  and  Parliamentary  Government  on  the 
American  Continent  in  State  and  Nation. 

ANTHONY,  C.  C.,  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  Broad  Street  Station,   Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 
Alternate — Railway  Signal  Association. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       341 

ANTHONY,  G.  C.,  Dean  Engineering  School,  Tufts  College,  Mass. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  6,  Section  IV. 

ARAUJO-JORGE,  A.  G.,  of  the  Foreign  Office  of  Brazil,  Rio  de  Janeiro, 

Brazil,  South  America. 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  The  Diplomatic  History  of  Brazil  in  the  Sixteenth 
and  Seventeenth  Centuries. 

ARCH,  LACARZE  Luis,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Method  in  Pedagogic  Science. 

ARCTOWSKI,  H.,  New  York  Public  Library,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  The  Pleionian  Fluctuations  of  Climate. 

ARIAS,  HARMODIO,  Panama  City,  Panama. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Panama. 

ARMANET   FRESNO,    DANIEL,    Civil    Engineer,    Santiago,    Chile,f  South 

America. 
Delegate — Secretary  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Chile. 

ARNOLD,  RALPH,  Consulting  Geologist  and  Engineer,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Paper  presented:  Conservation  of  the  Oil  and  Gas  Resources  of  the 
Americas. 

ARNOLD,  SARAH  LOUISE,  Dean  Simmons  College,  Boston,  Mass. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  4,  Section  IV. 

AUBERT,  A.,  Managua,  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 

Paper  presented:  How  Can  a  Nation  Prepare  in  the  Most  Effective 
Manner  Its  Young  Men  for  a  Business  Career  That  is  to  be  Pursued 
at  Home  or  in  a  Foreign  Country? 

(a)  In  schools  that  are  a  part  of  the  public-school  system. 

(6)  In  schools  of  private  endowment. 

(c)  In  special  business  schools  of  private  ownership. 

AY  ALA,  EUSEBIO,  Calle  Estrella  265,  Asuncion,  Paraguay,  South  America. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Paraguay. 

AYORA,  ISIDRO,  Professor  of  Medicine,  Central  University  of  Quito,  Quito, 

Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

BABCOCK,  C.  KENDRICK,  Dean  of  College  of  Liberal  Arts  and  Sciences, 

University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 
Delegate — University  of  Illinois. 


342      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

BABSON,  ROGER  W.,  Wellesley  Hills,  Mass. 

Delegate — Babson  Statistical  Organization. 
Papers  presented : 

Why  Latin- American  Municipal  and  State   Bonds   Should   be 

Quoted  in  New  York. 

The  Proper  Use  of  Business  Experts  from  the  Business  World  in 
Class  Instruction  in  Domestic  and  Foreign  Commerce. 

BAILEY,  SOLON  I.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Delegate — American  Astronomical  Society. 
Secretary  Subsection  A  of  Section  II. 

BAKER,  FRANK,  Georgetown  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  I. 

BALAREZO,  MANUEL  R.,  Professor  of  Jurisprudence,  Central  University  of 

Quito,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

BALDES,  WILLIAM  F.,  Garrison,  N.  Y. 

Alternate — Eugenics  Research  Association. 

BALDWIN,  CHAS.  E.,  Department  of  Labor,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics. 

BALDWIN,  SIMEON  E.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  2,  Section  VI. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VI. 
Papers  presented:  Should  International  Law  be  Codified?    And  if  so, 

Should  it  be  Done  Through  Governmental  Agencies  or  by  Private 

Scientific  Societies? 
Inaugural  Discourse,  Subsection  2,  Section  VI. 

BALDY,  JOHN  M.,  2219  De  Lancey  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Paper  presented :  Medical  Education  in  the  United  States. 

BALL,  CARLETON  R.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Agronomy. 

BALLOU,  SIDNEY,  Colorado  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Honolulu  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

BANCROFT,  HOWLAND,  Mining  Geologist,  Denver,  Colo. 
Paper  presented :  Bolivian  Tin. 

BARALT,  Luis  A.,  Professor,  Institute  of  Habana,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Honorary  Member. 
Papers  presented : 

What  Remains  to  be  Done  for  Education. 

Elementary  Education. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      343 

BARBA,  FRANCISCO,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Central  University  of  Quito, 

Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

BARBA,  WILLIAM  P.,  Vice  President,  Midvale  Steel  Company,  Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 
Delegate — American  Manufacturers'  Export  Association. 

BARBARA,  B.,  Bacteriological  Institute  of  The  National  Department  of 

Hygiene,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Cultivation  of  the  Parasite  of  Rabies  by  Noguchi's 
Method. 

BARB  ARENA,  SANTIAGO  I.,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 
Papers  presented: 

The  Principal  Geophysical  Bases  of  Modern  Seismology. 
Report  of  the  Meteorological  and  Seismologic  Service  of  El  Salvador. 

BARBATTO,  GERMAN,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
.     Paper  presented:  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Solar  Relations  of 
Meteorology. 

BARBOUR,  F.  A.,  1120  Tremont  Building,  Boston,  Mass. 
Alternate — Ohio  Engineering  Society. 

BARBOUR,  THOMAS,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Delegate — Harvard  University. 

BARCEL6,  SiM6N,  Caracas,  Venezuela. 
Delegate — Press  of  Venezuela. 
Honorary  Member. 

BARCIA  TRELLES,  JUAN,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

BARD,|HARRY  ERWIN,  Mills  Building,  15  Broad  Street,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 

Delegate — Pan  American  Society  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
Paper  presented :  Things  which  Interest  Students  in  the  United  States,. 

as  Compared  with  the  Interest  of  Similar  Students  in  Europe  and 

Latin  America 

BARNARD,  JOB.,  1306  Rhode  Island  Avenue  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Historical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

BARNES,  EDWARD  A.,  Charleston  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Charleston, 

W.  Va. 
Delegate — Charleston  Chamber  of  Commerce. 


344      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

BARNES,  NOBLE  P.,  208  Maryland  Avenue  NE.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Therapeutic  Society. 

BARNUM,  M.  K.,  S.  M.  P.  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railway,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Delegate — American  Railway  Master  Mechanics'  Association. 

BAR6N,  GUSTAVO  S.,  Professor  of  Bacteriology,  San  Salvador,  El  Sal- 
vador, Central  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  El  Salvador. 

BAR6N,  RODOLFO,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 
Member,  Cooperating  Committee,  El  Salvador. 

BARRETT,  JOHN,  Director  General,  Pan  American  Union,  Washington, 

D.  C. 

United  States  Official  Delegate. 
Delegate — Pan  American  Union. 
Secretary  General. 
Member  of  Executive  Committee. 

BARRETT,  S.  A.,  Curator,  Department  of  Anthropology,  Public  Museum 

of  the  City  of  Milwaukee,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Delegate — Public  Museum  of  the  City  of  Milwaukee. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 

BARROWS,  D.  P.,  Dean,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 
Alternate — University  of  California. 

BARTLETT,  C.  L.,  Cleveland  Engineering  Society,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Delegate — Cleveland  Engineering  Society. 

BARTLETT,  J.  KEMP,  108  South  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — Commercial  Law  League  of  America. 

BARTOW,  EDWARD,  Director,  State  Water  Survey,  Urbana,  111. 
Paper  presented :  Water  Supply. 

BARTSCH,  PAUL,  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Biological  Society  of  Washington. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  7,  Section  IV. 
Paper  presented :  The  Premedical  Education  in  Biology. 

BASCOM,  FLORENCE,  Bryn  Mawr  College,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Delegate — Bryn  Mawr  College. 

BASKERVILLE,  CHARLES,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate— College  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

BASS,  C.  C.,  741  Carondelet  Street  New  Orleans,  La. 
Alternate — American  Society  of  Tropical  Medicine. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      345 

BASSETT,  C.  E.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  The  Extent  and  Possibilities  of  Cooperation. 

BATRES  JAUREGUI,  ANTONIO,  9  Avenida  Sur  68,  Guatemala  City,  Guate- 
mala, Central  America. 
Honorary  Member. 
President  Cooperating  Committee,  Guatemala. 

BATT,  WILMER  R-,  State  Registrar  of  Records,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  Vital  Statistics  with  Special  Reference  to  New  York 
City. 

BAUER,  L.  A.,  Director,  Department  of  Terrestrial  Magnetism,  Carnegie 

Institution  of  Washington,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Status  of  Magnetic  Surveys  in  South  America. 

BAUZA,  ERNESTO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

BAUZA,  JULIO  A.,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Milk  Dispensaries  as  a  Means  of  Diminishing  Infan- 
tile Mortality. 

BAWDEN,  WILLIAM  T.,  Bureau  of  Education,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Bureau  of  Education. 
Chairman,  Subsection  9,  Section  IV. 

BAYMA,  TEODORO,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Adrenalin  in  Amoebic  Dysentery. 

BAZZANO,  HAMLET,  Director  National  Meteorological  Institute,  Monte- 
video, Uruguay,  South  America. 
Secretary  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 
Papers  presented: 

General  Organization  of  the  Services  of  the  National  Meteorological 

Bureau  of  Uruguay. 
The  River  Plata. 

BEACH,  JOHN  K.,  Supreme  Court  of  Errors  of  Connecticut,  New  Haven, 

Conn. 
Paper  presented:  The  Relation  of  Public  Law  to  International  Law. 

BEACH,  L.  H.,  Customhouse,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Member  of  Committee  of  Section  V. 
Paper  presented :  Shallow-draft  Boat  and  Barge  Transportation. 

BEAHAN,  Mrs.  WILLARD,  2213  Bellifield  Avenue,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Alternate — National  Federation  of  College  Women. 

BEALE,  JOSEPH  H.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Delegate — Association  of  American  Law  Schools. 


346      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

BEALS,  E.  A.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Portland,  Oreg. 

Paper  presented:  Forecasts  of  Weather  Favorable  to  the  Increase  of 
Forest  Fires. 

BEDER,  ROBERTO,  General  Direction  of  .Mines,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina, 

South  America. 

Paper   presented:    Quantity  and  Quality  of  Tungsten  Ores  in  Ar- 
gentina. 

BEER,  PAUL,  Greater  Des  Moines  Committee,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 
Delegate — Iowa  Engineering  Society. 
Greater  Des  Moines  Committee. 

BEHNEKE,  NORMAN  L.,  6  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 
Delegate — National  Economic  League. 

BELL,  ALEXANDER  GRAHAM,  1331  Connecticut  Avenue  NW.,  Washington, 

D.  C. 

Delegate — American  Association  to  Promote  Teaching  of  Speech  to 
the  Deaf. 

BELLIURE,  CARLOS  A.,  Cerrito  674,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Uruguay. 

BENAV!DEZ,  VfcTOR,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

BENGOCHEA,  RAM6N,  Consul  General,  Guatemala,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Military  Academy,  Guatemala. 

BENJAMIN,  CHARLES  H.,  Dean,  Purdue  University,  La  Fayette,  Ind. 

Paper    presented:  Essential    Physical    Equipment    for    Engineering 
Education. 

BENNETT,  CHARLES  A.,  Bradley  Polytechnic  Institute,  Peoria,  111. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  9,  Section  IV. 

BENNETT,  FRANCISCO  ARAYA,  Attorney  at  Law  and  State  Professor, 

Valparaiso,  Chile,  South  America. 
Papers  prepared : 

How  can  a  Nation  Prepare  in  the  Most  Effective  Manner  its 
Young  Men  for  a  Business  Career  that  is  to  be  Pursued  at 
Home  or  in  a  Foreign  Country? 

(a)  In  schools  that  are  a  part  of  the  public-school 

system. 

(6)  In  schools  of  private  endowment. 
(c)  In  special  business  schools  of  private  ownership. 
Preparation  for  a  Business  Career  in  Chile. 
Latin  American  Standpoint  on  Business  Education. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      347 

BENTON,  GUY  POTTER,  President,  University  of  Vermont,  Burlington,  Vt. 
Delegate — 

National  Association  of  State  Universities. 
University  of  Vermont. 

BENTON,  J.  R.,  University  of  Florida,  Gainesville,  Fla. 
Delegate — University  of  Florida. 

BERGER,  MARION,  United  States  Bureau  of  Education,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — National  Kindergarten  Association. 

BERKELEY,  H.  J.,  1305  Park  Avenue,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Delegate — American  Medical  Society  for  the  Study  of  Alcohol  and 
Narcotics. 

BERRA,  C.  P.,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Buccal  Hygiene. 

BERRO  GARCIA,  ADOLFO,  Professor,  University  of  Montevideo,  Uruguay, 

South  America. 
Delegate — 

Teachers'  Association  of  Uruguay. 
National  Industrial  School  of  Montevideo. 
Honorary  Member. 
Paper  presented:  International  arbitration. 

BESNARD,  JULIO,  Chief  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Service,  Santiago, 

Chile,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Are  Uniform  Regulations  Feasible  Among  the  Dif- 
ferent American  Countries  for  the  Prevention  of  the  Introduction  and 
Dissemination  of  the  Diseases  of  Different  Animals'? 

BETETA  Jos£  A.,  Guatemala  City,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Guatemala. 

BICKNELL,  ERNEST  P.,  1624  H  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Red  Cross. 

BIDGOOD,  LEE,  Professor,  University  of  Alabama,  University,  Ala. 
Delegate — University  of  Alabama. 

BIDWELL,  GEORGE  E.,  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Association  of  Feed  Control. 

BIGELOW,  MAURICE  A.,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 
Delegate — Teachers'  College,  Columbia  University. 


348      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS 

BIGELOW,  W.  D.,  1739  H  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  The   Value  of  Scientific  Research  and  Laboratory 
Control  in  the  Manufacture  of  Foods. 

BINGHAM,  EUGENE  C.,  Professor,  Richmond  College,  Richmond,  Va. 
Delegate — Richmond  College. 

BINGHAM,  HIRAM,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Delegate- 
American  Antiquarian  Society. 
Yale  University. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Incas  and  Their  Culture. 

An  Inca  Road  and  Several  Hitherto   Undescribed  Ruins  in  the 

Urubamba  Valley,  Peru. 

Some  Extraordinary  Trepanned  Skulls  Found  This  Year  in  the 
Urubamba  Valley,  Peru. 

BISHOP,  AVARD  I,.,  66  Trumbull  Street,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Delegate — Yale  University. 

BISHOP,  ERNEST  S.,  151  West  Eighty-fifth  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — American  Medical  Society  for  the  Study  of  Alcohol  and 
Narcotics. 

BISHOP,  F.  L,.,  Dean,  School  of  Engineering,  University  of  Pittsburgh, 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Delegate — University  of  Pittsburgh. 

BITTENCOURT,  LiBERATo,  Brazilian  Historical  and  Geographical  Institute, 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 
Paper  presented :  Physical,  Intellectual,  and  Moral  Education. 

BIXBY,  Gen.  WILLIAM  H.,  1709  Lanier  Place  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 

Delegate- 
Engineers'  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania. 
Western  Society  of  Engineers. 
American  Society  for  Testing  Materials. 

Member  of  Executive  Committee. 

Chairman  of  Section  V. 

BLAIR,  W.  R.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Some  Results  of  Aerological  Observations. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       349 

BLAKESLEE,  GEORGE  HUBBARD,  Professor,  Clark  University,  Worcester, 

Mass. 
Delegate — Clark  University. 

BLANCHARD,  ARTHUR  H.,   Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York 

City,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Highway  Engineering. 

BLANCHARD,   C.   J.,   Statistician,   United  States   Reclamation   Service, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Securing  Settlers  for  Government  Projects. 

BLEWETT,  BEN,  Superintendent  of  Schools,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Paper  presented:  Essentials  of  an  Effective  Compulsory  Attendance 
Law. 

BLUE,  RUPERT,  Public  Health  Service,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Public  Health  Service. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  A,  Section  VIII. 

BOAS,  FRANZ,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Delegate — American  Folk-Lore  Society. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 

Paper  presented:  The  Racial  Elements  in  the  Modern  Population  of 
America. 

BOATWRIGHT,  F.  W.,  President,  Richmond  College,  Richmond,  Va, 
Delegate — Richmond  College. 

BOERGER,  ALBERTO,  Director  of  the  Experiment  Station,  La  Estanzuela, 

Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

Paper  presented:  Phylotechnic  Studies  and  Agricultural  Experiments 
in  La  Estanzuela,  Uruguay. 

BOGGS,  MARIS  A.,  Department  of  Public  Instruction,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Bureau  of  Commercial  Economics. 

BOLET,  Juuo  C^SAR,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  What  Should  be  the  Place  of  Industrial  Education  in 
the  School  System  of  the  American  Republics?  Should  it  be  Sup- 
ported by  Public  Taxation?  Should  it  be  Considered  Under  Separate 
Control?  How  and  to  What  Extent  May  Industrial  Schools  Cooper- 
ate with  Employers  of  Labor? 


350      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

BOLTON,  REGINALD  PELHAM,  55  Liberty  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — -American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers. 
BOND,  FRANK,  3127  Newark  Street,  Cleveland  Park,  D.  C. 

Alternate — United  States  Geographic  Board. 
BONILLA,  CESAR,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  Central  America. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Honduras. 
BORAH,  WILLIAM  E.,  United  States  Senator,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Whitman  College. 
BORCHARD,  EDWIN  B.,  Librarian  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 

Library,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented :  How  May  Lawyers  of  One  Country  be  Most  Easily 
and  Effectively  Made  Acquainted  with  the  Laws  of  Another  Country? 
BORDELLO,  JULIUS,  American  Peat  Society,  Kingsbridge,  N.  Y. 

Alternate — American  Peat  Society. 
BORDEN,  WILLIAM  CLINE,  George  Washington  University,  Washington, 

D.  C. 

Chairman  of  Subsection  7,  Section  IV. 
Bosco,  GuiLLERMO  A.,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Teratoma  of  the  Tuber  Cinereum. 
BOURLAND,  A.  P.,  508  McLachlin  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Southern  Conference  for  Education  and  Industry. 
BouvE,  CLEMENT  L.,  of  the  Bar  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 
Secretary  of  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 

Paper   presented:  The   Study    of   International    Law   in   American 
Countries  and  the  Means  by  Which  it  May  be  Made  More  Effective. 
BOWDITCH,  VINCENT  Y.,  506  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Delegate — American  Sanatorium  Association. 
BOWERMAN,  H.  B.,  Bureau  of  Lighthouses,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — Bureau  of  Lighthouses. 
BOWIE,  EDWARD  HALL,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — United  States  Weather  Bureau. 

BOWIE,  WILLIAM,  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  Washing- 
ton, .D.  C. 

Alternate — Philosophical  Society  of  Washington. 
Papers  presented : 

Costs  of  Relative  Gravity  Determinations  by  Aid  of  Half -second 

Pendulums. 

Costs   of  Primary   Triangulation,   Including  Determinations   of 
Latitude,  Longitude,  and  Azimuth. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      351 

BOYD,  DAVID  R.,  President    University  of   New  Mexico,  Albuquerque, 

N.  Hex. 
Delegate — University  of  New  Mexico. 

BOYD,  W.  K.,  Durham,  N.  C. 

Delegate— Trinity  College,  Durham,  N.  C. 

BRACAMONTE,  KUSEBIO,  President  of  the  Court  of  Second  Instance  of 
the  Western  Section  of  Salvador,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador, 
Central  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Attitude  of  American  Countries  Toward  Inter- 
national Arbitration  and  the  Peaceful  Settlement  of  International 
Disputes. 

BRAID,  ANDREW,  United  States  Geographic  Board,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Geographic  Board. 

BRAILEY,  JAMES  S.,  Jr.,  Brunswick,  Ga. 
Delegate — Brunswick  Board  of  Trade. 

BRAISTED,  WILLIAM  C.,  Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  Subsection  D,  Section  VIII. 

BRANCH,  G.  V.,  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organization,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  A  Practical  Market  Systemjor  Our  Large  Cities. 

BRAND,  CHARLES  J.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organization. 
Chairman  Subsection  7,  Section  III. 

Paper  presented :  The  Effective  Use  of  the  Panama  Canal  in  the  Dis- 
tribution of  Products. 

BRANDON,  EDGAR  EWING,  Dean  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio. 
Alternate — Miami  University. 
Paper  presented:  Commercial  Education  in  Latin  America. 

BRANNER,  JOHN  C.,  Iceland  Stanford  University,  Stanford  Univer- 
sity, Cal. 

Delegate — Iceland  Stanford  University. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented:  Recent  Contributions  to  the  Geology  of  Brazil,  and 
Their  Relations  to  the  Development  of  the  Country. 


352      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

BRASHEAR,  JOHN  A.,  1954  Perryville  Avenue,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 
Papers  presented : 

Progress  of  the  Work,  Optical  and  Mechanical,  on  the  Seventy- 
two-inch  Reflecting  Telescope  for  the  Canadian  Observatory 
at  Vancouver. 

The  Educational  Volume  of  Endowment  for  Public  Schools. 
An  Evening  with  the  Stars. 

BRASIL,  VITAL,  Professor,  University  of  Sao  Paulo,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil, 

South  America. 

Delegate — Academy  of  Science,  Art,  and  Letters  of  Campinas. 
Honorary  Member. 
Paper  presented:  Prophylaxis  of  Ophidism  in  America. 

BRAVO,  CARLOS,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 

Paper    presented:  Relations    between    the    Judicial    and    Legislative 
Powers. 

BREAUX,  GUSTAVE  A.,  Louisville  Board  of  Trade,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Delegate — Louisville  Board  of  Trade. 

BRECKENRIDGE,  LESTER  PAIGE,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Delegate — Yale  University. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  SOPHONSIBA,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 

Paper  presented :  The  Education  of  Women  as  Measured  in  Civic  and 
Social  Relations. 

BRENES  MES£N,  ROBERTO,  San  Jose",  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
Honorary  Member. 
Paper  presented :  Direct  Taxation  in  Costa  Rica. 

BRIGGS,  LYMAN  J.,  United  States  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Washington, 

D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  The  Water  Requirement  of  Plants  as  Influenced  by 
Environment. 

BRIGNOLE,  ALBERTO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

BRIN,  RA#L,  Secretary,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Panama  City, 

Panama. 

Paper  presented :  The  Conservation  of  the  National  Sources  of  Wealth; 
Agricultural,  Irrigation,  and  Forest  Culture. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      353 

BRODIE,  WALTER  M.,  Mining  Engineer  and  Metallurgist,  The  Batopilas 

Mining  Company,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  Metallurgy  of  Native  Silver  Ores  in  Southwestern 
Chihuahua. 

BROGGI,  HUGO,  Professor  of  Mathematical  Analysis  and  Higher  Mathe- 
matics, La  Plata,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Teaching  of  General  Mathematics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  La  Plata. 

BRONFENBRENNER,  J.,  Western  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Paper  presented:  Anaphylaxis  and  its  Relation  to  Immunity. 

BROOKS,  STRATTON  D.,  President,  University  of  Oklahoma,  Norman, 

Okla. 
Delegate — University  of  Oklahoma. 

BROOKS,  W.  P.,  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  Amherst,  Mass. 
Alternate — Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. 

BROWN,  ALFREDO  JONES,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

BROWN,  C.  P.,  Glenolden,  Pa. 

Paper  presented:  Hay  Fever  and  Certain  other  Local  Anaphylactic 
Phenomena  Referable  to  the  Respiratory  Mucous  Membranes. 

BROWN,  EDGAR,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Association  of  Seed  Analysts. 

BROWN,  ELMER  E.,  Chancellor,  New  York  University,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 

Delegate — New  York  University. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  2,  Section  IV. 
Paper  presented:  Historical  Development  of  our  Secondary  Schools. 

BROWN,  ERNEST,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Paper  presented :  Determination  of  the  Earths  Shape  by  Simultaneous 
Astronomical  Observations  in  North  and  South  America. 

BROWN,  E.  W.,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Delegate — American  Mathematical  Society. 

BROWN,  GLENN,  806  Seventeenth  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate- 
American  Institute  of  Architects. 
Washington  and  Lee  University. 
27750—16 23 


354      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

BROWN,  PHILIP  MARSHALL,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Delegate — Princeton  University. 

BROWN,  ROME  G.,  1006  Metropolitan  Life  Building,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Papers  presented :  Laws  and  Regulations  Regarding  the  Use  of  Water 
for  all  Purposes  in  North  and  South  America. 

BRUNO,  F£LIX,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Inland  Navigation. 

BRYAN,  WILLIAM  JENNINGS,  Lincoln,  Nebr. 
Honorary  Member. 
Addressed  Subsection  10,  of  Section  IV. 

BRYANT,  SAMUEL  W.,  Radio  Service,  Navy  Department,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Naval  Radio  Service. 

BUCK,  H.  W.,  49  Wall  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  Present  Status  of  Water  Power  Development. 

BUCK,  SOLON  J.,  Professor,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Delegate — University  of  Minnesota. 

BUITRAGO  DIAZ,  FRANCISCO,  Managua,  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 
Assistant  Secretary  Cooperating  Committee,  Nicaragua. 
Paper  presented :  To  What  Extent  is  Coeducation  Desirable  in  Elemen- 
tary Schools,  High  Schools,  Colleges,  and  Universities? 

BULL,  R.  A.,  American  Foundrymen's  Association,  Granite  City,  111. 
Alternate — American  Foundrymen's  Association. 

BULLARD,  W.  H.  G.,  Radio  Station,  Radio,  Va. 
Delegate — United  States  Naval  Radio  Service. 

BULLOCK,  CHARLES  J.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  IX 

BUMPAS,  ROBAH  F.,  Laurinburg,  N.  C. 

Delegate — Society  for  Practical  Astronomy. 

BUNGE,  CARLOS  OCTAVIO,  Calle  Villanueva  1129,  Buenos  Aires,  Argen- 
tina, South  America. 
Delegate — 

Argentine  Society  of  International  Law. 

Faculty  of  Philosophy  and  Literature  of  the  National  Univer- 
sity of  Buenos  Aires. 
Faculty  of  Law  and  Social  Sciences,  of  the  National  University 

of  Buenos  Aires. 
Honorary  Member. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      355 

BURGESS,  EDWARD  S.,  Professor,  Hunter  College,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Hunter  College. 

BURGESS,  GEORGE  K.,  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Institute  of  Metals. 
Alternate — -Washington  Academy  of  Science. 

BURR,  WILLIAM  H.,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York   City, 

N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  The  Relative  Importance  of  General  Training  in 
Engineering  Branches  to  Extreme  Specialization. 

BURROWS,  J.  S.,  Norfolk,  Va. 

Paper  presented :  Practical  Difficulties  in  Conserving  our  Coal  Supply. 

BURROWS,  M.,  Johns  Hopkins  University  Medical  School,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Paper  presented :  Tissue  Culture  in  Cancer. 

BUSHNELL,  DAVID  I.,  Jr.,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

BUSTAMANTE,  ALBERTO.  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

BUTLER,  AMOS  W.,  Room  93,  Statehouse,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Delegate — National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Corrections. 
Alternate — Indiana  Academy  of  Sciences. 

BUTLER,  CHARLES  HENRY,  1535  I  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Washington  Branch  Archaeological  Institute  of  America. 

BUTLER,  NICHOLAS  MURRAY,  President,  Columbia  University,  New  York 
City,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — Division  of  Intercourse  and  Education,  Carnegie  Endow- 
ment for  International  Peace. 

American  Association  for  International  Conciliation. 

Chairman  of  Subsection  5,  Section  IV. 

BuTTE,  O.  G.,  University  of  Texas,  Austin,  Tex. 
Delegate — University  of  Texas. 

BuTTERFiELD,  KEN  YON  L.,  President,  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, Amherst,  Mass. 

Delegate — Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. 
Paper  presented :  Extension  Education. 

BUTTERS,  CHARLES,  6272  Chabot  Road,  Oakland,  Cal. 

Delegate — Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society  of  America. 


356      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

BuTTERWORTH,  WILLIAM,  DEERE  &  COMPANY,  Moline,  111. 
Delegate — Illinois  Manufacturers'  Association. 

BYERS,  JOSEPH  P.,  General  Secretary,  American  Prison  Association,  Oak- 
land, Cal. 

Delegate — American  Prison  Association. 
Alternate — National  Committee  on  Provision  for  the  Feebleminded. 

CABALLERO,  GUSTAVO  A.,  761  Harrison  Avenue,  Boston,  Mass. 

Delegate — Boston  College. 
CABEZAS,  JOAQUIN,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  What  Should  be  the  Place  of  Industrial  Education  in 
the  School  System  of  the  American  Republics?  Should  it  be  Sup- 
ported by  Public  Taxation?  Should  it  be  Considered  Under  Sepa- 
rate Control?  How  and  to  What  Extent  May  Industrial  Schools 
Cooperate  With  Employers  of  Labor? 

CABOT,.  RICHARD  C.,  General  Hospital,  Boston,  Mass. 

Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
CADY,  WALTER  GUYTON,  Middletown,  Conn.      • 

Delegate — Wesley  an  University. 

CALCANO  SANCHEZ,  EDUARDO,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Venezuela. 

CALDERON,  His  Excellency  IGNACIO,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States,  Bolivian  Legation,  1633  Six- 
teenth Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Bolivia. 

CALDERON,  SALVADOR,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  El  Salvador. 
CALDWELL,  B.  W. 

Paper  presented :  Infectious  Diseases  in  the  Prison  Camps  of  Europe. 
CALKINS,  GARY  N.,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Papers  presented : 

General  Biology  of  the  Protozoa  Life  Cycle. 
Life  Histories  of  Protozoa. 
CALL,  ARTHUR  DEERIN,  Colorado  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — American  Peace  Society. 
CALLAHAN,  J.  M.,  Professor,  University  of  West  Virginia,  Morgantown, 

W.  Va. 
Delegate — Association  of  Colleges  and  Preparatory  Schools  of  the 

Southern  States. 
Honorary  Member. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       357 

CALLBREATH,  J.  F.,  Munsey  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Mining  Congress. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented :  Government  Control  of  Minerals  on  Public  Lands. 

CALLEJAS,  MIGUEL,   Director   of    the  Mining  Society,  San  Antonio  de 

Oriente,  Honduras,  Central  America. 

Paper  presented:  Concentration  and  Metallurgy  at  the  San  Antonio 
Mines. 

CAMERON,  R  K.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate— Chemists  Club. 

CAMINETTE,  A.,  Department  of  Labor,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Bureau  of  Immigration. 

CAMPBELL,  J.  P.,  University  of  Georgia,  Athens,  Ga. 
Delegate — University  of  Georgia. 

CAMPBELL,  M.  R.,  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  i,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented :  The  Coals  of  the  United  States. 

CAMPBELL,  P.  I/.,  President,  University  of  Oregon,  Eugene,  Oreg. 
Delegate — University  of  Oregon. 

CAMPBELL,    WILLIAM   WALLACE,    Director,    Lick    Observatory,    Mount 

Hamilton,  Cal. 

Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Delegate — 

American  Astronomical  Society. 

American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 
Paper  presented : 

Work  at  Lick  Observatory. 

(a)  At  Mount  Hamilton,  Cal. 
(6)  In  Chile,  South  America. 

CAMPOS,  His  Excellency  GUILLERMO,  Minister  of  Honduras  to  Guate- 
mala, Guatemala  City,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 

Delegate — International  Central  American  Bureau. 

Paper  presented:  Resources  of  Honduras  and  Its  Commercial  Devel- 
opment. 

CANADA,  WILLIAM  J.,  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Western  Association  of  Electrical  Inspectors. 


358      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

CANEDO,  RAFAEL,  President,  University  of  Cochabamba,  Cochabamba, 

Bolivia,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Should  Universities  and  Colleges  Supported  by  Pub- 
lic Funds  be  Controlled  by  Independent  and  Autonomous  Powers,  or 
Should  They  be  Controlled  Directly  by  Central  State  Authority? 

CAPARO,  Jos6  ANGEL,  Dean,  University  of  Notre  Dame,  Notre  Dame, 

Ind. 
Delegate — 

Academy  of  Forensic  Practice  of  Peru. 
University  of  Cuzco. 
University  of  Notre  Dame. 
Papers  presented : 

Origin  of  the  Indians  of  Central  and  South  America, 
Lexicology  of  the  Names  of  the  Indian  God. 

CAPELLA  Y  PONS,  FRANCISCO,  Calle  Agraciada  812,  Montevideo,  Uruguay, 

South  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Attitude  of  American  Countries  Toward  Inter- 
national Arbitration  and  the  Peaceful  Settlement  of  International 
Disputes. 

CAPEN,  SAMUEL  P.,  Bureau  of  Education,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Education. 
Vice  Chairman  of  Section  IV. 

CAPURRO,  FEDERICO  A.,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 
Paper  presented :  Fixed  Submersible  Bridges. 

CARBONELL,  Luis  G.  Y.,  Habana,  Cuba. 

Paper  presented :  National  Observatory  of  the  Republic  of  Cuba. 

CARDELL,  W.  M.,  Washington  Traction  Co.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — American  Railway  Bridge  and  Building  Association. 

CARDENAS,  ADOLFO,  Managua,  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Nicaragua. 

CARDOSO,  VICENTE  LJCINIO,  Civil  Engineer,  Voluntaries  da  Patria  254, 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Delegate — 

National  Polytechnic  School  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Engineers  Club. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       359 

CARPENTER,  FREDERIC  W.,  Professor,  Trinity  College,  Hartford,  Conn. 
Alternate — Trinity  College. 

CARPENTER,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  Function  of  Graduate  Schools  in  the  Universities  of 
the  United  States. 

CARR,  HARVEY  A.,  Professor,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — American  Psychological  Association. 

CARRASCO  B.,  EDUARDO,  243  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 
Delegate- 
National  Agricultural  Society  of  Chile. 
Permanent  Board  of  Local  Government. 

Paper  presented:  The  Effect  of  the  Opening  of  the  Panama  Canal 
Upon  the  Traffic  in  Agricultural  Products. 

CARROLL,  MITCHELL,  The  Octagon,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Archaeological  Institute  of  America. 
Alternate— American  Philological  Association. 

CARTER,  H.  R.,  United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Paper  presented :  Immunity  to  Yellow  Fever. 

CARVER,  T.  N.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Papers  presented: 

The  Advisability  of  Collegiate  Courses  on  Marketing  and  Distri- 
bution. 
The  Conservation  of  Human  Energy. 

CASASUS,  JOAQUIN  D.1 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  International  Currency. 

Response  on  behalf  of  the  Members  of  Section  IX  to  the  Address 
of  Welcome  by  Hon.  WILLIAM  G.  McADOO. 

CASSA,  JORGE  LE-RoY  Y,  Habana,  Cuba. 

Paper  presented :  Development  of  Demographic  Statistics  in  Cuba. 

CASTELLS,  CONSTANCIO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Etiology  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  from  the. 
Sociological  Standpoint. 

1  Died  February  25,  1916,  in  New  York. 


360      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

CASTILLO  LEDON,  LUIS,  Avenida  de  los  Hombres  Ilustres,  41,  Mexico, 
D.  F. 

Official  Delegate  of  Mexico. 

Paper  presented:  Archaeological  Researches  in  Mexico. 

CASTRO  QUESADA,  His  Excellency  MANUEL,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  Costa  Rica  to  the  United  States, 
1501  Sixteenth  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Official  Delegate  of  Costa  Rica. 

Delegate — Bar  Association  of  Costa  Rica. 

CASTRO  RAMIREZ,  MANUEL,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 
Paper   presented:  Are   there   Specific   American   Problems   of  Inter- 
national Law? 

CATLIN,  WARREN  BENJAMIN,  Bowdoin  College,  Brunswick,  Me. 
Delegate — Bowdoin  College. 

CATONI,  JULIO  L.,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Buccal  Hygiene. 

CATTELL,  J.  McKEEN,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 
Delegate — Eugenics  Research  Association. 

CAUDE£L,  A.  N.,  United  States  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Entomological  Society  of  Washington. 

CELESIA,  ANTONIO  F.,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Testicular  Graft. 

C^SAR,  ALEJANDRO,  Granada,  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 
Delegate — Nicaraguan  Society  of  International  Law. 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented :  The  Right  to  Safety  in  the  High  Seas  for  the  Citizens 
of  All  the  American  Republics. 

C^SPEDES,  His  Excellency  CARLOS  MANUEL  DE,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  Cuba  to  the  United  States,  1529 
Eighteenth  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Cuba. 

CHAC6N,  AN!BAL,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  The  Benzine  Ring. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  E.  T.,  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Department  of  Commerce, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Navigation  of  the  Department  of  Commerce. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      361 

CHAMOT,  B.  M.,  Professor,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Water  Supply. 

CHANDLER,  A.  E.,  State  Water  Commissioner,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Member  of  Committee,  -Subsection  4,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented:  The  Doctrine  of  Riparian  Rights  (in  the  Western 
United  States). 

CHANEY,  A.  U.,  105  Hudson  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  The  Influence  of  Supply  on  Prices. 

CHANNING,  JOHN  PARKE,  61  Broadway,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society  of  America. 

CHAPIN,  CHARLES  V.,    Superintendent    of    Public    Health,    Providence, 

R.  I. 

Paper  presented:  The  Incidence  of  the  Different  Causes  of  Mortality 
in  Providence,  R.  I. 

CHAPIN,  F.  STUART,  Northampton,  Mass. 
Delegate — Smith  College. 

CHAPMAN,  FRANK  K.,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York 

City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

CHATARD,  S.  M.,  1716  Rhode  Island  Avenue  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — George  Washington  University. 

CHAVARRI,  TITO,  President  of  the  College  of  Pharmacy,  San  Jos£,  Costa 

Rica,  Central  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Costa  Rica. 

CHILCOTT,  E.  C.,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — South  Dakota  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic 
Arts. 

CHILDE,  A.,  Keeper  of    Archaeology  in  the  National  Museum,  Rio  de 

Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Papers  presented : 

On  Certain  Archceologic  Studies. 

On  the  Predynastic  Egyptian  Boats  on  Painted  Vases. 

CHOATE,  JOSEPH  H.,  60  Wall  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VI. 

CHRISTIE,  GEORGE  IRVING,  Professor,  Purdue  University,  LaFayette,  Ind. 
Alternate — Purdue  University. 


362      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

CHURCH,  A.  T.,  Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Society  of  Naval  Engineers. 

CHURCH,  J.  B.,  Reno,  Nev. 

Delegate — University  of  Nevada. 

Paper  presented :  Snow  Surveying — Its  Problems  and  Their  Solution. 

CLAPP,  CORNELIA  M.,  Professor,  Mount  Holyoke  College,  South  Hadley, 

Mass. 
Delegate — Mount  Holyoke  College. 

CLARK,  A.  HOWARD,  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — National  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution. 

CLARK,  APPLETON  P.,  Jr.,  816  Fourteenth  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Washington  Board  ©f  Trade. 

CLARK,  JOHN  BATES,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — Division  of  Economics  and  History,  Carnegie  Endow- 
ment for  International  Peace. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  IX. 

Paper  presented:  Changes  in  Accepted  Conclusions  as  to  International 
Trade  Due  to,  (i)  Asiatic  Development,  (2)  War. 

CLARK,  WALTON,  President  Franklin  Institute,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — Franklin  Institute. 

CLARK,  WILLIAM  BULLOCK,  Director  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Balti- 
more, Md. 
Delegate — Association  of  American  State  Geologists. 

CLARKE,  F.  W.,  Chemist,  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Washington  Academy  of  Science. 
Paper  presented:  The  Interrelations  of  Pure  and  Applied  Chemistry. 

CLARKE,  JOHN  M.,  Director  State  Museum,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — 

State  Museum  of  New  York. 
Geological  Society  of  America. 
University  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

CLARKE,  LATHAM,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay,  Uruguay. 

CLAXTON,  PHILANDER  P.,  Commissioner  of  Education,  Washington,  D.'C. 
Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Member  of  Executive  Committee. 
Chairman  of  Section  IV. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       363 

CLAYTON,  H.  H.,  Esmeralda  586,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Delegate — Argentine  Meteorological  Bureau. 
Paper  presented:  The  Argentine  Meteorological  Service. 

CLEMENTS,  F.  E.,  Professor,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Delegate — University  of  Minnesota. 

CLEVENGER,  G.  H.,  381  Hawthorne  Avenue,  Palo  Alto,  Cal. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented :  The  Possibility  of  Treating  by  the  Cyanide  Process 
the   Complex  Silver  or    Silver-Gold  Ores    of   the    Latin- American 
Republics. 

CLINE,  I.  M.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Paper  presented:  Temperature  Conditions  at  New  Orleans,  as  In- 
fluenced by  Subsurface  Drainage. 

CLINTON,  L.  A.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agricultural  Science. 

CLOWES,  G.  A.  H.,  Research  Hospital,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  The  Relation  of  Hay  Fever  to  Anaphylaxis. 

CLUVERIUS,  W.  T.,  Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — United  States  Naval  Academy. 

COBB,  N.  A.,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  6,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented:  The  Animal  Organisms  of  the  Soil;  a  New  View  of 

Soil  Fertility. 

COCA,  A.  F.,  414  East  Twenty-sixth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  Laboratory  Diagnosis  of  Cancer — Sero-Diagnostic 
Methods  in  Cancer — The  Reactions  of  Freund  versus  Dungern  and 
Abderhalden. 

CODY,   SHERWIN,   Director,   National   Associated  Schools  of  Scientific 

Business,  Chicago,  111. 

Paper  presented:  Statement  as  to  Aim  and  Achievements  of  the  Na- 
tional Associated  Schools  of  Scientific  Business  Since  Establishment. 

COLCORD,  MABEL,  1335  Twelfth  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate— Radcliffe  College. 

COLEMAN,  J.  F.,  920  Hibernia  Building,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Paper  presented:  Best  Type  of  Construction  for  Piers  and  Quays  on 
Water  Fronts  of  Great  Depths  and  Swift  Currents. 


364      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

COLLEY,  BERNARD  T.,  Superintendent,  Braden  Copper  Company,  New 

York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Metallurgy  at  Braden. 

COLLINS,  G.  N.,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  6,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented :  Tropical  Varieties  of  Maize. 

COMALLONGA  Y  MEN  A,  Jos£,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 
Paper  presented:  Agricultural  Education. 

COMPTIS  Y  RIQU£,  JULIO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Substitution  for  the  Euclid  Postulate  of  Another 
Seemingly  Evident. 

COMPT£  Y  RIQU£,  Miss  ENRIQUETA,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Should  a  Single  School  be  the  Local  Unit  of  Admin- 
istration in  the  District  or  in  a  Wider  Sphere  of  Action? 

CONKLIN,  E.  G.,  Professor,  Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Naturalists. 
Alternate — National  Academy  of  Science. 

CONN,  H.  W.,  Professor,  Wesleyan  University,  Middletown,  Conn. 
Alternate — Society  of  American  Bacteriologists. 

CONWAY,  JOHN  S.,  Department  of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Lighthouses. 

COOK,  O.  F..  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Plant  Industry. 

Paper  presented:  Possibilities  of  Intensive  Agriculture  in  Tropical 
America. 

COOK,  S.  J.,  Silver  Creek,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  Standardization  of  Vegetables. 

COOLEY,  EDWIN  G.,  Educator,  Union  League  Club,  Chicago,  111. 

Paper  presented:  Should  Public  Vocational  Training  of  High  School 
Grades  be  Organized  as  a  Course  or  Courses  in  the  Regular  High 
School ,  or  in  a  Separate  School  Established  Primarily  for  Vocational 
Training? 

COOLEY,  MORTIMER  E.,  Dean,  College  of  Engineering,  University  of 

Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 
Delegate — University  of  Michigan. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       365 

COOLIDGE,  ARCHIBALD  GARY,  Professor,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge, 

Mass. 
Delegate — 

American  Historical  Association. 
Harvard  University. 

COOPER,  JOHN  M.,  Catholic  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Fuegian  and  Chonoan  Relations. 

CORBELLINI,  ENRIQUE  J.,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Treatment  of  Acute  Appendicitis. 

CORBIN,  WILLIAM  H.,  Tax  Commissioner,  State  of  Connecticut,  Hartford, 

Conn. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  IX. 

CORDOVA,  His  Excellency  GONZALO  S.,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Min- 
ister Plenipotentiary  of  Ecuador  to  the  United  States,  604  River- 
side Drive,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Ecuador. 
Delegate — 

National  College  Benigno  Malo. 
Society  of  Jurisprudence  and  Literature. 

COREA,  LUIS  FELIPE,  203  West  Ninety-fourth  Street,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 

Delegate — Faculty  of  Law  and  Notarial  Practice  of  Occidente  and 
Septentrion. 

CORRAL,  JosiC  ISAAC  DEL,  Habana,  Cuba. 

Paper  presented:  New  Property  of  Involution  of  Polygons  Circum- 
scribed and  Inscribed  to  Conic  Sections. 

CORTHELL,  ELMER  L.,  North  Egremont,  Mass. 
Secretary  of  Section  V. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 
Chairman,  Subsection  i ,  Section  V. 
Papers  presented: 

Opportunities  and  Problems  Confronting  the  Engineer  in  South 

America. 
Contracting  and  Regulating  Work  at  the  Mouth  of  Rivers. 

CORY,  CHARLES  B.,  Curator  of  Zoology,  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History, 

Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — Field  Museum  of  Natural  History  of  Chicago. 


366      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

COTTRELL,  F.  G.,  Chief  Chemist  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented :  Recent  Progress  in  Electrical  Smoke  Precipitation. 

COUDERT,  FREDERICK  R.,  2  Rector  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 

COUSIN,  FRANCISCO,  Bacteriologist,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

CoviLLE,  FREDERICK,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Cosmos  Club. 

Cox,  DANIEL  H.,  29  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Secretary  of  Subsection  on  Marine  Engineering,  Section  V. 

Cox,  H.  J.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Chicago,  111. 

Paper  presented :  The  Influence  of  the  Great  Lakes  upon  the  Movement 
of  High  and  Low  Pressure  Areas. 

Cox  M^NDEZ,  RICARDO,  former  Minister  of  War  and  Member  of  the 

Chilean  Congress,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 

Cox,  THOMAS,  Consulting  Engineer,  463  Ellita  Avenue,  Oakland,  Cal. 
Paper  presented :  Methods  and  Costs  of  Obtaining  Crude  Petroleum. 

COYLE,  GEORGE  L.,  College  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Worcester,  Mass. 
Delegate— College  of  the  Holy  Cross. 

CRAIG,  C.  F.,  Fort  Leaven  worth,  Kans. 

Paper  presented:  Classification  of  Parasitic  Amoeba  of  Man. 

CRAIGHEAD,  E.  B.,  Missoula,  Mont. 

Delegate — University  of  Montana. 

CRAMPTON,  HENRY  E.,  Professor,  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — New  York  Academy  of  Sciences. 

CRAWLEY,  J.  T.,  Santiago  de  las  Vegas,  Cuba. 

Delegate — Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  Cuba. 

Paper  presented:  The  Progress  of  Agricultural  Science  in  Cuba. 

CRESSON,  B.  F.,  Jr.,  75  Montgomery  Street,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 
Paper  presented :  Sandy  Seacoast  Shore  Protection. 

CREW,  HENRY,  1113  Davis  Street,  Evanston,  111. 
Delegate — Northwestern  University. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      367 

CRIST,  RAYMOND  F.,  Deputy  Commissioner,   Bureau  of  Naturalization, 

Department  of  Labor,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Naturalization. 

CROSBY,  WALTER  WILSON,  Consulting  Engineer,  1431  Munsey  Building, 

Baltimore,  Md. 

Delegate — American  Society  of  Municipal  Improvements . 
Alternate — Engineers  Club  of  Baltimore. 

CROSS,  WILLIAM  T.,  315  Plymouth  Court,  Chicago,  111. 

Delegate — National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Corrections. 

CROWELL,  J.  F.,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  The  Proper  Use  of  Business  Experts  from  the  Busi- 
ness World  in  Class  Instruction  in  Domestic  and  Foreign  Commerce. 

CRUTCHFIELD,  J.  S.,  President  Crutchfield  &  Wookfold,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  7,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented:  Car  Lot  Distribution. 

CRUZ,  FERNANDO,  Guatemala  City,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 
Paper  presented :  Native  Ruins  of  the  Republic  of  Guatemala. 

CUADRA,  CH.,  PEDRO  J.,  The  Burlington,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Official  Delegate  of  Nicaragua. 
Honorary  Member. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Financial  Problem  of  Nicaragua. 
The  Common  Monetary  Standard. 

CUERVO  MARQUEZ,  CARLOS,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 
Delegate — National  Academy  of  History. 
Honorary  Member. 
Paper  presented :  Ethnographical  Origins  of  Colombia. 

CUEVA,  AGUSTIN,  Professor  of  Sociology,  Central  University  of  Quito, 

Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

CUEVA  G,  MANUEL  B,  Professor  of   the  National   College,  "Benigno 

Malo,"  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

CUEVAS,  ENRIQUE,  Counselor  to  the  Chilean  Embassy,  1013  Sixteenth 

Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — 

Chilean  Academy. 

Society  for  the  Development  of  Industry. 
Paper  presented :  The  Nitrate  Industry  of  Chile. 


368      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

CULIN,  STEWART,  Museum  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 

CUMMINGS,  ROBERT  A.,  225  Fourth  Avenue,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Paper  presented:  Soils  as  Regards  Pressures  Allowable  Thereon. 

CURRIER,  CHARLES  WARREN,  Bishop  of  Hetalonia,  Holy  Angels  Academy, 
Fort  Lee,  N.  J. 

CUSTIS,  VANDERVEER,  1314  L  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Wash. 

DAGASSAN,  EMILIO  E.,  Centro  Naval,  Florida  801,  Buenos  Aires,  Argen- 
tina. 

Official  Delegate  of  Argentina. 
Paper  presented : 

Wireless  Telegraph  Service  and  Conventions. 

DALE,  HARRISON  C.,  Professor,  University  of  Wyoming,  Laramie,  Wyo. 
Alternate — University  of  Wyoming. 

DANFORTH,  R.  H.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Alternate — Case  School  of  Applied  Science. 

DAVENPORT,   FRANCES   GARDINER,    Carnegie   Institution,    Washington, 

D.  C. 
Delegate— Radcliffe  College. 

DAVENPORT,  FREDERICK  M.,  Professor,  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  N.  Y. 
Delegate- 
American  Association  for  Labor  Legislation. 
Hamilton  College. 

DAVIDSON,  WILLIAM  M.,  Fulton  Building,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Delegate — Pittsburgh  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

DAVILA,  FAUSTO,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  Central  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Honduras. 

DAVILA,  RAFAEL,  Professor  of  Geodesy,  Central  University  of  Quito, 

Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

DAVIS,  A.  P.,  Reclamation  Service,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 

Paper  presented :  Engineering  Work  of  the  United  States  Reclamation 
Service. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       369 

DAVIS,  CHANDLER,  i  Broadway,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  Employment  and  Behavior  of  Concrete  and  Rein- 
forced Concrete  in  Fresh  and  Saline  Waters  and  Under  Servitude  of 
Waves  in  Exposed  Positions. 

DAVIS,  JESSE  BUTRICK,  Principal  Central  High  School,  Grand  Rapids, 

Mich. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  IV. 

DAVIS,  J.  D.,  Chemist,  Bureau  of  Mines,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented :  Standard  Methods  for  Analyzing  Coal  and  Coke. 

DAY,  D.  T.,  Consulting  Chemist,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  The  Petroleum  Resources  of  Mexico. 

DAY,  WILLIAM  R.,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 

States,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 

DAYTON,  J.  H.,  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Navy  Department,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Navigation  of  the  Navy  Department. 

DEARHOLT,  HAYES  E.,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wis. 

Paper  presented :  What  Can  Unofficial  Effort  Do  for  Public  Health? 

DEJEAN,  LEON,  1316  Rhode  Island  Avenue  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Official  Delegate  of  Haiti. 

DELAY  AN,  PABLO  T.,  Professor  of  the  Faculty  of  Physical  Science,  Mathe- 
matics, and  Astronomy,  National  University  of  La  Plata,  La 
Plata,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Work  with  the  Meridian  Circle  of  the  Observatory  of 
La  Plata. 

DE  LIMA,  E.  A.,  President  Battery  Park  National  Bank,  2  Broadway, 

New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Merchants  Association  of  New  York. 

DELLEY,  M.,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  How  Can  a  Nation  Prepare  in  the  Most  Effective 
Manner  Its  Young  Men  for  a  Business  Career  That  is  to  be  Pursued 
at  Home  or  in  a  Foreign  Country? 

(a)  In  schools  that  are  a  part  of  the  public-school  system. 
(6)  In  schools  of  private  endowment. 
(c)  In  special  business  schools  of  private  ownership. 
27750—16 24 


37°      FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

DEMAR!A,  K.  B.,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Vacunoterapia  de  la  Conjimtimtis  Granulosa. 

DENNIS,  DAVID  WORTH,  Professor,  Earlham  College,  Earlham,  Ind. 
Delegate — Earlham  College. 

DENSMORE,  FRANCES  M. 

Paper  presented:   Recent  Development  in  the  Study  of  Indian  Music. 

DESTRUGE,    GUILLERMO,    Director,    General   Telegraph   and   Telephone 

Lines,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 
Paper  presented :  Steel  Tripod  Telegraph  Posts. 

DEUSTUA,  ALEJANDRO  O.,  Dean   Faculty  of    Philosophy  and  Letters, 

University  of  San  Marcos,  Lima,  Peru. 
Delegate — University  of  San  Marcos. 
Honorary  Member. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Peru. 
Addressed  the  Subsection  on  Elementary  Education  of  Section  IV. 

DEUSTUA,  RICARDO,  Mining  Engineer,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  The  Petroleum  Industry  of  Peru  in  1916. 

DEUTSCH,  MAURICE,  50  Church  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  Hydroelectric  Utilization  at  Niagara  and  Elsewhere. 

DEVEREAUX,  W.  C.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Paper  presented:  Forecasts  of  River  Stages  and  Floods  in  the  Ohio 
Valley — Their  Importance  to  Commerce  and  in  Conserving  Life  and. 
Property. 

DEVICENZI,  GARIBALDI,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

DEVINE,  EDWARD  T.,  105  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Pauperism. 

DEVOL,  C.  A.,  Brig. General, U.  S.  A.,  1624  H  Street  NW.,  Washington, D. C. 
Alternate — American  Red  Cross. 

DEWEY,  JOHN,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  The  Need  of  Industrial  Education  in  an  Industrial 
Democracy. 

DE  WOLF,  F.  W.,  State  Geologist,  Urbana,  111. 

Delegate — Association  of  American  State  Geologists. 

DIAZ,  G.,  MANUEL,  Panama  City,  Panama. 

Delegate — National  Conservatory  of  Music  and  Declamation. 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      371 

DiAZ  LIRA,  JAVIER,  Member  of  the  Chilean  Bar,  Santiago,  Chile,  South 

America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 

DICKINSON,  H.  C.,  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Society  of  Refrigerating  Engineers. 

DIEZ  DE  MEDINA,  ALBERTO,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 
Delegate — Bolivian  Society  of  International  Law. 
Honorary  Member. 

DIGGS,  HERMAN  M.,  New  York  University,  Washington  Square,  New 

York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — New  York  University. 

DIHIGO,  JUAN  MIGUEL,  Habana,  Cuba. 

Delegate — Cuban  Society  of  International  Law. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Cuba. 

DILLINGHAM,  FRANK  T.,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Delegate — College  of  Hawaii. 

DILLON,  JOHN  H.,  Commissioner,  Department  of  Foods  and  Markets, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  7,  Section  III. 

DINGER,  HENRY  C.,  Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering. 

DIXON,  FRANK  HAIGH,  Home  Building,  Thirteenth  and  F  Streets  NW., 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Railway  Economics. 

DIXON,  ROLAND  B.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 

DIXON,   SAMUEL  G.,  Commissioner,  Department  of   Health,  Common- 
wealth of  Pennsylvania,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Delegate — Department  of  Health,  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 

DODD,  W.  F.,  Professor,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 
Alternate — American  Political  Science  Association. 

DODGE,  RAYMOND,  Professor,  Wesleyan  University,  Middletown,  Conn. 
Delegate — American  Psychological  Association? 

DODGE,  RICHARD  E.,  Professor,  Teachers'  College,  Columbia  University, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  How  to  Procure  Adequately  Prepared  Instructors 
for  Commercial  Courses  in  Elementary  Schools. 


372      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

DOHME,  A.  R.  D.,  Chemist,  Sharp  &  Dohme,  Manufacturing  Chemists, 

Baltimore,  Md. 

Alternate — Merchants  and  Manufacturers'  Association  of  Baltimore. 
Paper    presented:  Pharmaceutical    Products    Made   from    Materials 

Native  to  Latin  America. 

DOMINIAN,  LEON,  American  Geographical  Society,  Broadway  and  One 

hundred  and  fifty-sixth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Geographical  Society. 

DOMINICI,  His  Excellency  SANTOS  A.,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  of  Venezuela  to  the  United  States,  1406  Massa- 
chusetts Avenue  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Venezuela. 

DONNELLY,  JAMES  A.,  132  Nassau  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — National  District  Heating  Association. 
Alternate — American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers. 

DORNER,  FRED  H.,  Engineers'  Society  of  Milwaukee,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Alternate — Engineers'  Society  of  Milwaukee. 

DORSEY,  GEORGE  A.,  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Chicago,  111. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 

DoTTE,  GuiLLERMO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Railways  of  Uruguay. 

DOTY,  ALVAH  H.,  1123  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  The  Means  by  Which  Infectious  Diseases  are  Trans- 
mitted and  Their  Extermination. 

DOUGLAS,  Ross  E-,  120  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Metallurgy  at  Braden. 

DOUGLASS,  A.  E.,  University  of  Arizona,  Tucson,  Ariz. 
Paper  presented :  The  Callendar  Sunshine  Recorder. 

DOWD,  JEROME,  Professor,  University  of  Oklahoma,  Norman,  Okla. 
Delegate — University  of  Oklahoma. 

DOWNING,  AUGUSTUS  S.,  State  Department  of  Education,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Papers  presented: 

Plans  for  Securing  a  Mutual  Recognition  of  Technical  and  Pro- 
fessional Degrees  Granted  by  Institutions  of  the  First  Rank  in 
the  Several  American  Republics. 
State  Control  of  Medical  Licensure. 

DRAKE,  C.  ST.  CLAIRE,  State  Board  of  Health,  Springfield,  111. 
Delegate — State  Board  of  Health  of  Illinois. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       373 

DRINKER,    HENRY    STURGIS,    President    of    Lehigh    University,    South 

Bethlehem,  Pa. 
Delegate — Lehigh  University. 

DRYDEN,  JAMES,  Professor,  Agricultural  College,  Corvallis,  Oreg. 

Delegate — American  Association  of  Instructors  and   Investigators 
in  Poultry  Husbandry. 

DUANE,    WILLIAM,    Medical    School,    Harvard    University,    Cambridge, 

Mass. 
Paper  presented :  Radium  in  Experimental  Cancer. 

DUBUN,  Louis  I.,  Statistician,  Metropolitan  Life  Insurance  Company, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Vital  Statistics  in  Relation  to  Life  Insurance. 

DULLES,  JOHN  FOSTER,  49  Wall  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper   presented:  Are   there  Specific  American  Problems  of  Inter- 
national Law? 

DUNCAN,  ALBERT  GREENE,  45  Milk  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Delegate — National  Association  of  Cotton  Manufacturers. 

DUNCAN,  DAVID  SHAW,  University  of  Denver,  University  Park,  Colo. 
Delegate — University  of  Denver. 

DUNCAN,  JEPHTA  B.,  Panama  City,  Panama. 
Secretary  Cooperating  Committee,  Panama. 

DUNLOP,  J.  P.,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper   presented :  The   Conservation  of  Metals   by   the  Recovery  of 
Scrap  or  Used  Metals. 

DUNN,  ARTHUR  WILLIAM,  3408  Thirty-fourth  Place  NW.,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Civic  Association. 

DUNN,  GANO,  43  Exchange  Place,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers. 

DUNNING,  JOHN  C.,  359  Brook  Street,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Delegate — Brown  University. 

DURAN,  SIXTO  MAR! A,  Director  National  Conservatory  of  Music,  Quito, 

Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 
Paper  presented :  The  Fine  Arts  in  the  Public  Instruction  in  America 

DURAND,  E.  DANA,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Delegate — American  Statistical  Association. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  IX. 


374      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

DURON,  ROMULO  E.,  Public  Education,  Secretary,  Tegucigalpa,.  Honduras, 
Central  America. 

Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  Plans  for  Securing  a  Mutual  Recognition  of  Tech- 
nical and  Professional  Degrees  Granted  by  Institutions  of  the  First 
Rank  in  the  Several  American  Republics. 

DYSON,  C.  W.,  Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Naval  Engineers. 

EAGLE,  J.  E.,  United  States  House  of  Representatives,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Houston  (Tex.)  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

EARLE,  RALPH,  Naval  Academy,  Annapolis,  Md. 
Delegate- 
United  States  Naval  Institute. 
United  States  Naval  Academy. 

ECHEGOYEN,  HORACIO,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Attitude  of  the  Government  in  the  Matter  of 
National  Forests. 

ECHEVARRIA,  EMILIO,  President  of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine,  San  Jose, 

Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Costa  Rica. 

ECK,  W.  J.,  Southern  Railway,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Railway  Signal  Association. 

ECKEL,  E.  C.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  Cement  Production  in  the  United  States. 

EDER,  PHANOR  J.,  Secretary,  Comparative  Law  Bureau,  60  Wall  Street, 

New  York  City. 
Official  Delegate  of  Colombia. 
Delegate — 

Comparative  Law  Bureau. 
Colombian  Academy  of  Jurisprudence. 
Paper  presented :  Mining  Laws  of  Colombia. 

EDSALL,  DAVID  L.,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,  Mass. 

Paper  presented:  Dangerous  Trades  and  the  Bearing  of  Industry 
Upon  Medicine. 

EDSON,  JOHN  JOY,  Washington  Loan  &  Trust  Company,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      375 

EDWARDS,  HOWARD,  President,  Rhode  Island  State  College,  Kingston, 

R.I. 
Delegate— Rhode  Island  State  College. 

EDWARDS,  WARRICK  R.,  Homes  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — American  Railway  Bridge  and  Building  Association. 

EGBERT,  JAMES  C.,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 

Paper  presented:  How  to  Procure  Adequately  Prepared  Instructors 
for  Commercial  Courses  in  Colleges  and  Universities. 

EGLIN,  W.  C.  L.,  Vice  President,  Philadelphia  Electric  Light  Company, 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Alternate — National  Electric  Light  Association. 

EICHELBERGER,  WILLIAM  S.,  Naval  Observatory,  Washington,  D'.  C. 
Delegate — Philosophical  Society  of  Washington. 

EICHORN,  ADOLPH,  Bureau  of  Animal   Industry,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Association. 

EIGENMANN,  CARL  H.,  Dean  of  Graduate  School,  Indiana  University, 

Bloomington,  Ind. 
Delegate — Indiana  University. 
Indiana  Academy  of  Sciences. 

EiLERS,  KARL,  Metallurgical  Engineer,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Member  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VII. 

ELIOT,  Dr.  CHARLES  W.,  President  Emeritus,  Harvard  University,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

Paper  presented:  The  Changes  Needed  in  American  Secondary  Edu- 
cation. 

ELLIOTT,  C.  G.,  Consulting  Drainage  Engineer,  MacLachlen  Building, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Illinois  Society  of  Engineers  and  Surveyors. 

ELY,  CHARLES  R.,  United  States  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — Entomological  Society  of  Washington. 

ELY,  RICHARD  THEODORE,  Professor,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison, 
Wis. 

Delegate — University  of  Wisconsin. 

Paper  presented :  Conservation  and  Economic  Theory. 

EMERSON,  FREDERICK  V.,  Professor,  Louisiana  State  University,  Baton 

Rouge,  La. 
Delegate — Louisiana  State  University. 


376      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

EMERY,  HENRY  C.,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Paper  presented:  The  Economic  Bearing  of  Future  Trading  in  Agri- 
cultural Commodities. 

EMERY,  JAMES  A.,  Union  Trust  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — National  Association  of  Manufacturers. 

EMERY,  Hon.  LUCIUUS  A.,  formerly  Chief  Justice  of  Maine,  Ellsworth, 

Me. 

Member  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VI. 
Paper  presented:  The  Effect  on  American  Public  Law  of  Our  Written 

Constitutions,  (a)  In  Their  Bearing  on  the  Sovereignty  of  the  State. 

EMIGH,  E.  D.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Augusta,  Ga. 

Paper  presented:  The  Principles  Involved  in  Predicting  High  Water 
Stages  in  ''Flashy''  Streams,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Scheme 
for  the  Savannah  River  at  Augusta,  Ga. 

EMMONS,  W.  H.,  State  Geologist  of  Minnesota,  University  of  Minnesota. 
Delegate — University  of  Minnesota. 
Paper  presented :  The  Conservation  of  Copper. 

ERICKSON,   HALFORD,   Chairman,   Railroad   Commission  of  Wisconsin, 

Madison,  Wis. 
Papers  presented : 

Regulation  and  Control  of  Water  Power  as  a  Public  Utility  by 

State  Commissions. 
State  Regulation  of  Water  Power. 

ESCOBAR    CAMPUZANO,    FRANCISCO,    Mining    Engineer,    Colombia;    29 

Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate- 
University  of  Antioquia — 
National  School  of  Mines. 

ESCOBAR  L/ARRAZABAL,  MELITON,  Civil  Engineer,  272  Carrera  7a,  Bogota, 

Colombia,  South  America. 
Delegate — Colombian  Engineering  Society. 
Paper  presented :  Government  Geographical  Work  in  Colombia. 

ESCOMEL,  E.,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Human  Blastomycosis  in  Peru  and  Bolivia. 

ESPINOSA  PALACIOS,  ALFREDO,  Professor  National  Institute  "Mejia," 

Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       377 

ESPINOSA  TAMAYO,  ALFREDO,  Guayaquil,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  The  problem  of  Education  in  Ecuador. 

ESQUERR£,  PEDRO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Solar  Relations  of 
Meteorology. 

ESQUIVEL  OBREGON,  TORIBIO,  Former  Minister  of  Finance  of  Mexico, 

176  Sterling  Place,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Honorary  Member. 
Paper  presented:  The  Necessity  of  Adopting  Uniform  Principles  in 

Banking  in  the  American  Countries  as  a  Means  of  Approximation 

to  Uniform  Systems. 

ESTABROOK,  L.  M.,  Chief,  Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates,  Department  of 

Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  7,  Section  III. 

ETCHEGOYEN,  FRANCISCO,  Habana,  Cuba. 

Paper  presented:  Are  Uniform  Regulations  Feasible  Among  the  Dif- 
ferent American  Countries  for  the  Prevention  of  the  Introduction  and 
Dissemination  of  the  Diseases  of  Different  Animals? 

ETCHEPARE,  BERNARDO,  Professor  of  Psychiatry,  University  of  Monte- 
video, Camino  Millan  296,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Uruguay. 
Paper  presented :  Education  of  the  Nervous  Children. 

EVANS,  POWELL,  517  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — National  Fire  Protection  Association. 

EvERLEY,  HAROLD  E.,  Special  Student,  Bradley  Polytechnic  Institute, 

R.  A.,  Peoria,  111. 
Papers  presented : 

Industrial  Education. 

What  Should  be  the' Place  of  Industrial  Education  in  the  School 
System  of  the  American  Republics?  Should  it  be  Supported  by 
Public  Taxation?  Should  it  be  Considered  Under  Separate 
Control?  How  and  to  What  Extent  May  Industrial  Schools 
Cooperate  with  Employers  of  Labor? 

EWING,  J.,  Cornell  University  Medical  College,  New  York  City. 
Paper  presented :  Pathology  of  Experimental  Cancer. 

EWING,  THOMAS,  Commissioner  of  Patents,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Patent  Office,  Department  of  the  Interior. 


378      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

EYERLY,  ELMER  KENDALL,  Vermilion,  S.  Dak. 
Delegate — University  of  South  Dakota. 

FACIO,  JUSTO  A.,  Chief  of  Section  of  Public  Instruction,  San  Jose,  Costa 

Rica,  Central  America. 
Secretary,  Cooperating  Committee,  Costa  Rica. 

FAHEY,  JOHN  H.,  former  President,  United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce, 

Boston,  Mass. 

Delegate — United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
Remarks  before  Joint  Session  of  Section  IV  and  Section  IX. 

FAIRCHILD,  DAVID,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agricultural  Science. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  6,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented:  Plant  Introduction  Opportunities  Open  to  All  the 

Americas. 

FAIRCHILD,  HERMAN  LEROY,  Professor,  University  of  Rochester,  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y. 
Delegate — 

University  of  Rochester. 

New  York  State  Waterways  Association. 

FALCONER,  BOLIVAR  L.,  United  States  Civil  Service  Commission,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Civil  Service  Commission. 

FARABEE,  W.  C.,  National  History  Museum,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  I. 

FARIS,  R.  L.,  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

FARQUHAR,  A.  B.,  A.  B.  Farquhar  Company,  York,  Pa. 
Delegate- 
National  Implements  and  Vehicles  Association. 
United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

FARRAND,  LIVINGSTON,  President  University  of  Colorado,  Boulder,  Colo. 
Delegate — 

University  of  Colorado. 

FARRELL,  J.  A.,  former  President,   National  Foreign  Trade  Council,  71 

Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — National  Foreign  Trade  Council. 

Paper    presented:    Preparation  for  Trade,  Domestic  and  Foreign: 
From  the  Standpoint  of  the  Business  Man. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       379 

FARRINGTON,  FREDERICK  ERNEST,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New 

York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Commercial  Education  in  Germany. 

FASSIG,  O.  L.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  The  Duration  and  Intensity  of  Tropical  Rains. 

FAUNTLEROY,  ARCHIBALD  M.,  1734  P  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Naval  Hospital  of  the  Navy  Department. 

FAY,  ALBERT  H.,  Mining  Engineer,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Secretary  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented:  Mine  Accidents  and  Uniform  Records. 

FEATHERSTON,  J.  T.,  Commissioner  of  Street  Cleaning,  Municipal  Build- 
ing, New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Collection  and  Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse. 

FEINMANN,  ENRIQUE,  Professor,  National  College  and  Normal  School  of 

Buenos  Aires,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Social  Medicine  and  the  Work  Problems  in  the 
Argentine  Republic. 

FELS,  ARTHUR  B.,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Portland,  Me. 
Delegate — Chamber  of  Commerce. 

FELT,  D.  E.,  Felt  and  Tarrant  Manufacturing  Company,  Chicago,  111. 
Alternate — Illinois  Manufacturers'  Association. 

FERGUSON,  LEWIS  R.,  Bellevue  Court  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Alternate — Association  of  American  Portland  Cement  Manufacturers. 

FERNANDEZ  ENCISO,  F.,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

FERNANDEZ  ESPIRO,  ERNESTO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

FERNANDEZ,  JUAN  SANTOS,  President,  Academy  of  Medical,  Natural,  and 

Physical  Sciences  of  Habana,  Prado  105,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 
Delegate — 

Academy  of  Medical,  Physical,  and  Natural  Sciences  of  Habana. 
Medical  Press  Association  of  Habana. 

Paper  presented:  Antirabic  vaccination  in  Habana,  with  Statistics 
Compared  with  Those  of  Other  Nations. 


380      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

FERNANDEZ,  MAURO,  Assistant  Director  of  the  Rockefeller  Foundation 

in  Costa  Rica.     San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America, 
Paper  presented:  The  Influence    of  Ankilostomiasis  on    the    Agri- 
cultural Prosperity  and  on  the  Infant  Mortality. 

FERREIRA,  CLEMENTE,  President  of  the  Paulista  League  against  Tuber- 
culosis, San  Paulo,  Brazil,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  The    Progress    of    the    Anti-tuberculosis    Fight   in 
Brazil. 

FERRELL,  JOHN  A.,  61  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Alternate — International  Health  Commission,  Rockefeller  Founda- 
tion. 

FEWKES,  J.  WALTER,  Ethnologist,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 
Papers  presented: 

The  Pueblo  Culture  and  Its  Relationships.  • 

A  New  Type  of  Ruin  Lately  Excavated  in  the  Mesa  Verde  National 
Park,  Colorado. 

FIALLO  CABRAL,  ARMANDO,  Professor,  Central  University,  Santo  Do- 
mingo, Dominican  Republic. 

Paper  presented :  A  Study  of  the  Treatment  of  Puerperal  Infection  by 
the  Use  of  Prolonged  Luke-Warm  Baths. 

FIELDNER,  A.  C.,  Bureau  of  Mines,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Paper  presented:  Standard  Methods  for  Analyzing  Coal  and  Coke. 

FINCH,  GEORGE  A.,  Business  Manager,  American  Journal  of  International 
Law,  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace,  2  Jackson 
Place,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Division  of  International  Law,  Carnegie  Endowment  for 
International  Peace. 

FINE,  HENRY  B.,  Professor,  Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
United  States  Official  Delegate. 
Delegate — American  Mathematical  Society. 

FINLAY,  J.  R.,  52  Williams  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Value  of  Mining  Property. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      381 

FINLEY,  JOHN  H.,  Commissioner  of  Education  of  the  State  of  New  York, 

Albany,  N.  Y. 

Chairman  of  Subsection  I,  "Elementary  Education,"  of  Section  IV. 
FINNEY,  JOHN  H.,  509  Metropolitan  Bank  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers. 
Alternate  Chairman,  Subsection  3,  Section  V. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  III. 
FIPPIN,  ELMER  O.,  Professor,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — National  Drainage  Congress. 
FIRMIN,  EBERLE,  Port  au  Prince,  Haiti. 

Official  Delegate  of  Haiti. 
FISH,   ELMER  H.,  Supervisor  of  Educational  Department,  The  Norton 

Company,  Worcester,  Mass. 
Paper  presented :  Why  Should  an  Industrial  Corporation  Undertake 

Educational  Work  on  Behalf  of  Its  Employees  ? 
FISH,  STU  YVES  ANT,  52  Wall  Street,  New  York  City. 

Alternate — American  Railway  Association. 
FISHER,  CASSIUS  A.,  Consulting  Geologist,  Denver,  Colo. 

Paper  presented:  The  Migration  of  Oil  Through  Small  Fissures  and 

Faults. 
FISHER,  H.  W.,  Standard  Underground  Cable  Company,  Perth  Amboy, 

N.J. 
Paper  presented :  Underground  Cables. 

FISHER,  IRVING,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Paper  presented :  ^What  Can  Unofficial  Effort  do  for  Public  Health  ? 
FiTz-GERALD,  JOHN  D.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Paper  presented:  Things  Which' Interest  Students  in  the  United  States, 
as  Compared  with  the  Interest  of  Similar  Students  in  Europe  and 
Latin  America. 
FITZ  SIMON,  SANTIAGO  H.,  Professor,  International  School,  Alsina  1587, 

Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  How  Can  a  Nation  Prepare  in  the  Most  Effective 
Manner  Its  Young  Men  for  a  Business  Career  That  is  to  be  Pursued 
at  Home  or  in  a  Foreign  Country  ? 

(a)  In  schools  that  are  a  part  of  the  public  school  system. 

(b)  In  schools  of  private  endowment. 

(c)  In  special  business  schools  of  private  ownership. 


382      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

FLAGG,  STANLEY  G.,  Jr.,  Stanley  G.  Flagg  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — American  Foundrymen's  Association. 

FLAGLER,    CLEMENT   ALEX.    F.,    United   States  Engineers   Office,    War 

Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Engineers  Office. 

FLANNERY,  M.  MARKHAM,  National  Tax  Association,  Topeka,  Kans. 
Delegate— 

'  National  Tax  Association. 
Federal  Trade  Association. 

FLEIUSS,  MAX,  Perpetual  Secretary  to  the  Historical  and  Geographical 

Institute  of  Brazil,  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  The  Leading  Literary  and  Scientific  Associations 
of  Brazil. 

FLENNING,  ARTHUR  H.,  Throop  College,  Pasadena,  Cal. 
Delegate — Throop  College. 

FLETCHER,  Miss  ALICE  C.,  214  First  Street  SE.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Archaeogical  Institute  of  America. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 

FLEURY,  Luis,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 
Papers  presented : 

Mining,  Metallurgy,  and  Economic  Geology  of  Salvador. 
General  Geology  of  El  Salvador  and  Its  Relations  to  Mining. 

FLINN,  ALFRED  D.,  Deputy  Chief  Engineer,  Board  of  Water  Supply  of 

the  City  of  New  York,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — 

Municipal  Engineers  Society  of  the  City  of  New  York. 
New  England  Waterworks  Association. 
Paper  presented:  Reservoirs  for  Municipal  Water  Supply. 

FLINT,  E.  R.,  University  of  Florida,  Gainesville,  Fla. 
Delegate — University  of  Florida.   . 

FOLKMAR,  DANIEL,  Department  of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Anthropological  Society  of  Washington. 
Paper  presented :  The  United  States  Census  of  Immigrant  Stocks. 

FOLLIN,  JAMES  W.,  State  Board  of  Health,  Lansing,  Mich. 
Delegate— Michigan  State  Board  of  Health. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       383 

FONSECA,  PEDRO  S.,  Director  of  Statistics,  San   Salvador,    El   Salvador, 

Central  America. 

Secretary,  Cooperating  Committee,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 
Papers  presented : 

Report  of  Vital  Statistics  in  El  Salvador. 

Commercial  Relations  between  El  Salvador  and  the  United  States. 

FONTAINA,  PABLO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Natural  Resources  and  the  Commercial  and  Eco- 
nomic Development  of  Uruguay. 

Foos,  CHARLES  S.,  Superintendent  Public  Schools,  Reading,  Pa. 
Delegate — National  Federation  of  State  Teachers'  Associations. 

FORD,  W.  W.,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Delegate — Federation    of    American    Societies    for    Experimental 

Biology. 
American  Physiological  Society. 

FOREST,  ROBERT  W.  DE,  National  Housing  Association,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Buildings  for  Human  Occupancy. 

FORT,  MIGUEL,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Recent  Progress  in  Metallurgical  Practice  in  Peru. 

FORTIER,  SAMUEL,  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman,  Subsection  4,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented:  Irrigation  in  the  United  States. 

FOSTER,  JOHN  W.,  1323  Eighteenth  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 

FOSTER,  JULIO,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  The  Mining  Code  of  Chile. 

FOSTER,  T.  J.,  President  International  Correspondence  Schools,  Scranton, 

Pa. 

Paper  presented:  Statement  as  to  Aim  and  Achievements  Since  Estab- 
lishment of  International  Correspondence  Schools. 

FOULK,  FRED  B.,  40  Mount  Vernon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 
Alternate — Federation  of  International  Polity  Clubs. 

FOULKE,  WM.  D.,  President,  National  Municipal  League,  Richmond,  Ind. 
Delegate — National  Municipal  League. 


384      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

FOURNIE),  EMILIO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  What  Are  the  Elements  of  an  Effective  Law  on  Com- 
pulsory Attendance  to  School? 

FOWLS,  FREDERICK  E.,  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Astrophysical  Observatory. 

FOWLER,  ROBERT  LUDLOW,  Surrogate  of  New  York,  26  West  Tenth  Street, 

New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VI. 
Paper  presented:  Is  There  an  American  Public  Law  That  Can  be 
Differentiated  from  That  of  Other  Continent. 

FRANCIS,  JOHN,  Jr.,  Chief,  Education  Division,  Office  of  Indian  Affairs, 

Interior  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Indian  Office. 

FRANKENFELD,  H.  C.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Washington,  D,  C. 
Papers  presented : 

Sleet  and  Ice  Storms  in  the  United  States. 
Fog  Forecasting  in  the  United  States. 

FRANZ,  SHEPHERD  IVORY,  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 
Delegate — 

American  Psychological  Association. 
Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane. 

FRANZENSTEIN,  the  BARON  of,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  Central  America. 
Paper  presented:  The  Problem  of  International  Monetary  Exchange 
and  the  Most  Adequate  Means  of  Establishing  the  Direct  Monetary 
Exchange  between  the  Countries  of  the  American  Continent. 

FREIRE  DE  BRITO,  CHRYSANTO,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Are  There  Specific  American  Problems  of  Interna- 
tional Law? 

FUCHS,  FEDERICO,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Peru. 
Paper  presented :  Concentration  by  Flotation. 

FULLER,  J.  E.,  Eastern  Commerce  Teachers'  Federation,  Wilmington,  Del. 
Delegate — National  Commercial  Teachers'  Federation. 

FULLER,  P.  E.,  United  States  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineer- 
ing, Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Uniformity  of  Distribution  of  Moisture  in  Soils. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      385 

FULTON,  JOHN  S.,  Secretary  State  Board  of  Health,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Delegate — Conference  of  State  and  Provincial  Boards  of  Health  of 

North  America. 
Paper  presented:  The  Accuracy  and  Completeness  of  Compiled  Vital 

Statistics  in  the  United  States. 

FUNK,  CASIMIR,  General  Memorial  Hospital,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  Application  of  Chemistry  to  Cancer  Problems. 

FURLONG,  CHARLES  W.,  Pierce  Building,  Copley  Square,  Boston,  Mass. 
Papers  presented: 

The  Alaculoofs  and  Yaglans  of  Tierra  del  Fuego. 
The  Onas  and  Haush  of  Tierra  del  Fuego. 
FURST,  CLYDE,  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching, 

New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching. 
Paper  presented :  Discussion  of  the  Steady  Movement  Toward  Making 
University   Teaching   a   Separate   Profession  in   Law,    Medicine, 
Theology,  Science,  etc. 

GABASTOU,  J.,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Suprarenal  Glands  in  Normal,  and  Pathological 

Pregnancy. 
GADSDEN,  P.  H.,  Charleston  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

Delegate — Charleston  (S.  C.)  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
GAILOR,  THOMAS  F.,  Bishop  of  Tennessee,  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Delegate — The  Business  Men's  Club  of  Memphis. 

GAINES,  C.  C.,  President,  Kastman  Business  College,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  Business  Colleges. 

GAJARDO  REYES,  ISMAEL,  Subdirector,  Observatory  and  Head  of  Astro - 

graphic  Department,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  The  Astrographic  Catalogue,  Zones  17°  to  23°. 

GALAN,  Rev.  ANTONIO,  S.  J.,  Woodstock  College,  Woodstock,  Md. 
Paper  presented :  Climatic  Fluctuations  in  Historic  Times. 

GALDAMES,  Luis,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Aims  of  Secondary  Education. 

GALHARRET,  Miss  MARGUERITE,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador,  Central 

America. 

Paper  presented:  To  What  Extent  Should  Elementary  Education  be 
Supported  by  Local  Taxation  and  to  What  Extent  by  State  Taxation  9 
What  Should  be  the  Determining  Factors  in  the  Distribution  of 
Support? 
27750—16 25 


386      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

GALLEGOS,  FELIPE,  Secretary  to  the  Faculty  of  Dental  Surgery,  San  Jose, 

Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
Papers  presented : 

American  Diplomas  Abroad.  ' 

Etiology  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  from  the  Sociological 

Standpoint. 
Mechanical  Appliances  in  the  Treatment  of  Pyorrhea. 

GALLOWAY,   B.   T.,   Dean,   College  of  Agriculture,   Cornell   University, 

Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  The    Relation    of    Government    to    the    Marketing 
Problem. 

GALLOWAY,  LEE,  Alexander  Hamilton  Institute,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  Special  Courses  for  Commercial  Study,  National 
Association  of  Corporation  Schools. 

GALVEZ,  Jos£  MARIA,  Professor,  University  of   Chile,  Santiago,  Chile, 

South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 
Delegate — 

Pedagogical  Institute  of  Santiago. 

University  of  Chile. 

National  Education  Association. 

National  League  for  the  Prevention  of  Alcoholism. 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  A  Contribution  to  Pan  American  Understanding. 
Address  before  Subsection  i  of  Section  IV. 

GALVEZ  PORTOCARRERO,  PEDRO,  Guatemala  City,   Guatemala,  Central 

America. 

Paper  presented:  Natural  Resources  and  the  Commercial  and  Econ- 
omic Resources  of  Guatemala. 

GAMA,  His  Excellency  DOMICIO  DA,  Brazilian  Ambassador  to  the  United 

States,  1780  Massachusetts  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Brazil. 
Delegate — 

Institute  of  Geography  and  Archeology  of  Pernambuco. 
Academy  of  Sciences,  Arts,  and  Letters. 
Academy  of  Letters  of  Brazil. 

GAMEZ,  J.  ALBERTO,  Bluefields,  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 
Honorary  Member. 
Paper  presented :  Intermediate  Instruction. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       387 

GAMIO,  MANUEL,  Museo  Nacional,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Mexico. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Teotihuacana  Culture. 

The  Last  Cultural  Period  of  The  Aztec  Type. 

The  Archaeological  Chart. 

Charts  of  Cultural  Zones. 

GANNETT,  FARLEY,  31  South  Front  Street,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Delegate — Society  of  Engineers  of  Pennsylvania. 

GARAY,    NARCISO,    Director   of    National    Conservatory   of    Music   and 

Declamation,  Panama  City,  Panama. 
Panama  Official  Delegate. 

Delegate — Conservatory  of  Music  and  Declamation. 
Honorary  Member. 
Papers  presented : 

The  State  and  Music  in  the  Americas. 

On  the  Road  Toward  the  Pan  American  University. 

GARCIA  APARICIO,  CORONEL  BENJAM!N,  Director  Geographical  Institute 
of  the  Staff  of  the  Argentine  Army,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina, 
South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Argentina. 
Delegate — Argentine  Geographical  Institute. 
National  Center  of  Engineers. 
Paper  presented:  Geodetical  Works  in  Argentina. 

GARCIA  DROUET,  CARLOS,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

GARCIA  KOHLY  His  Excellency  JUAN  DE  DIGS,  I^a  Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 
Honorary  Member. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Cuba. 

Paper  presented:  How  Can  the  People  of  the  American  Countries  best 
be  Impressed  with  the  Duties  and  Responsibilities  of  The  State  in 
International  Law? 

GARCIA  DE  ZUNIGA,  EDUARDO,  Professor,  Faculty  of  Mathematics,  Monte- 
video, Uruguay,  South  America. 
Vice  President  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 
Paper  presented :  Aerial  Transporters  or  Conveyors  in  Warehouses  and 
at  Port  Terminals. 

GARDNER,  H.  A.,  Institute  of  Industrial  Research,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Drying  Oils  Produced  in  the  Americas. 


388      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

GARDNER,  HENRY  B.,  Professor,  Brown  University,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Delegate — Brown  University. 

GARNER,  JAMES  W.,  Professor,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Paper  presented:  The  Study  of  International  Law  in  American  Coun- 
tries and  the  Means  by  Which  it  May  be  Made  More  Effective. 

GATEWOOD,  J.  D.,  Medical  Director,  Naval  Medical  School,  Washington, 

D.  C. 

Delegate — Naval  Medical  School. 
Paper  presented:  Artificial  Illumination. 

GAY,  C.  W.,  Professor,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Paper  presented :  The  Horse  in  Rural  Industry  and  Recreation. 

GAY,  EDWIN  F.,  Dean,  Graduate  School  of  Business  Administration, 

Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Delegate — Harvard  University. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  IX. 
Papers  presented : 

Preparation  for  Trade,  Domestic  and  Foreign — From  the  Stand- 
point of  the  Educator. 
Harvard  Graduate  School  of  Business  Administration. 

GAYLORD,  H.  R.,   Director,  Gratwick  Laboratory  Research  Hospital, 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Papers  presented : 

(a)  Cancer  Problems  in  Special  Biological  Groups. 

(b)  Fish  Tumors. 

GEISER,  KARL  F.,  Professor,  Oberlin  College,  Oberlin,  Ohio. 
Delegate— Oberlin  College. 

GENST,  HENRI  DE,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Physical  Education  in  Bolivia. 

GEPHART,  W.  F.,  Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Paper  presented:  Entrance  Requirements  to  Colleges  of  Commerce. 

GIACOBINI,  GENARO,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentine,  South  America.  |  Eight 
papers  presented. 

GIBBS,  A.  W.,  Chief  Mechanical  Engineer  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 
Delegate — American  Society  for  Testing  Materials. 

GIBERGA,  OCTAVIO,  Justice  of   the   Supreme  Court   of   Habana,  Calle 

Animas  88,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Delegate — Cuban  Society  of  International  Law. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       389 

GIESECKE,  ALBERTO,   Rector  University  of  Cuzco,  Cuzco,  Peru,  South 

America. 
Delegate — University  of  Cuzco. 

GIL,  ENRIQUE,  55  Wall  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — Faculty  of  Law,  National  University  of  Buenos  Aires, 

Argentina. 

Paper  presented:  Pan  Americanism  in  the  Light  of  the  Traditional 
Policy  of  Argentina. 

GIL,  MARIO,  Consul  General  of  Uruguay,  17  Battery  Place,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate- 
University  of  Montevideo. 
Atheneum  of  Montevideo. 
Division  of  Public  Instruction. 

GILBRETH,  FRANK  B.,  77  Brown  Street,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Paper   presented:  Cronocyclegraph   Motion   Devices  for  Measuring 
Achievement. 

GILLILAND,  S.  H.,  Marietta,  Pa. 

Delegate — United  States  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Association. 

GIPPRICH,  JOHN  L.,  Georgetown  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — St.  Louis  University. 

GLENN,  JOHN  M.,  130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Russell  Sage  Foundation. 

GLOVER,  JAMES,  Professor,  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 
Delegate — University  of  Michigan. 

GODDARD,  HENRY  H.,  Director  of  Psychological  Research  Training  School, 

Vineland,  N.  J. 

Paper  presented:  The  Defective  Child  and  the  Prevention  of  Feeble- 
mindedness. 

GODDARD,  PLINY  EARLE,  Curator,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  ^ 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — American  Ethnological  Society. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 

GODFREY,  HOLLIS,  President,  Drexel  Institute,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — Society  for  Promotion  of  Engineering  Education. 
Drexel  Institute. 

GODINHO,  VicTOR,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Climatology  of  the  Sanatorio  of  Jordan,  Sao  Paulo, 
Brazil. 


39°      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

GOETZ,  FREDERICK  A.,  Dean,  Columbia  University  School  of  Mines,  New- 
York,  N.  Y. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  6,  Section  IV. 
Alternate — Society  for  Promotion  of  Engineering  Education. 

GOLDBERGER,  JOSEPH,  United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  A  Resume  of  Some  of  the  Recent  Studies  of  the 
United  States  Public  Health  Service  Relating  to  the  Causation  and 
to  a  Method  of  Preventing  Pellagra. 

GOLDSMITH,  PETER  H.,  American  Association  for  International  Concilia- 
tion, 407  West  One  Hundred  and  Seventeenth  Street,  New  York, 
N.  Y. 

Delegate — Pan  American  Division  of  American  Association  for  In- 
ternational Conciliation. 

Paper  presented:  The  Future  of  Pan  Americanism. 

GONZALES,  VINCENT,  30  Church  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — National  Association  of  Manufacturers. 

GONZALEZ,   JUSTO,  Superintendent,   Hospital-Laboratory  "  Vilardebo," 

Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Uruguay. 

Paper  presented:  Prophylaxis  of  Typhoid  Fever  by  Means  of  Vacci- 
nation. 

GONZALEZ  RINCONES,  RAFAEL,  Professor,  Faculty  of  Medicine  of  Caracas, 

Venezuela. 

Official  Delegate  of  Venezuela. 
Papers  presented: 

Tropical  Parasitosis. 

Biting  Insects  of  Venezuela. 

Ascanio's  Method  of  Staining  Parasites. 

Trypanosomes  of  Venezuela. 

The  Study  of  Tropical  Diseases  in  America. 

GOOD  ALE,  IvEvi  C.,  301  Union  Trust  Building,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Alternate — Cincinnati  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

GOODE,  J.  PAUL,  Professor,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  10,  Section  IV. 

GOODELL,  JOHN  M.,  Montclair,  N.  J. 

Delegate — American  Society  of  Municipal  Improvements. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       391 

GOODMANSON,  F.  A.,  IO2O  Mozart  Street,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — Institute  of  Engineers  of  .River  Plate. 

GOODNOW,  FRANK  J.,  President,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore, 

Md. 
Delegate — Johns  Hopkins  University. 

GOODWIN,  EuoT  H.,  Secretary  United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
Paper  presented:  Is  There  a  Profession  of  Business  and  Can  We 

Really  Train  for  It? 

GORDON,  C.  H.,  University  of  Tennessee,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 
Delegate — Southern  Geographical  Society. 

GORDON,  GEORGE  B.,  Director  University  Museum,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — University  Museum  of  Philadelphia. 
Paper  presented:  The  Amazon  Expedition  of  the  University  Museum 

of  Philadelphia. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 

GORGAS,  W.  C.,  Surgeon  General  United  States  Army,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Member  of  Executive  Committee. 
Chairman  of  Section  VIII. 
Delegate — 

Faculty  of  Medicine  of  Porto  Alegre,  Brazil. 

Council  of  Medical  Education. 

GORHAM,  FREDERIC  P.,  Professor,  Brown  University,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Delegate — Brown  University. 

GORRITI,  FERNANDO,  Physician  of  the  National  Colony  for  the  Insane, 

Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Mental  Autophrasia. 

GOTTUEB,  FREDERICK  H.,  Merchants   and   Manufacturers'  Association 

of  Baltimore,'  Baltimore,  Md. 
Delegate — Merchants  and  Manufacturers'  Association  of  Baltimore. 

GOURDY,  AUGUSTO  CELESTiNO,  Chief  of  Clinical  Practice  at  the  Central, 

Clinical  Laboratory,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Lymphocytosis  in  Syphilitics. 

GOYBURU,  RICARDO,  Callao,  Peru,  South  America. 
Delegate — Bar  Association  of  Peru. 


392      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

» 

GRAHAM,  EDWARD  K.,  President  University  of  North  Carolina,  Chapel 

Hill,  N.  C. 

Delegate — University  of  North  Carolina. 

Paper  presented:  Extra-Mural  Services  of  State  and  Endowed  Uni- 
versities, Including  University  Extension,  from  the  Humanistic 
Standpoint. 

GRAHAM,  SAMUEL  J.,  Assistant  Attorney  General,  Department  of  Justice, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Department  of  Justice. 
Honorary  Member. 

GRAN  A,  FRANCISCO,  Calle  Belaochaga,  577,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Peru. 

GRAVES,  HENRY  S.,  Chief  of  Forest  Service,   Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, Washington,  D.  C. 
Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Delegate — United  States  Forest  Service. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  2,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented :  A  Forest  Policy  for  a  Nation. 

GRAY,  ARTHUR  W.,  American  Institute  of  Metals,  106  Morris  Avenue, 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Institute  of  Metals. 

GRAY,  Hon.  GEORGE,  Wilmington,  Del. 

Chairman  of  the  United  States  Official  Delegation. 

GREGORY,  CHARLES  NOBLE,  2139  Wyoming  Avenue, Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VI. 

GRIEVES,  CLARENCE  J.,  201  West  Madison  Street,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Delegate — National  Dental  Association. 

GRIFFIN,  WILLIAM  V.,  Pan  American  Union,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Pan  American  Union. 

GRIFFITHS,  DAVID,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — South  Dakota  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic 

Arts. 

GRINFELD,  ISAAC,  Director  International  School,  Avenida  de  Mayo,  1396, 

Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Modern  Business  and  the  New  Orientation  of 
Commercial  Education. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      393 

GROSVENOR,  GILBERT  H.,  National  Geographic  Society,  Washington, 

D.C. 

Delegate — National  Geographic  Society. 
Alternate — American    Association    to    Prpmote    the    Teaching"J[of 

Speech  to  the  Deaf. 

GROTH,  B.  H.  A.,  Panama  City,  Panama. 

Paper  presented:  What  Preparations  Should  be  Required  for  Admis- 
sion to  State  and  National  Colleges  of  Agriculture 9  To  What 
Extent  Should  the  Courses  of  Study  in  the  Agricultural  College  be 
Theoretical  and  General,  and  to  What  Extent  Practical  and  Specific? 
To  What  Extent  Should  the  Curriculum  of  any  Such  College  be 
Determined  by  Local  Conditions? 

GROVER,  N.  C.,  Geographical  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  3,  Section  III. 

GRUNSKY,  C.  E.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Paper  presented:  State  Aid  to  Irrigation  and  Swamp  Land  Reclama- 
tion Projects. 

GUARDIA,  TOM  AS,  Panama  City,  Panama. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Panama. 

GUERRA,  ARTURO  I,.,  Physician  on  Staff  of  Washington  Diet  Kitchen 

Association,  The  Albemarle,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Modern  Methods  for  the  Prevention  of  Infantile 
Mortality. 

GUGGIARI,  PEDRO  J.  BRUNO,  Professor,  University  of  Paraguay,  Asun- 
cion, Paraguay,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Paraguay. 
Papers  presented: 

The  Determination  of  Active  Oxygen  in  Washing  Perborates. 
A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Coloring  Lakes. 
GUILFOY,  WILLIAM  H.,  Registrar  of  Records,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  Vital  Statistics  with  Special  Reference  to  New  York 

City. 
GUIMARAES,  ARTURO,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Foreign  Trade  Between  the  Countries  of  the  American 
Continent. 

GUIROLA  DUKE,  RAFAEL,  Santa  Tecla,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented :  Commerce  Between  the  United  States  and  Central 
America. 


394      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

GUITERAS,  JUAN,  Director  of  Health  of  Cuba,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 
Delegate — Academy  of  Medical,  Physical,  and  Natural  Sciences  of 

Habana. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Cuba. 
Paper  presented:  Problems  of  Insect-Borne  Diseases  in  Pan  America. 

GUITERAS,  RAMON,  80  Madison  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — New  York  Academy  of  Medicine. 

GUNDRUM,  FRED  F.,  Bureau  of  Administration,  Sacramento,  Cal. 
Alternate — California  State  Board  of  Health. 

GUNDRY,  R.,  Catonsville,  Md. 

Alternate — American  Medical  Society  for  Study  of  Alcohol  and  Nar- 
cotics. 

GUTIERREZ,  J.  CAMILO,  Managua,  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 
President  Cooperating  Committee,  Nicaragua. 

V 

GUTIERREZ-LANZA,  Rev.  MARIANO,  S.  J.,  Assistant  Director,  Observatory 

of  Belen  College,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 
Delegate — Observatory  of  Belen  College. 
Paper  presented :  The  Climate  of  Cuba. 

HAAS,  FRANK,  Fairmont  Coal  Company,  Fairmont,  W.  Va. 

Paper  presented :  The  Saving  of  Coal  Through  the  Employment  of 
Better  Mining  Methods. 

HAGENAH,  W.  J.,  First  National  Bank  Building,  Chicago,  111. 
Paper  presented :  The  Valuation  of  Water  Power. 

HAIG,  ROBERT  M.,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  The  American  System  of  Special  Assessments  and 
Its  Applicability  in  Other  Countries. 

HAINES,  C.  G.,  University  of  Texas,  Austin,  Tex. 
Delegate — University  of  Texas. 

HALL,  Louis  D.,  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organization,  Agricultural 

Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Great  Central  Markets  for  Live  Stock  and  Meats. 

HALL,  MAURICE  C.,  1815  Hamlin  Street,  Langdon,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Colorado  College. 

HALL,  R.  D.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  Valuation  of  Federal  Coal  Lands. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       395 

HALSTEAD,  F.  M.,  United  States  Treasury,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  Is  it  Desirable  and  Possible  to  Establish  Uniform 
Rates,  Methods,  and  Classifications  between  the  North  Central,  and 
South  American  Countries? 

HAM,  W.  F.,  Vice  President,  Washington  Railway  and  Electrical  Com- 
pany, Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Electric  Railway  Association. 

HAMERSCHLAG,  ARTHUR  A.,  Director,  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology, 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Delegate — Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology. 

Chairman  of  Subsection  6,  Section  IV. 

Paper  presented :  To  What  Extent  May  College  Courses  in  Engineer- 
ing Be  Profitably  Supplemented  by  Practical  Work  in  the  Shop?  To 
What  Extent  May  Laboratory  Work  in  Engineering  Be  Replaced 
through  Cooperation  with  Industrial  Plants? 

HAMILTON,  JAMES  M.,  President,  Montana  State  College  of  Agricultural 

and  Mechanical  Arts,  Bozeman,  Mont. 

Delegate — Montana  State  College  of  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
Arts. 

HAMLIN,  C.  S.,  Governor  Federal  Reserve  Board,  Treasury  Department, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Federal  Reserve  Board. 

HAND,  W.  F.,  Mississippi  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  Agricul- 
tural College,  Miss. 
Delegate — Mississippi  Agricultural  amd  Mechanical  College. 

HANEY,  LEWIS  H.,  University  of  Texas,  Austin,  Tex. 
Alternate — University  of  Texas. 

HARD,  HERBERT  A.,  University  of  North  Dakota,  Fargo,  N.  Dak. 
Delegate — University  of  North  Dakota. 

HARDING,  H.  McL.,  52  Vanderbilt  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  Harbor  and  Port  Terminal  Facilities  and  Works. 

HARDING,  S.  T.,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

Paper  presented:  Adaptation  of  Methods  of  Applying  Water  to  Soils. 

HARLAN,    JAMES   S.,    Interstate   Commerce   Commission,    Washington, 

D.C. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  i,  Section  IX. 


396      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

HARRIMAN,  EDWARD  A.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Paper  presented:  What  Means  Should  Be  Provided  and  Procedure 
Adopted  for  Authoritatively  Determining  whether  The  Hague  Con- 
vention, or  other  General  International  Agreements,  or  the  Rules  of 
International  Law  Have  Been  Violated?  In  Case  of  Violations, 
What  Should  be  the  Nature  of  the  Remedy  and  How  Should  It  Be 
Enforced? 

HARRIS,  A.  W.,  President,  Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  Chicago, 

111. 
Delegate — Northwestern  University. 

HARRIS,  JOHN  H.,  President,  Bucknell  University,  Lewisburg,  Pa. 
Delegate — Bucknell  University. 

HARRIS,  NORMAN  DWIGHT,   Professor,   Northwestern  University,   Chi- 
cago, 111. 

Paper  presented:  The  Duties  and  Obligations  of  Neutral  Govern- 
ments, Parties  to  the  Hague  Conventions,  in  Case  of  Actual  or 
Threatened  Violations  by  Belligerents  of  the  Stipulations  of  the 
Said  Conventions. 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM  J.,  1808  Massachusetts  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Federal  Trade  Commission. 

HARRISON,  FAIRFAX,  President,  Southern  Railway,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Railway  Association. 

HARRISON,  LELAND,  Division  of  Latin- American  Affairs,  State  Depart- 
ment, Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Division  of  Latin- American  Affairs. 

HART,  EDWARD,  Dean,  Pardee  Scientific  Department,  Lafayette  College, 

Easton,  Pa. 
Delegate — Lafayette  College. 

HARTS,  WILLIAM  W.,  1729  New  York  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 
Papers  presented : 

Engineering  and  other  Scientific  Work  of  the  Office  of  Public 

Buildings  and  Grounds. 
Work  of  the  United  States  Office  of  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds. 

HARVEY,  L.  D.,  President,  Stout  Institute,  Menominee,  Wis. 
Paper  presented :  Education  in  Trades  and  Industries. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      397 

HASKEU,,  HENRY  S.,  American  Association  for  International  Concilia- 
tion, 407  West  One  hundred  and  seventeenth  Street,  New  York, 
N.Y. 

Delegate — Pan   American    Division   of   American   Association   for 
International  Conciliation. 

HAY,  W.  P.,  Business  High  School,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bulter  College. 

HAYFORD,  JOHN  F.,  Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  111. 
Delegate— Western  Society  of  Engineers. 

HAYHURST,  E.  R.,  Ohio  State  Board  of  Health,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Paper  presented :  Factory  Sanitation. 

HAYWOOD,  J.  K.,  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  Agricultural  Department,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Delegate — Association  of  Feed  Control. 

HEALEY,  HORACE  G.,  627  West  One  hundred  fifty-second  Street,  New 

York  City. 

Paper  presented:  The  Proper  Use  of  Business  Experts  From  the  Bus- 
iness World  in  Class  Instruction  on  Domestic  and  Foreign  Commerce^ 

HEALY,  WII^IAM,  Director  of  the  Psychopathic  Institute,  Chicago,  111. 
Paper  presented :  Juvenile  Delinquency. 

HEBARD,   MORGAN,   American   Entomological  Society,   Logan  Square, 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Alternate — American  Entomological  Society. 

HECKEI/,  ALBERT  K.,  Assistant  Dean,  Lafayette  College,  Easton,  Pa. 
Alternate — Lafayette  College. 

HEDERICK,  FRANZ,  Professor,  University  of  Bogota,  Bogota,  Colombia, 

South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Colombia. 
Delegate — Secretary  to  the  Official  Delegation  of  Colombia. 

HEDGES,  C.  C.,  Professor,! Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Texas 

College  Station,  Tex. 
Delegate — Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Texas. 

HEiSER,  VICTOR  G.,  International    Health  Commission,  61  Broadway, 

New  York,  N.Y. 
Delegate — International  Health  Commission. 

HENDERSCHOTT,  F.  C.,  National  Association  of  Corporation  Schools,  New 

York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Corporation  Schools. 


398      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

HENDERSON,  L.  L.,  University  of  Georgia,  Athens,  Ga. 
Alternate — University  of  Georgia. 

HENDERSON,  R.,  32  Nassau  Street,  New  York  City. 
Delegate — Actuarial  Society  of  America. 

HENNING,  GEORGE  N.,  Professor,  George  Washington  University,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Delegate — Modern  Language  Association  of  America. 

HENNY,  D.  C.,  Reclamation  Service,  Interior  Department,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Delegate — Oregon  Society  of  Engineers. 

HENRY,  A.  J.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  River  Service  of  the  Weather  Bureau. 

HERAUX,  BDMOND,  Port  au  Prince,  Haiti. 

Delegate — Haitian  Society  of  International  Law. 
Honorary  Member. 

HERING,  CARL,  929  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — American  Electrochemical  Society. 

HERING,  RUDOLPH,  Consulting  Engineer,  170  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Municipal  Improvements. 
Paper  presented:  Final  Disposition  of  City  Sewage. 

HERMITTE,   ENRIQUE,   Director,   Department  of  Mines,   Buenos  Aires, 

Argentina,  South  America. 
Papers  presented : 

Extent,  Mode  of  Occurrence,  and  Probable  Yield  of  the  Petroleum 

Fields  of  Argentina. 

Extent  and  Possible  Development  of  the  Borax  Deposits  of  Argen- 
tina. 

HERNANDEZ  Y  HERNANDEZ,  SERAPIO,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  Central 

America. 

Paper  presented :  Principles  that  Should  Govern  the  Relations  Between 
Federal,  State,  and  Local  Revenues. 

HERRICK,  CHEESMAN  A.,  140  West  Forty-second  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — National  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Industrial  Educa- 
tion. 

HERRMANN  C.  F.,  VON,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Paper  presented:  The  Position  of  Meteorology  Among  the  Sciences. 

HERSHEY,  AMOS  S.,  706  North  College  Avenue,  Bloomington,  Ind. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       399 

HERTY,  C.  H.,  American  Chemical  Society,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 
Delegate — American  Chemical  Society. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented :  Chemical  Research  as  a  Directing  Aid  in  the  Effi- 
cient Utilization  of  Pine  Forests. 

HESS,  ALFRED  F.,  16  West  Eighty-sixth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Infantile  Scurvy. 

HESS,  GEORGE  W.,  United  States  Botanic  Gardens,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Botanic  Gardens. 

HESS,  RALPH  HENRY,  Professor,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wis. 
Delegate — University  of  Wisconsin. 
Paper  presented :  Conservation  in  its  Relation  to  Industrial  Evolution. 

HESSE,  B.  C.,  Chemist,  90  William  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  VII. 

HEWETT,  EDGAR  L.,  Museum  of  New  Mexico,  Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex. 
Delegate — School  of  American  Archaeology. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 

HIBBEN,  JOHN  GRIER,  President,  Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  IV. 

HICKEN,  CRISTOBAL,  Professor,  University  of  Buenos  Aires,  Calle  Co- 

rrientes  1886,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Argentina. 
Delegate — 

Natural  History  Museum  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Natural  History  Museum  of  La  Plata. 
Argentine  Scientific  Society. 
National  Engineering  Society  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Papers  presented : 

Results  of  the  First  Year's  Work  of  the  National  Commission  of 

the  Argentine  Flora. 

Contribution  to   the  Botany  of  the  Forest  Region  of  Southern 
Patagonia. 

HICKS,  FREDERICK  CHARLES,  Professor,  University  of  Cincinnati,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. 

Delegate — University  of  Cincinnati. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  10,  Section  IV. 
Paper  presented :  University  of   Cincinnati — Continuation  and  Eve- 
ning Courses. 


400      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

I 

HIGLEY,  GEORGE  OSWIN,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  Delaware,  Ohio. 

Delegate — Ohio  Wesleyan  University. 

HILL,  A.  Ross,  President,  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Mo. 
Delegate — University  of  Missouri. 

HILL,  DAVID  JAYNE,  1745  Rhode  Island  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 
Paper  presented:  How  Can  the  People  of  the  American  Countries  Best 

be  Impressed  with  the  Duties   and  Responsibilities  of  the  Slate  in 

International  Law? 
Honorary  Member. 

HILL,  JOSEPH  A.,  Bureau  of  the  Census,  Department  of  Commerce, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  the  Census  of  the  Department  of  Commerce. 

HILL,  NICHOLAS  S.,  Jr.,  100  William  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Water  Works  Association. 

HILL,  RoscoE  R.,  Professor,  University  of  New  Mexico,  Albuquerque, 

N.  Mex. 
Alternate — University  of  New  Mexico. 

HILLEBRAND,  W.  F.,  United  States  Bureau  of  Standards,  Department 

of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — Bureau  of  Standards,  Department  of  Commerce. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented:  Uniform  Methods  of  Analysis. 

KILLER,  FRANCIS  L.  L.,  457  Park  Road,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — University  of  Denver. 

HiLLER,  N.  H.,  Carbondale  Machine  Company,  Carbondale,  Pa. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Refrigerating  Engineers. 

HILLS,  E.  C.,  Professor,  Colorado  College,  Colorado  Springs,  Colo. 
Delegate — Colorado  College. 

HINSDALE,  GUY,  Kennebunkport,  Me. 

Alternate — American  Climatological  and  Clinical  Association. 

HITCHENS,  A.  PARKER,  Glenolden,  Pa. 

Alternate — American  Association  of  Immunologists. 
Paper  presented :  Hay  Fever  and  Certain  Other  Local  Anaphylactic 
Phenomena  Referable  to  the  Respiratory  Mucous  Membranes. 


ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      401 

HOBBS,  WIUJAM  H.,  Professor,  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 
Delegate — University  of  Michigan. 

Paper  presented :  The  Ferrel  Doctrine  of  Polar  Calms  and  Its  Disproof 
in  Recent  Observations. 

HODGE,  E.  R.,  Surgeon  General's  Office,  War  Department,  Washington 

D.  C. 
Alternate — Army  Medical  Museum. 

HODGE,  F.  W.,  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 
Papers  presented : 

What  the  United  States  Government  Has  Done  for  Anthropology. 

The  Origin  and  Destruction  of  a  National  Indian  Portrait  Gallery. 

HOFF,  Col.  JOHN  VAN  R.,  2112  Massachusetts  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Vice  Chairman  of  Section  VIII. 

HOFFMAN,  EUGENE  B.,  Reclamation  Service,  Interior  Department,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Delegate — Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 
Alternate — United  States  Reclamation  Service. 

HOFFMAN,  FREDERICK  L.,  Prudential  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Paper  presented:  Mortality  from  Cancer  in  the  Western  Hemisphere. 

HOGAN,  JOHN  I,.,  Institute  of  Radio  Engineers,  n  i  Broadway,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 
Alternate — Institute  of  Radio  Engineers. 

HOGAN,  JOHN  N.,  National  Electric  Signalling  Company,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  Physical  Aspects  of  Radiotelegraphy. 

HOKE,  GEORGE  W.,  Professor,  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio. 

Paper  presented :  What  Can  the  Small  College  Do  in  Training  for 
Business. 

HoiyCOMB,  RICHMOND  C.,  Navy  Department,  Washington, .D.  C. 

Delegate — Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  Navy  Department. 

HODDEN,  R.  J.,  Professor,  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute,  Blacksburg,  Va. 
Delegate — Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute. 

Hou)swoRTH,  J.  T.,  University  of  Pittsburgh,  Pittsburgh,  Pa, 
Delegate — University  of  Pittsburgh. 
27750—16 26 


402      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

HOLLAND,  W.  J.,  Carnegie  Museum,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Delegate — Carnegie  Museum. 
Alternate — American  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists. 

HOLLANDER,  JACOB  H.,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore, 

Md. 

Chairman  of  Subsection  3,  Section  IX. 
Paper  presented:  Economic  Theorizing  and  Scientific  Progress. 

HOLLEY,  FRANCIS,  Director  Bureau  of  Commercial  Economics,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

Delegate — Bureau  of  Commercial  Economics. 

Paper  presented:  Special  Courses  for  Commercial  Study — Bureau  of 
Commercial  Economics. 

HOLLIS,  IRA  N.,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Delegate — Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute. 

HOLLISTER,  ScoviLLE,  Compania  Estanifera,  Llallagua,  Bolivia,  South 

America. 
Paper  presented :  Metallurgical  Practices  at  the  Tin  Mines  of  Bolivia. 

HOLMES,  GEORGE  K.,  Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Department  of  Agriculture. 

HOLMES,  WILLIAM  H.,  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 

Delegate- 
Archaeological  Institute  of  America. 
School  of  American  Archaeology. 

Member  of  Executive  Committee. 

Chairman  of  Section  I. 

Paper  presented:  The  Place  of  Archeology  in  Human  History. 

HOLT,  EDWARD  B.,  Professor,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Delegate — American  Psychological  Association. 

HOOD,  OZNI  P.,  Bureau  of  Mines,  Interior  Department,  Braddock  and 
Waverly  streets,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Alternate — Bureau  of  Mines. 

HOOGEWERFF,  JOHN  A.,  Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Naval  Observatory. 

HOOKER,  DONALD  R.,  Upland,  Roland  Park,  Md. 
Delegate — American  Social  Hygiene  Association. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      403 

HOOPER,  S.  C.,  Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering. 

HORACK,  FRANK  EDWARD,  Professor,  State  University  of  Iowa,  Iowa 

City,  Iowa. 
Delegate — State  University  of  Iowa. 

HORNADAY,  F.  A.,  George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee  Subsection  7,  Section  IV. 

HORNER,  HARLAN  H.,  Chief,  Division  of  Examinations,  Department  of 

Education,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  Who  is  a  Medical  Practitioner •? 

HOUGH,  B.  OLNEY,  Editor,  American  Exporter,  17  Battery  Place,  New 

York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  The  Proper  Use  of  Business  Experts  from  the  Busi- 
ness World  in  Class  Instruction  in  Domestic  and  Foreign  Com- 
merce (Symposium). 

HOUGH,  WALTER,  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 
Paper   presented:  Ceremonial   and  Other   Practices   on   the   Human 
Body  Among  the  Indians. 

HOUGHTON,  E.  M.,  Chemist,  130  Longfellow  Avenue,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Delegate — Detroit  Board  of  Commerce. 

HOWARD,  Rev.  FRANCIS  W.,  1651  East  Main  Street,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Delegate — Catholic  Educational  Association. 

HOWARD,  GEORGE  ELLIOTT,  Professor,  University  of  Nebraska,  Lincoln, 

Nebr. 
Delegate — University  of  Nebraska. 

HOWARD,  L.  O.,  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  6,  Section  III. 

Paper  presented:  The  Great  Need  for  the  Establishment  of  a  Com- 
petent Bureau  for  the  Study  of  Injurious  Insects  in  All  American 
Countries. 

HOWE,  CHARLES  S.,  President,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 

Delegate — Case  School  of  Applied  Science. 
Paper  presented:  Engineering  Education  in  the  United  States. 


404      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

HOWE,    HENRY   M.,    International   Association  for   Testing   Materials, 

Broad  Brook  Road,  Bedlord,  Hills,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — International  Association  for  Testing  Materials. 

HOWE,  SAMUEL  T.,  Tax  Commissioner,  Topeka,  Kans. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  IX. 

HOYT,  JOHN  C.,  Washington  Society  of  Engineers,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Washington  Society  of  Engineers. 

HRDLICKA,  ALES,   Curator,   Division    Physical   Anthropology,   United 

States  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Secretary,  Section  I. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  I. 
Papers  presented: 

The  Genesis  of  the  American  Indian. 

Anthropological  Study  of  Old  Americans  (American  Whites  of 
Three  or  More  Generations  on  Each  Side.) 

HUDSON,  CLAUDE  S.,  Box  3274,  Station  F,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Association  Official  Agricultural  Chemists. 

HUFF,  WILLIAM  BASHFORD,  Professor,  Bryn  Mawr  College,  Bryn  Mawr, 

Pa. 
Delegate — Bryn  Mawr  College. 

HUFF,  WILLIAM  K.,  730  Witherspoon  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Delegate — American  Society  for  Extension  of  University  Teaching. 

HUGHES,  R.  M.,  President,  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio. 
Delegate — Miami  University. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  6,  Section  IV. 

HuLETT,  G.  A.,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Interior  Department, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Mines. 

HULL,  WILLIAM  I.,  Professor,  Swarthmore  College,  Swarthmore,  Pa. 
Delegate — Swarthmore  College. 

HUMPHREYS,  W.  J.,  Weather  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Papers  presented: 

The  Collection  of  Seismological  Data  in  the  United  States. 
Wind  Velocity  and  Elevation. 

HUNT,  CHARLES  WARREN,  220  West  Fifty-seventh  Street,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 
Secretary,  Subsection  on  Civil  Engineering,  Section  V. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      405 

HUNT,  ROBERT  W.,  2200  Insurance  Exchange,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — International  Association  for  Testing  Materials. 

HURTADO,  PABLO,  Managua,  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 
Vice  President  Cooperating  Committee,  Nicaragua. 

HURTY,  JOHN  N.,  State  Board  of  Health,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Delegate — Conference  of  State  and  Provincial  Boards  of  Health  of 

North  America. 

Indiana  State  Board  of  Health. 
Paper  presented :  Town  and  City  Planning. 

HUSSEY,  WILLIAM  J.,  Director,  Astronomical  Observatory,  University  of 

Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 
Delegate — University  of  Michigan. 
Paper  presented:  Work  of  Observatory  at  La  Plata,  Argentina. 

HUTCHESON,  W.  A.,  34  Nassau  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Alternate — Actuarial  Society  of  Ameiica. 
HUTCHINS,  HARRY  B.,  President,  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor, 

Mich. 

Delegate — University  of  Michigan. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  IV. 
HUTCHISON,  F.  L.,  33  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Secretary,  Subsection  on  Electrical  Engineering,  Section  V. 
HYDE,  CHARLES  CHENEY,  112  West  Adams  Street,  Chicago,  111. 
Alternate — Northwestern  University. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 
IDIARTEGARAY,  A.,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Customs  Regulations  in  Uruguay. 
ING  ALLS,  W.  R.,  Editor  of  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal,  Tenth  Avenue 

and  Thirty-sixth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society  of  America. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  2,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented :  The  Prospect  for  Marketing  South  American  Zinc 

Ores. 
INGENIEROS,  Jos£,  Professor,  Viamonte  763,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina, 

South  America. 
Honorary  Member. 
Papers  presented : 

Races  and  Nationalities  in  America. 

A  New  Organization  of  Universities  According  to  Scientific  Phi- 
losophy. 


406      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

INSTITUTO  CENTRAL  METEOROLOGICO  Y  GEOFisico  DE  CHILE. 

Paper  presented :  Resume  of  the  Organization  of  the  Meteorological 
Service  of  Chile. 

IRALA,  ANTONIN,  Professor,  University  of  Paraguay,  Asuncion,  Paraguay, 

South  America. 

Delegate :  Paraguayan  Society  of  International  Law. 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  Mission  of  the  American  Institute  of  International 
Law. 

JACKSON,  DUGALD  C.,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Boston, 

Mass. 

Delegate — American  Institute  of  Consulting  Engineers. 
Paper  presented :  Electrical  Engineering. 

JACOBS,  EMILIO,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  To  What  Extent  is  Coeducation  Desirable  in  Ele- 
,  mentary  Schools,  High  Schools,  Colleges,  and  Universities. 

JACOBY,  H.  S.,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Long-Span  Bridges. 

JAMES,  ALTON  JAMES,  Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  111. 
Delegate — Northwestern  University. 

JAMES,  EDMUND  J.,  President,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 
Delegate — 

American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  3,  Section  IV. 
Remarks  before  Joint  Session  of  Section  IV  and  Section  IX. 

JAMES,  FRANCIS  B.,  Westory  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Cincinnati  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

JAMES,  HERMAN  G.,  Professor,  University  of  Texas,  Austin,  Tex. 

Paper  presented:  Extra-Mural  Services  of  State  and  Endowed  Uni- 
versities, including  University  Extension,  from  the  Governmental 
Standpoint. 

JAN.IN,  CHARLES,  Mining  Engineer,  Bureau  of  Mines,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Paper  presented :  Placer  Mining  Methods  and  Operating  Costs. 

JANNEY,  WILLIAM  D.,  203  State  Bank  Building,  Baltimore,  Md. 
•  Delegate — Engineers'  Club  of  Baltimore. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      467 

JARDINE,  WILLIAM,  Manhattan,  Kans. 

Alternate — Kansas  State  Agricultural  College. 

JAYNE,  HENRY  LA  BARRE,  730  Witherspoon  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Alternate — American  Society  for  Extension  of  University  Teaching. 

JENKS,   ALBERT  B.,   Professor,   University  of  Minnesota,   Minneapolis, 

Minn. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 

JENKS,  JEREMIAH  W.,  Professor,   New  York  University,  Washington 

Square,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — New  York  University. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  IX. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  10,  Section  IV. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Balance  of  Trade  Between  South  America  and  the  United  States. 
New  York  University — Two-Year  Course  and  Individualization  of 
Training  for  Business. 

JENNINGS,  HENNEN,  Mining  Engineer,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Member  of  Executive  Committee. 
Chairman  of  Section  VII. 

Paper  presented :  History  and  Development  of  Gold  Dredging  in  Mon- 
tana. 

JENNINGS,  H.  S.,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Naturalists. 
Paper  presented :  Origin  of  Diverse  Races  in  Difflugia  Corona. 

JEREZ,  VICTOR,   Professor  of  the  School  of  Jurisprudence  and  Social 

Sciences,.  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  El  Salvador. 

JEWETT,  F.  B.,  463  West  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  Recent  Telegraph  and  Telephone  Development. 

JIMENEZ,  GERMAN,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Venezuela. 
Paper  presented :  Sketch  of  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Venezuela. 

JIMENEZ  DE  AR£CHAGA,  JUSTING  E.,  Professor,  Faculty  of  Law,  Monte- 
video, Uruguay. 

President  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 
Paper  presented.     Government  and  Responsibility. 


408      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

JIMENEZ  NUNEZ,  Jos£,  President  of  the  Faculty  of  Dentistry,  San  Jos£, 

Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Costa  Rica. 

JODIDI,  S.  L-,  Organic  Chemist,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Papers  presented : 

A  Simple,  Efficient,  and  Economic  Filter;  Its  Application  to  the 
Filtration  of  the  Yellow  Precipitate  in  Phosphoric-Acid  Esti- 
mations. 

The  Application  of  the  Paper  Pulp  Filter  to  the  Quantitative  Esti- 
mation of  Calcium  and  Magnesium. 

JOHNSON,  ALBA  B.,  President,  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  Philadelphia, 

Pa. 

Honorary  Member. 

Delegate — Philadelphia  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
National  Foreign  Trade  Council. 

JOHNSON,  EMORY  R.,  Professor,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Delegate — American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Sciences. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i ,  Section  IX. 

Paper  presented :  Some  Problems  and  Principles  of  Government  Regu- 
lation of  Railroads. 

JOHNSON,  JOSEPH  FRENCH,  New  York  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  Special  Courses  for  Commercial  Study — Alexander 
Hamilton  Institute. 

JOHNSON,  Lucius  E.,  Bureau  of  Railway  Economics,  Home  Building, 

Thirteenth  and  F  Streets  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Railway  Economics. 
JOHNSON,  ROSWELL  H.,  Professor,  University  of  Pittsburgh,  Pittsburgh, 

Pa. 

Delegate — University  of  Pittsburgh. 
Paper  presented:  Legal  and  Economic  Factors  in  the  Conservation 

of  Oil  and  Gas. 
JOHNSTON,  ARCHIBALD,  Vice  President   Bethlehem  Steel  Corporation, 

120  Church  Street,  Bethlehem,  Pa. 
Delegate — Bethlehem  Steel  Corporation. 
JOHNSTON,  GEORGE  BEN,  Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  200  East  Franklin 

Street,  Richmond,  Va. 
Delegate — Medical  Society  of  Virginia. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      409 

JOHNSTON,  JOHN  R.,  Santiago  de  las  Vegas,  Cuba. 

Delegate — Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  Cuba. 
Paper  presented:  Cooperation  between   the  Pan  American  Countries 
in  the  Matter  of  Plant  Quarantine  Service. 

JOHNSTONS,  K.  R.,  Superintendent  Training  School,  Vineland,  N.  J. 
Paper  presented:  Education  and  Training  of  Defectives. 

JONES,  C.  R.,  Dean  College  of  Engineering,  West  Virginia  University, 

Morgantown,  W.  Va. 
Delegate — West  Virginia  University. 

JONES,  E.  I/ESTER,  Superintendent  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Delegate — United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 

Paper  presented :  Engineering  and  Other  Scientific  Work  o)  the  United 
States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

JORDAN,  EDWIN  O.,  Professor,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 
Paper  presented :  Water  Supply. 

JUDSON,  FREDERICK  N.,  Rialto  Building,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Paper* presented :  Recent  Law  Reforms  in  the  United  States  of  America. 

KANDEL,  I.  I/.,  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Commercial  Education  in  England. 

KARAPETOFF,  VLADIMIR,  Professor,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  What  is  Engineering  Education  Contributing  Toward 
Scientific  Progress  and  Invention? 

KAYEL,  BERNARDO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Radiotelegraphy  in  Uruguay. 

KEARNEY,  T.  H.,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  United  States  Department 

of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Genetic  Association. 

KELLER,  ARTHUR  R.,  Professor,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology, 

Boston,  Mass. 
Delegate — College  of  Hawaii. 

KELLER,  CHARLES,  United  States  Engineers  Office,  Mobile,  Ala. 

Paper  presented:  Shallow-draft  Boat  and  Barge  Transportation. 


4-IO      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

KELLERMAN,  K.  F.,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  United  States  Department 

of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Plant  Industry. 

KELLY,  N.  B.,  General  Secretary  Philadelphia  Chamber  of  Commerce, 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Alternate — Philadelphia  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

KELSEY,  CARL,  Professor,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Honorary  Member. 
Delegate — American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science. 

KEMMERER,  EDWIN  W.,  Professor,  Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  IX. 
Paper   presented:  Possibility   of  Introducing   a   Common   Monetary 
Standard  as  between  the  Republics  of  America. 

KEMP,  JAMES  F.,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — Geological  Society  of  America. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VII. 

KEMPF,  E.  J.,  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane. 

KENNELLY,  A.  E.,  i  Kennedy  Road,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Alternate — Illuminating  Engineering  Society. 

KENT,  WILLIAM,  64  Orange  Road,  Montclair,  N.  J. 

Paper  presented :  Economy  of  Steam  Power  Plants  Using  Gas,  Gaso- 
line, Coal,  and  Other  Pan  American  Fuels. 

KEPPEL,  F.   P.,  407  West  One  hundred  and  seventeenth  Street,   New 

York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Association  for  International  Conciliation. 

KERR,  W.  H.,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organization, 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Financing  Cooperative  Marketing  Associations. 

KEY-AYALA,  SANTIAGO,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Exchange  of  Professors  and  Students  and  the  Mutual 
Recognition  of  Degrees. 

KEYES,  EDWARD  L.,  Jr.,  109  East  Thirty-fourth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Medical  and  Social  Problems  of  Venereal  Diseases. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      41 1 

KiES,  W.  S.,  Vice  President,  National  City  Bank,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — American  Bankers'  Association. 

KIMBALL,  H.  H.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  Measurements  of  the  Intensity  of   Solar  and  Sky 
Radiation. 

KING,  CLARENCE  P.,  President,  Washington  Railway  and  Electric  Com- 
pany, Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Electric  Railway  Association. 

KING,  CLYDE  L.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Political  Science,  University  of 

Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science. 

KINGSBURY,  SUSAN  M.,  Professor,  Bryn  Mawr  College,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Alternate — Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  IV. 
Paper  presented :  The  Education  of  Women  as  Measured  in  Civic  and 
Social  Relations. 

KINLEY,  DAVID,  Dean,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 
Delegate — 

American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science. 
University  of  Illinois. 
Chicago  Association  of  Commerce. 
Alternate — Division  of  Economics  and  History,  Carnegie  Endowment 

for  International  Peace. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  IX. 
•     Papers  presented : 

The  Industrial  and  Financial  Investments  as  a  Basis  of  Foreign 

Trade  Expansion. 
Entrance  Requirements  to  Colleges  of  Commerce. 

KINYOUN,  JOSEPH  J.,  Health  Department  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Health  Department  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

KLEINSMID,  R.  B.  VON,  President,  University  of  Arizona,  Tucson',  Ariz. 
Delegates — University  of  Arizona. 
Paper  presented :  Causes  of  Crime. 

KLEINSTUCK,  CARL,  Kalamazoo,  Mich. 
Delegate — American*  Peat  Society. 


412      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS- 

KNAB,  F.,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Carlos  Finlay  on  the  House  Mosquitoes  of  Habana 

KNAPP,  HARRY  $.,  The  Marlborough,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 

KNIGHT,  ALBION  W.,  Vice  Chancellor,  University  of  the  South,  Sewanee, 

Term. 
Delegate — University  of  the  South. 

KNOWLES,  MORRIS,  Oliver  Building,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Delegate — University  of  Pittsburgh. 
Paper  presented:  Collection  and  Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse. 

KNOX,  C.  W.,  Office  of  City  Engineer,  Seattle,  Wash. 
Delegate — Pacific  Northwest  Society  of  Engineers. 

KNOX,  J.  H.  MASON,  The  Severn,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Delegate — American  Association  of  Medical  Milk  Commissioners. 
Alternate — American  Pediatric  Society. 

KOBER,  GEORGE  M.,  Dean  and  Professor  of  Hygiene,  Medical  School, 

Georgetown  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  C,  Section  VIII. 

KOFOID,  C.  A.,  Professor,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

Paper  presented:  The  Biological  and  Medical  Significance   of  the 
Life  History  of  Intestinal  Flagellates. 

KOLMER,  J.  A.,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Paper  presented:  Anaphylactic  Reactions  in  the  Diagnosis  of  Disease 
and  as  an  Index  of  Resistance. 

KOREN,  JOHN,  784  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 
Alternate — American  Statistical  Association. 

KORNER,  ALBERTO,  Santo  Domingo  628,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 
Honorary  Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 

KRAUS,  R.,  Bacteriological  Institute  of  the  National  Department  of 

Hygiene,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 
Papers  presented : 

Cultivation  of  the  Parasite  of  Rabies  by  Noguchi's  Method. 
Treatment  of  Whooping  Cough. 

KREHBIEL,   E.   B.,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  Stanford  Uni- 
versity, Cal. 
Delegate — National  Education  Association. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      413 

KROEBER,  A.  L.,  Curator,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 
Member  of  Committee  of  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 
Paper  presented :  Tribes  of  the  Pacific  Coast. 

KUHN,  ARTHUR  K.,  120  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee  of  Subsection  i ,  Section  VI. 
Paper  presented:  Should  International  Law  be  Codified?    And  if  so, 

Should  it  be  Done  through  Governmental  Agencies  or  by  Private 

Scientific  Societies? 

KuujviER,  C.  J.,  505  University  Place,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  Monthly  Storm  Frequency  in  the  United  States. 

KUTZ,  CHARLES  W.,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  Washington, 

D.C. 

Delegate — Pacific  Northwest  Society  of  Engineers. 
Member  of  Committee  of  Section  V. 

KuzELL,  C.  R.,  Anaconda  Copper  Mining  Company,  Anaconda,  Mont. 
Paper  presented :  Coal-dust  Firing  in  Reverberatories. 

LAINEZ,  SAMUEL,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  Central  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Desirability  of  Uniform  Laws  Throughout 
the  Pan  American  Countries  for  the  Protection  of  Antiquities,  the 
Systematic  Promotion  of  Anthropological  Research,  and  the  Collection 
and  Scientific  Treatment  of  Museum  Materials. 

LAKE,  E.  R.,  American  Pomological  Society,  United  States  Department  of 

Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Pomological  Society. 

LAMB,  D.  S.,  United  States  Army  Medical  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Army  Medical  Museum. 
Member  of  Committee  of  Subsection  3,  Section  I. 

LAMBERT,  R.  A.,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Tissue  Culture  in  Cancer. 

LAMBERT,  SAMUEL  W.,  130  East  Thirty-fifth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  The  Development  of  a  Fifth    Year  in  Medical 
Education. 

LAMME,  MAURICIO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating|Committee,  Uruguay. 

LAMON,  HARRY  M.,  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  The  Poultry  Industry — Its  Importance  in  Agri- 
cultural Development. 


414      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

LANDA,  Luis,  Director  of  Public  Instruction,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras, 

Central  America. 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  Present  Condition  oj  Meteorology  and  Seismology 
in  Honduras. 

LANDRETH,  WILLIAM  B.,  Deputy  State  Engineer,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Albany  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 
Paper  presented :  New  York  State  Canals. 

LANE,  ALFRED  C.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Delegate — Tufts  College. 

LANE,  C.  H.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Agricultural 
Teaching. 

LANE,  Hon.  FRANKLIN  K.,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Address  before  Opening  Session  of  Section  VII. 

LANGE,  ALEXIS  F.,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 
Member  of  Committee  of  Subsection  2,  Section  IV. 

LANGSDORF,  ALEXANDER  S.,  Dean,  School  of  Engineering  and  Architec- 
ture, Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Alternate — Washington  University. 

LANGWORTHY,  C.  FORD,  Office  of  Home  Economics,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate- 
American  Home  Economics  Association. 
Middlebury  College. 

LAPPIN,  RICHARD,  Bureau  of  the  Census,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Bureau  of  the  Census. 

LAPRADE,  WILLIAM  T.,  Trinity  College,  Durham,  N.  C. 
Delegate — Trinity  College. 

LARA,  CARLOS,  former  Minister   from   Costa  Rica    to    Guatemala,  45 

Broadway,  New  York  City. 
Delegate — International  Central  American  Bureau. 

LARA,  JUAN  B.,  Professor,  University  of  Mendoza,  Mendoza,  Argentina, 

South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Action  of  Sulphate  of  Manganese  in  Wine  Fermen- 
tation. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      415 

LARNER,  JOHN  B.,  Washington  Loan  and  Trust  Company,  Washington, 

B.C. 

Alternate — Washington  Branch  of  Archaeological  Institute  of 
America. 

LARREINAGA,  MIGUEL,  Guatemala  City,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 

Paper  presented :  What  Should  Be  the  Primary  and  What  the  Second- 
ary Purpose  of  High  School  Education?  To  What  Extent  Should 
Courses  of  Study  in  the  High  School  be  Determined  by  the  Require- 
ments for  Admission  to  College,  and  to  What  Extent  by  the  Demands 
of  Industrial  and  Civic  Life? 

IvASGOYTi,  BAUTISTA,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  The  Electric  Current. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

LATHROP,  JULIA,  The  Children's  Bureau,  Department  of  Labor,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Delegate — Children's  Bureau,  Department  of  Labor. 

Paper  presented:  The  Education  of  Women  as  Related  to  the  Welfare 
of  Children. 

LAVAL,  RAMON  A.,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Convenience  of  the  Establishment  of  an  International 
Society  of  Latin- American  Folklore. 

LAVALLE  Y  GARCIA,  Jos£  ANTONIO,  Avenida  Chorrillos,  348  Barranco, 

Peril,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Peril. 

LA  vis,  FRED,  50  Church  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Papers  presented : 

Uniform  Gauge  for  Railways  in  Pan  America. 
Lines  of  Future  Railway  Development. 

LAW,  WILLIAM  A.,  President,  First  National  Bank,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — American  Bankers'  Association. 

LAZO  ARRIAGA,  ANTONIO,  30  Broad  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — School  of  Law,  University  of  Leon,  Nicaragua,  Central 
America. 

LEBREDO,  MARIO  G.,  Chief  of  the  Section  and  of  the  Laboratory  of  Inves- 
tigations, Board  of  Health  of  Habana,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Cuba. 
Paper  presented :  Beriberi,  an  Epidemiologic  and  Experimental  Study. 


41 6      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

LECUNA,  VICENTE,  Director,  School  of  Arts  and  Crafts,  Caracas,  Vene- 
zuela, South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Venezuela. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Venezuela. 

LE  DEUC,  CHARLES,  Grinnell,  Iowa. 
Alternate — Grinnell  College. 

LEDOUX,  J.  W.,  Engineers'  Club,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — Engineers'  Club,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

LEETE,  JOHN  HOPKIN,  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Alternate — Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology. 

LEFEVRE,  EDWIN,  Century  Club,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Official  Delegate  of  Panama. 

LEGRAND,  ENRIQUE,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

LEIGHTON,    M.    O.,    Consulting    Engineer,  501    MacLachlen   Building, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Member  of  Committee  of  Subsection  3,  Section  III. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  4,  Section  V. 
Papers  presented : 

Coordination  in  the  Development  of  Our  Water-Power  Resources 

with  Other  Uses  of  Water. 
Water-Power  Resources  of  the  United  States. 

LEITH,  C.  K.,  Professor,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wis. 
Delegate — University  of  Wisconsin. 
Papers  presented: 

Conservation  of  Iron  Ore. 

Iron-Ore  Deposits  of  the  Americas. 

LEIVA  QUIROS,  EL!  AS,  School  of  Law  of  Costa  Rica,  San  Jose,  Costa 

Rica,  Central  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Attitude  of  the  Government  in  the  Matter  of 
National  Forests;  Relation  of  Forest  Culture  to  the  Future  Devel- 
opment of  Central  and  South  America. 

LEMUS,  MANUEL,  Guatemala  City,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 

Paper  presented:  Data  for  the  History  of  Mining  in  Guatemala. 

LENG,  CHARLES  W.,  Secretary,  New  York  Entomological  Society,  231 

West  One  hundred  and  thirty-fifth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — New  York  Entomological  Society. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       417 

LETONA  HERNANDEZ,  SANTIAGO,  Dean,  School  of  Medicine,  Chemistry 

and  Pharmacy,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 
President,  Cooperating  Committee,  El  Salvador. 

LEWIS,  J.  HAMILTON,  United  States  Senator,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee  of  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 

LEWIS,  NELSON  P.,  Chief  Engineer,  Board  of  Estimate  and  Apportion- 
ment, Municipal  Building,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Municipal  Improvements. 

LIDBURY,   F.    A.,    Past   President,   American   Electrochemical   Society, 

Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee  of  Subsection  4,  Section  VII. 

LiEB,  J.  W.,  Secretary,  National  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Industrial 

Education,  140  West  Forty-second  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — National  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Industrial  Educa- 
tion. 

LINCOLN,  WALDO,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Member  of  Committee  of  Subsection  i,  Section  1. 

LINDGREN,  WALDEMAR,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Boston, 

Mass. 

Member  of  Committee  of  Subsection  i,  Section  III. 
Member  of  Committee  of  Subsection  3,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented :  Gold  and  Silver  in  the  Western  Hemisphere. 

LINDLEY,  C.  H.,  Mills  Building,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Member  of  Committee  of  Subsection  i,  Section  VII. 

LINDSAY,  SAMUEL  McCuNE,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — National  Child  Labor  Committee. 

LINDSEY,  EDWARD,  Warren,  Pa. 

Alternate — American  Institute  of  Criminal  Law  and  Criminology. 

LINHARES,  Jos£,  Member  of  the  Brazilian  Society  of  International  Law, 

Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  The  Relation  of  International  Law  to  National  Law 
in  American  Countries. 

LIPMAN,  JACOB  G.,  Dean  of  Agriculture,  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick, 

N.J. 
Delegate — Rutgers  College. 

LISSON,  CARLOS  I.,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Age  of  Peruvian  Fossils. 
27750—16 27 


41 8      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

LITTLE,  BASCOM,  President,  Cleveland  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Cleveland, 

Ohio. 
Delegate — Cleveland  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

LITTLE,  JAMES  E.,  Mechanical  Engineer,  Felton,  Cuba. 

Paper  presented:  The  Iron  Mines  of  Cuba  and  the  Methods  of  Pre- 
paring Their  Ore. 

LLERAS  CODAZZI,  RICARDO,  Bogota-,  Colombia,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Geological  Sketch  of  the  Department  of  Cundina- 
marca. 

LLOYD- JONES,  CHESTER,  Professor,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison, 

Wis. 
Delegate — University  of  Wisconsin. 

LODGE,  HENRY  CABOT,  United  States  Senator,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 

LOEB,  LEO,  Washington  University  Medical  School,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Papers  presented : 

General  Tendencies  and  Problems. 
Symposium  on  Cancer  Research. 

LONG,  JOHN  HARPER,  Evanston,  111. 

Delegate — Northwestern  University. 

LOOMIS,  H.  M.,  Chemical  Society  of  Washington,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Chemial  Society  of  Washington. 

L6PEZ  LOEB  A,  RAMON,  Director  General  of  National  Public  Charities, 

Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Relation  of  Individual  to  Community — Social 
Utility — Duties  of  Individuals  to  Community  and  Community  to 
Individuals — Health  Matters  of  Public  Interest. 

L6PEZ  MESA,  Luis,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 

Paper   presented:     The    Problem    of   Alcoholism   and   Its    Possible 
Solution. 

LORD,  EVERETT  W.,  Dean,  College  of  Business  Administration,  Boston 

University,  Boston,  Mass. 
Delegate — Boston  University. 

LOUGH,  JAMES  E.,  New  York  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  The  Teaching  of  Special  Subjects  in  the  Collegiate 
Course  of  Study  for  Business,  Domestic  and  Foreign — Business 
Ethics  and  Psychology. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      419 

LOVEJOY,  A.  O.,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Delegate — American  Philosophical  Association. 

LOVEJOY,  OWEN  R.,-  General  Secretary,  National  Child  Labor  Committee, 

105  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  Child  Labor  and  Public  Health. 

LovETT,  EDGAR  ODELL,  President,  Rice  Institute,  Houston,  Tex. 
Delegate — Rice  Institute. 

LOWE,  ALFRED  H.,  Tufts  College,  Tufts  College,  Mass. 
Delegate— Tufts  College. 

LOWIE,  ROBERT  H.,  Assistant  Curator,  Department  of  Anthropology, 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — New  York  Academy  of  Sciences. 

LUCAS,  ANTHONY,  2300  Wyoming  Avenue  NW.  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers. 

LUMMIS,  CHARLES  F.,  Southwest  Museum,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 
Paper  presented :  Humanizing  of  the  Science  of  Man. 

LUNG,  GEORGE  A.,  Medical  Inspector,  United  States  Navy,  Naval  Torpedo 

Station,  Newport,  R.  I. 
Delegate — Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of  the  United  States. 

LUQUE,  EDUARDO,  Lima,  Perti,  South  America. 
Member  of  Cooperating  Committee,  Peru. 

LURQUIN,  CONSTANT,  Director  Meteorological  Observatory  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  Medicine,  Sucre,  Bolivia,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Bolivia. 
Delegate — Medical  Institute  of  Sucre. 
Paper  presented :  Bolivian  Meteorology. 

LuTz,  FRANK  E.,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — New  York  Entomological  .Society. 

LYNCH,  ROBERT  L.,  Health  Department  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Health  Department  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

LYONS,  GUILLERMO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Needs  of  an  International  Agreement  on  Ship  Ton- 
naqe. 


420      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

LYSTER,  Major  T.  C.,  United  States  Army,  1720  H  Street  NW.,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Dr.  Liceaga  and  Yellow  Fever. 

LYSTER,  Major  WILLIAM  J.  L.,  Office  of  Surgeon  General,  War  Depart- 
ment, Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Office  of  the  Surgeon  General,  War  Department. 
Medical  Department  of  the  United  States  Army,  War  Department. 

McADOO,  Hon.  WILLIAM  G.,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Treasury  Depart- 
ment, Washington,  D.  C. 
Address  of  Welcome  at  Opening  Session  of  Section  IX. 

MCALLISTER,  Capt.  C.  A.,  Chief  United  States  Coast  Guard,  Treasury 

Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engineers. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  2,  Section  V. 
Member  of  Committee  of  Section  V. 

.    Paper  presented:  Engineering  and  Scientific   Work   of   the    United 
States  Coast  Guard. 

McATEE,  W.  L.,  Bureau  of  Biological  Survey,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Bureau  of  Biological  Survey. 

McBAiN,  HOWARD  L.,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 
Delegate — National  Municipal  League. 

McCALLiE,  S.  W.,  State  Geologist,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Delegate — Atlanta  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

McCAMPBELL,  E.  F.,  State  Board  of  Health  of  Ohio,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Delegate— Ohio  State  Board  of  Health. 

McCASKEY,  HIRAM  D.,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Alternate — United  States  Geological  Survey. 

McCLELLAN,  WILLIAM,  33  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers. 

MCCLELLAND,  JAMES  FARLEY,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven, 

Conn. 
Delegate — Yale  University. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      421 

McCoRMiCK,  E.  C.,  Chief  Division  of  Rural  Engineering,  Department  of 

Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Agricultural  Implements  and  Machinery. 

McCoRMiCK,  SAMUEL  BLACK,  Chancellor  University  of  Pittsburgh,  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa. 
Delegate — University  of  Pittsburgh. 

McCov,    Jos.    S.,    Jr.,    Government    Actuary,    Treasury    Department, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Stevens  Institute  of  Technology. 

McCREA,  RoswELL  C.,  Dean  The  Wharton  School,  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Paper  presented:  The  Argument  for  a  Separate  or  Combined  Course  of 
Commercial  Study  in  Schools  and  Colleges. 

McCRORY,  S.  H.,  Agricultural  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Office  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering. 

McCuLLOCH,  Col.  C.  G.,  1831  Lament  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Medical  Department  of  the  Army. 

McCuLLOCH,  ERNEST,  1735  Monadnock  Block,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — Western  Society  of  Engineers. 

McCuLLOCH,  JAMES  E.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Delegate — Southern  Sociological  Congress. 

McCuRDY,  J.  H.,  93  Westford  Avenue,  Springfield,  Mass. 

Alternate — American  Physical  and  Educational  Association. 

MCDONNELL,  H.  B.,  Maryland  Agricultural  College,  College  Park,  Md. 
Delegate — Maryland  Agricultural  College. 

McDowELL,    Miss    LOUISE    SHERWOOD,    Professor,    Wellesley    College, 

Wellesley,  Mass. 
Delegate — Wellesley  College. 

McELHENEY,  V.  K.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  The  Economic  Value  of  the  Auction  as  a  Distributer 
of  Perishable  Commodities. 

McEviTT,  JOHN  CowELL,  407  Clinton  Street,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — New  York  Academy  of  Medicine. 

McFARLAND,  J.  HORACE,  President  American  Civic  Association,  Harris- 
burg,  Pa. 

Delegate — American  Civic  Association. 
Paper  presented :  The  Human  Side  of  City  Planning. 


422       FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN.  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

McGuiRE,  STUART,  200  East  Franklin  Street,  Richmond,  Va. 
Alternate — Medical  Society  of  Virginia. 

MclLHiNEY,  P.  C.,  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  VII. 

McKENNA,  JOSEPH,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 

States. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i ,  Section  VI. 

MCKNIGHT,  Mrs.  W.  F.,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

Delegate — Grand  Rapids -Association  of  Commerce. 

McLACHLEN,  ARCHIBALD  M.,  McLachlen  Building,  Tenth  and  G  Streets 

NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Washington  Board  of  Trade. 

MCLAUGHLIN,  ALLAN  J.,  United  States  Public  Health  Service. 
Paper  presented :  Travel  and  Transportation. 

McLEAN,  CHARLES  F.,  2122  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  Criminal  Law  and  Procedure  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  the  Scope  and  Limits  of  Jury  Trials  and  the  Several  Theories 
for  the  Punishment  of  Criminals,  and  Differences  between  the  Crimi- 
nal Procedure  of  States  Following  the  Civil  Law  and  Those  Follow- 
ing the  Common  Law. 

McLEMORE,  JEFF,  Member  of  Congress,  United  States  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Chamber  of  Commerce,  Houston,  Tex. 

McMiLLiN,  EMERSON,  297  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — 

Aero  Club  of  America. 

American  Society  of  Aeronautic  Engineers. 

MCPHAUL,  JOHN,  1223  Irving  Street  NE.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — General  Land  Office. 

McPiKE,  EUGENE  F.,  Secretary  American  Railway  Perishable  Freight 

Association,  Chicago,  111. 

Paper  presented:  Transportation  of  Perishable  Commodities — Need 
of  Cooperation  by  Shippers  with  Carriers. 

McVEY,  FRANK  L.,  President  University  of  North  Dakota,  Grand  Forks, 
N.  Dak. 

Delegate — University  of  North  Dakota. 

Paper  presented:  Relation  of  the  American  University  to  Public  Serv- 
ice, and  the  Work  of  Governmental  Administration. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      423 

MAcCuNTocK,  SAMUEL,  Professor,  La  Salle  Extension  University,  Chi- 
cago, 111. 

Paper  presented:  Special  Courses  for  Commercial  Study — Univer- 
sity Extension  Work  for  Men  in  Business. 

MACCRACKEN,  John  H.,  President  Lafayette  College,  Easton,  Pa. 
Delegate— Lafayette  College. 

MACCURDY,  GEORGE  GRANT,  Assistant  Professor,  Yale  University,  New 

Haven,  Conn. 

Delegate — Peabody  Museum  of  Yale  University. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  I. 

MACFARLAND,  HENRY  B.  F.,  Evans  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — National  Tax  Association. 

MACLAURIN,  RICHARD  C.,  President  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, Boston,  Mass. 
Delegate — Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology. 

MACKAY,  T.  C.,  Professor,  New  Mexico  State  School  of  Mines,  Socorro, 

N.  Mex. 
Delegate— -New  Mexico  State  School  of  Mines. 

MADDOX,  R.  L.,  Superintendent  of  Foreign  Mails,  United  States  Post 

Office  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Postmaster  General's  Office. 

MADRID,  ANTONIO,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  Central  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Attitude  of  American  Countries  Toward  Inter- 
national Arbitration  and  the  Peaceful  Settlement  of  International 
Disputes. 

MAGNOU,  PEDRO  B.,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  of  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

MAGOUN,  H.  A.,  New  York  Shipbuilding  Company,  Camden,  N.  J. 
Member  of  Committee  on  Marine  Engineering,  Section  V. 

MAGRUDER,  WILLIAM  T.,  342  West  Ninth  Street,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Paper  presented:  Significance  of  Engineering  Degrees  in  the  United 

States. 
MAILLOUX,  C.  O.,  20  Nassau  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Alternate — American  Institute  of  Consulting  Engineers. 

MAIMO  SARRASIN,  F.,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Manganese  in  the  Arable  Stratum  of  Uruguay. 

MAIN,  J.  H.  T.,  Professor,  Grinnell  College,  Grinnell,  Iowa. 
Delegate — Grinnell  College. 


424      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

MALDONADO,  SAMUEL  DAR!O,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 
Member  of  Cooperating  Committee,  Venezuela. 

MALL,  F.  P.,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  I. 

MANDUJANO,  Miss  GRACIELA,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  The  Teaching  of  Modern  Languages  in  the  Secondary 
Schools  in  Chile. 

MANN,  CHARLES  R.,  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teach- 
ing, New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  The  Study  of  Engineering  Education  by  the  Joint 
Committee  of  the  National  Engineering  Societies. 

MANNING,  VAN  H.,  Director  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Department 

of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Mines. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  i,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented :  The  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines. 

MANNING,  WM.  R.,  Professor,  University  of  Texas,  Austin,  Tex. 
Delegate — University  of  Texas. 

Paper  presented:  Method  of  Approach  in  Teaching  Ethics  to  Girls  and 
Young  Women. 

MANRIQUE,  FRANCISCO,  Guayaquil,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Honorary  Member. 
Papers  presented : 

Highways  in  Ecuador. 

Sanitary  Engineering  in  Ecuador. 

MANRIQUE,  MART!N  A.,  Engineer,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 
Papers  presented : 

General  Study  of  the  Construction  and  Conservation  of  Roads  and 

Streets  in  General. 
Highways  and  Streets  in  Bogota. 

MANSFIELD,  GEORGE  R.,  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Survey, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Phosphate  Resources  of  the  United  States. 

MANZANILLA,  Jos£  MAT!AS,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Member  of  Cooperating  Committee,  Peru. 

MARBURG,  EDGAR,  Professor,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia, 

Pa. 
Delegate — International  Association  for  Testing  Materials. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       425 

MARBUT,  CURTIS  F.,  Bureau  of  Soils,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Alternate — Bureau  of  Soils. 

MARIN    VICUNA,    SANTIAGO,    Civil    Engineer,    Santiago,    Chile,    South 

America. 
Paper  presented:  Uniform  Gauge  for  Railways. 

MARLATT,  C.  L.,  Chairman  United  States  Federal  Horticultural  Board, 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  6,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented:  Pan  American  Cooperation  in  Plant  Quarantine. 

MARQUEZ,  JUAN  A.,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Direct  Taxation. 

MARSH,  J.  FRANK,  Charleston,  W.  Va. 

Delegate — Association  of  State  Superintendents. 

MARSHALL,  F.  R.,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D.  C. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  5,  Section  III. 

Paper  presented :  The  Relation  between  the  Wool  and  Mutton  Produc- 
tion in  North  and  South  American  Sheep  Industries. 

MARSHALL,  L.  C.,  Dean  College  of  Commerce  and  Administration,  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  10,  Section  IV. 

MARSHALL,  R.  B.,  Chief  Geographer  United  States  Geological  Survey, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 
Paper  presented :  Engineering  and  Other  Scientific  Work  of  the  United 

States  Geological  Survey. 

MARSHALL,WALDO  H.,  29  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 

MARSTRANDER,  ROLF,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Report  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Uruguay. 

MARTIN,  JUAN  A.,  Rear  Admiral  of  the  Argentine  Navy,  135  Central  Park 

West,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Official  Delegate  of  Argentina. 
Delegate — 

Navy  Club  of  Argentina. 

National  Engineering  Society  of  Argentina. 


426       FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

MARTIN,  PERCY  ALVIN,  Stanford  University,  Cal. 
Delegate — Leland  Stanford  Junior  University. 

MARTINEZ  DE  ALVA,  SALVADOR,  25  Michigan  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Catholic  University  of  America. 

MARTINEZ,  EDUARDO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

MARTINS  PINHEIRO,  H.  C.  DE,  Consul  General  of  Brazil,  New  York  City. 
Honorary  Member. 
Paper  presented :  Investment  of  Capital  in  Brazil. 

MARVIN,  CHARLES  FREDERICK,  Chief  United   States  Weather  Bureau, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — United  States  Weather  Bureau. 
Chairman,  Subsection  E,  Section  II. 
Address  of  Welcome,  Opening  Session  of  Subsection  B. 
Paper  presented :  The  Organization  of  Meteorology  and  Seismology  in 
the  United  States. 

MASFERRER,  ALBERTO,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  El  Salvador. 

MASON,   WILLIAM    PiTT,    Professor,    Rensselaer   Polytechnic   Institute, 

Troy,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute. 
Paper   presented:  Recent   Development  in   Water   Purification   and 

Sewage  Disposal. 

MASSA,  DIOGENES,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper   presented:  Operative    Treatment   of    Voluminous    Unilocular 
Cysts. 

MATAMOROS  SANDOVAL,  Luis,  President  of  the  Faculty  of  Engineers,  San 

Jose",  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Costa  Rica. 
Paper  presented:  A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  the  Earth,  and  the 

Remarkable  Parallelism  of  the  Earth's  Mountain  System. 

MATHESON,  K.  G.,  President,  Georgia  School  of  Technology,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Delegate — Georgia  School  of  Technology. 

Address  before  General  Session  of  Section  IV  to  discuss  the  Pan 
American  topic,  "Secondary  Education." 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       427 

MATRON,   CHARLES,   Professor,   School  of  Medicine  of  Port  au  Prince, 

Port  au  Prince,  Haiti. 

Chairman  of  the  Haitian  Official  Delegation. 
Paper  presented:  Study  of  the  So-Called  "Fruit  Fever." 

MATO,  SILVESTRE,  in  Charge  of  the  Geographic-Military  Service  of  the 

Republic  of  Uruguay,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

Paper  presented:  Resolutions  Presented  to  the  Second  Pan  American 
Scientific  Congress. 

MATOS,  Jos6,  Professor,  Faculty  of  Law  of  Guatemala,  Guatemala  City, 

Guatemala,  Central  America. 
Honorary  Member. 

Secretary  Cooperating  Committee,  Guatemala. 

Paper  presented:  The  Study  of  International  Law  in  American  Coun- 
M        tries,  and  Means  by  Which  It  May  be  Made  More  Effective. 

MAURTUA,  VICTOR,  Member  of  the  Chamber  of  Representatives  of  Peru, 

301  Gran  Avenida,  Barranco,  Peru,  South  America. 
Delegate — 

Academy  of  Jurisprudence  and  Legislation. 
International  Law  Society  of  Peru. 
University  of  San  Marcos. 

Paper  presented:  The  Unification  of  International  Law  in  the  Ameri- 
can Continent. 

MAX  OLANO,  J.,  Member  of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine,  Chemistry  and 

Pharmacy,  San  Salvador,  El  Salvador,  Central  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  El  Salvador. 

MAYER,    ALFRED    GOLDSBOROUGH,    Stevens    Institute    of   Technology, 

Hoboken,  N.  J. 
Delegate — Stevens  Institute  of  Technology. 

MAYER,  CANDIDO  P.,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Lymphocystosis  in  Syphilitics. 

MAYNARD,  JAMES,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Delegate — Knoxville  Board  of  Commerce. 

MAYO,  N.  S.,  Ravenswood,  Avenue,  Chicago,  111. 

Delegate — American  Veterinary  Medicine  Association. 


428       FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

MAZA,  Jos£,  Attorney  at  Law,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Proportional  Representation  in  Democracies — the 
Different  Systems  of  Suffrage  and  Their  Theoretical  and  Practical 
Defects  and  Qualities. 

MAZZA,  SALVADOR,  Bacteriological  Institute  of  the  National  Department 

of  Hygiene,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 
Papers  presented :  Three  reprints. 

MEAD,  CHARLES  W.,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  The  Puma  Motive  in  Ancient  Peruvian  Art. 

MEAD,  S.  C.,  233  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — Merchants  Association  of  New  York. 

MEANS,  PHILIP  AINSWORTH. 

Paper  presented:  Two  Versions  of  the  Growth  of  the  Inca  Empire. 

MEES,  CARL  LEO,  President,  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre  Haute, 

Ind. 

Delegate — Rose  Polytechnic  Institute. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  6,  Section  IV. 

MEGRAW,  H.  A.,  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal,  Tenth  Avenue  and 

Thirty-sixth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  Cyaniding  in  South  America. 

MEIKLEJOHN,  ALEXANDER,  President,  Amherst  College,  Amherst,  Mass. 
Delegate — Amherst  College. 

MEJIA,  GONZALO,  Medellin,  Colombia,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Air-Propelled  Gliding  Boats  and  Their  Applica- 
bility to  Rapid  Navigation  in  South  American  Rivers. 

MELHADO  ALFREDO,  Panama  City,  Panama. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Panama. 

MELTZER,  S.  J.,  Rockefeller  Institute,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  The  Results  Obtained  in  the  Use  of  Magnesium  on 
Tetanus  in  the  Present  War. 

MELVIN,  A.  D.,  Chief  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  Are  Uniform,  Regulations  Feasible  Among  the  Dif- 
ferent American  Countries  for  the  Prevention  of  the  Introduction  and 
Dissemination  of  the  Diseases  of  Different  Animals 9 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS        429 

MENDEL,  LAFAYETTE  B.,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Alternate — American  Society  of  Biological  Chemists. 
MENDENHALL,  W.   C.,  United  .States  Geological  Survey,  Washington, 

D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  The  Federal  Government  and  the  Nation's  Mineral 
Resources. 

MENDES  DE  MORAES,  FELICIANO,  Barao  Mesquita  587,  Rio  de  Janeiro, 

Brazil,  South  America. 
Delegate- 
Engineers'  Club  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Polytechnic  Institute  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

MENDES,  JOSE;,  Professor,  University  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  The  Relation  of  International  Law  to  National  Law 
in  American  Countries. 

M£NDEZ,  His  Excellency  JOAQUIN,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary   of   Guatemala   to   the   United   States,    1604   K 
Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Guatemala. 

MEJNDEZ,  JULIO,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Argentine  Biological  Theory  of  Immunity. 

MENEZES,  ALVARO  DE,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Brazil — Contribution  to  Her  Economic  and  Finan- 
cial Study  from  1888  to  1915. 

MERCAU,  AGUSTIN,  Civil  Engineer,  Peru  222,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina, 

South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Argentina. 
Delegate — 

Faculty  of  Exact  Sciences,  of  Physical  and  Natural  Sciences,  of 

the  National  University  of  Buenos  Aires. 
National  University  of  La  Plata. 
Faculty  of  Physics,  Mathematics,  and  Astronomy  of  the  National 

University  of  La  Plata. 

National  Engineering  Society  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Argentine  Scientific  Society. 
Papers  presented : 

Hydrographical  Works  in  Rio  de  La  Plata — New  Appliances — 
Drain  Works  in  the  Southern  Part  of  the  Province  of  Buenos 
Aires. 


430      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

MERCER,  J.  W.,  General  Manager,  South  American  Development  Company, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Mining  in  Ecuador. 

MERIAM,  LEWIS,  Bureau  of  Municipal  Research,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Statistics  of  Infant  Mortality. 

MERRILL,  O.  C.,  Chief  Engineer,  United  States  Forest  Service,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

Paper  presented :  Principles  of  a  Federal  Water  Power  Policy  for  the 
Public  Lands  of  the  United  States. 

MERRIMAN,  MANSFIELD,  1071  Madison  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — International  Association  for  the  Testing  of  Materials. 

MERY,  JORGE,  Captain  of  the  Chilean  Navy,  Santiago,  Chile,  South 

America. 

Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 

MESTANZA,  ERNESTO  A.,  Professor,  National  Institute  "Mejia,"  Quito, 
Ecuador,  South  America. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

METTEWIE,  HENRI,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  What  Should  be  the  Place  of  Industrial  Education  in 
the  School  System  of  the  American  Republics?  Should  it  be  Sup- 
ported by  Public  Taxation?  Should  it  be  Considered  under  Separate 
control?  How  and  to  What  Extent  May  Industrial  Schools  Cooperate 
with  Employers  of  Labor? 
MEYER,  BALTHASAR  H.,  Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  Washington, 

D.  C. 

Alternate — Interstate  Commerce  Commission. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i ,  Section  IX. 

MEYER,  H.  H.  B.,  Library  of  Congress,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Library  Association. 

MEZ,  JOHN,  Colorado  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Peace  Society. 

MEZA,  CARLOS  A.,  Secretary,  Legation  of  El  Salvador,  1800  Connecticut 

Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — 

National  Museum  of  El  Salvador. 
University  of  El  Salvador. 

MICHAUD,  GUSTAVO,  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
Paper  presented :  Some  Phenomena  of  Criptocromism. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      431 

MICHELSON,  ALBERT,  Head,  Department  of  Physics,  University  of  Chicago, 

Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — 

American  Philosophical  Society. 
University  of  Chicago. 

MIGONE,  Luis  K.,  Asuncion,  Paraguay,  South  America. 
Delegate — Paraguayan  Gymnasium. 
Honorary  Member. 
Papers  presented : 

La  Buba  (Leishmaniosis  Americana). 

A  New  Plant  Flagellate. 

Parasitology  of  Certain  Animals. 

MILLAS  Y  HERNANDEZ,  JOSE:  CARLOS,  Assistant  Director,  National  Ob- 
servatory of  Cuba,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 
Paper  presented :  Origin  and  Course  of  West  Indian  Hurricanes. 

MILLER,  BENJAMIN  L-,  Professor,  Lehigh  University,  South  Bethlehem, 

Pa. 

Delegate — Lehigh  University. 
Papers  presented: 

Fuel  Situation  in  the  Andean  Plateau. 
Genesis  of  Chilean  Nitrate  Deposits. 

MILLER,  CHARLES  M.,  140  West  Forty-second  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — National  Commercial  Teachers'  Federation. 

MILLER,  CYRUS  C.,  55  Liberty  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Municipal  Terminal  Markets. 

MILLER,  E.  R.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Madison,  Wis. 
Paper  presented :  The  Meteorological  Influences  of  Lakes. 

MILLER,  Mrs.  GEORGE  A.,  1361  East  Broadway,  Long  Beach,  Cal. 
Delegate — National  Federation  of  College  Women. 

MILLER,  HARRY  B.,  University  of  Oregon,  Portland,  Oreg. 

Paper  presented:  University  of   Oregon — Problems  of    the  Detached 
School  of  Commerce. 

MILLER,  P.  G.,  Commissioner  of  Education,  San  Juan,  P.  R. 
Delegate — University  of  Porto  Rico. 

MILLS,  Rev.  JOHN  NELSON,  The  Ontario,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Religious  Education  Association.  . 


432      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

MILLS,  W.  C.,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 

MINO  CARLOS  A.,  Assistant  Director  Public  Health,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South 

America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

MIRANDA,  FRANCISCO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Estuary  of  La  Plata. 

MITCHELL,  JAMES  F.,  1349  Nineteenth  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Surgical  Association. 

MITCHELL,  SAMUEL  C.,  President.  Delaware  College,  Newark,  Del. 
Delegate — Delaware  College. 

MITCHELL,  W.  C.,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  The  Role  of  Money  in  Economic  Theory. 

MOHLER,  J.  R.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 
American  Veterinary  Medicine  Association. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  5,  Section  III. 

MONAHAN,  A.  C.,  United  States  Bureau  of  Education,  Department  of  the 

Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Agricul- 
tural Teaching. 

MONDELL,  FRANK  W.,  Member  of  Congress,  H  use  of  Representatives, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — International  Dry  Farming  Congress. 

MONROE,  PAUL,  Teachers  College,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i ,  Section  IV. 
Paper  presented :  Commercial  Education  in  Secondary  Schools. 

MONTANA,  Luis,  Professor,  University  of  La  Habana,  Cuba,  La  Habana, 

Cuba. 

Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 
Delegate — Faculty  of  Science  and   Letters  of   the  University  of 

Habana. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Pre-Columbian  Indians  of  the  Eastern  Extremity  of  Cuba. 
Disco-very  of  the  First  Graves  of  the  Indians  of  Cuba. 
The  Cuban  Fossil  Man. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      433 

MONTEJO,    LEOPOLDO,    Director,    Bureau   of   Information,    Legation   of 

Colombia,  1319  K  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — National  Museum. 

MONTESSUS  DE  BALLORE,  Count  DE,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Organization  of  Macroseismological  Observations 
in  America. 

MONTEVERDE,  KDUARDO,  Professor,  National  University  of  Montevideo, 

Avenida  18  de  Julio  968,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Honorary  Member. 
Paper  presented:  Final  Aim  of  the  Education  of  Women. 

MONTEVERDE,  JUAN,  Professor,  University  of  Montevideo,  Avenida  18  de 

Julio  904,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Uruguay. 
Delegate- 
National  Commission  of  Physical  Education. 
Society  of  Friends  of  Popular  Education  of  Montevideo. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 
Papers  presented : 

To  What  Extent  Should  Courses  of  Study  in  the  High  School  Be 
Determined  by  the  Requirements  for  Admission  to  College,  and 
to  What  Extent  by  the  Demands  of  Industrial  and  Civic  Life? 
To  What  Extent  may  College  Courses  in  Engineering  Be  Profitably 

Supplemented  by  Practical  Work  in  the  Shop  9 
To  What  Extent  may  Laboratory  Work  in  Engineering  Be  Replaced 

Through  Cooperation  with  Industrial  Plants? 
Hygiene  of  Habitations. 

MONTOUO,  ANDRES  J.,  Associate  Justice  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
Dominican  Republic,  Santo  Domingo,  Dominican  Republic. 

Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  Judicial  Organization  with  Special  Reference  to  the 
Nomination  or  Election  of  Judges — Organization  and  Functions  of 
the  Minor  Judiciary. 

MONTORO,  RAFAEL,  Secretary  to  the  President  of  Cuba,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Delegate — Cuban  Society  of  International  Law. 
President  Cooperating  Committee,  Cuba. 

MOOMAW,  C.  W.,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organiza- 
tion, Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Developing  Foreign  Markets  for  Apples. 
27750—16 28 


434      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

MOORE,  A.  C.,  Professor,  University  of  South  Carolina,  Columbia,  S.  C. 
Delegate — University  of  South  Carolina. 

MOORE,  BARRINGTON,  925  Park  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  Scientific  Forestry  for  Latin  America. 

MOORE,  ERNEST  CARROLL,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  IV. 
Paper  presented :  Education  of  the  City  Child. 

MOORE,  E.  H.,  Professor,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — American  Mathematical  Society. 

MOORE,  H.  F.,  Bureau  of  Fisheries,  Department  of  Commerce,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

Delegate — United  States  Bureau  of  Fisheries,  Department  of  Com- 
merce. 

MOORE,  JOHN  BASSETT,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.Y. 
Delegate — 

Bar  Association  of  Costa  Rica. 
Association  of  American  Law  Schools. 
Pan  American  Society  of  the  United  States. 
American  Political  Science  Association. 
Barnard  College. 
Columbia  University. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Relation  of  International  Law  to  National  Law  in  American 

Countries. 

Organization  and  Development  of  a  Plan  for  the  Systematic  Ex- 
change of  University  Students  and  University  Professors 
Between  the  Several  American  Republics. 

MOOREHEAD,  WARREN  K.,  Curator,  Department  of  Archaeology,  Phillips 

Academy,  Andover,  Mass. 
Delegate — Phillips  Academy. 
Board  of  Indian  Commissioners. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 

MORAGA  PORRAS,  A.,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 
Papers  presented : 

Is  the  Muscular  Exercise  of  Respiration,  Swedish  System,  a  Physio- 
logical One? 

Mental  Equivalence  Between  Man  and  Woman  from  the  Socio- 
logical Point  of  View. 
Sociological,  Pedagogical,  and  Hygienic  Conclusions. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      435 

MORALES,  His  Excellency  EUSEBIO  A.,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  of  Panama  to  the  United  States,  Stoneleigh  Court, 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Panama. 

MORALES  MACEDO,  CARLOS,  19  Mogollon,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Peru. 
Delegate — National  Academy  of  Medicine. 
Papers  presented : 

Trepanation  of  the  Cranium  and  its  Representation  in  the  Pottery 

of  Peru. 

Artificial  Deformation  of  the  Cranium  in  Ancient  Peru. 
Variations  in  the  Lamda  of  the  Craniums  of  the  Ancient  Peru- 
mans. 
The  Middle  Cerebral  Fossa  in  Ancient  Peruvian  Craniums. 

MORALES  VILLAZON,  NESTOR,  Director  of  the  National  Institute  of  Bac- 
teriology, I/a  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 
Papers  presented : 

A  Study  of  the  Mongoloid  Mancha  Sacra  in  La  Paz. 
Tuberculosis  in  Bolivia;  its  Etiology  and  Prophylaxis. 
Typhoid  in  Bolivia. 

MORANDI,  Luis,  Director,  Physical  and  Meteorological  Institute,  Monte- 
video, Uruguay,  South  America. 

Treasurer,  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

Paper  presented :  Frequency,  Amount,  and  Characteristics  of  Rainfall 
and  Hailstorms  at  Villa  Colon,  Montevideo,  from  1888  to  1914. 

MORATO,  OCTAVIO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Organization  of  the  European  Foreign  Trade  with 
Uruguay,  with  Special  Reference  to  Manufactured  Goods. 

MORE,  C.  T.,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organization, 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Uniform  Grades  and  Standards  Packages. 

MORENO,  J.,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Papers  presented : 

Winter  Stations  in  Argentina. 

Hemophilia. 

Intensive  Antipest  Serum  Cure. 

(Nine  reprints.) 


436      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

MORENO,  JULIO  B-,   Assistant  Secretary  of   Public   Instruction,   Quito, 

Ecuador,  South  America. 
Secretary  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

MORGAN,  H.  A.,  Dean,  Department  of  Agriculture,  University  of  Ten- 
nessee, Knoxville,  Tenn. 
Alternate — Southern  Conference  for  Education  and  Industry. 

MORGAN,  JAMES  DUDLEY,  919  Fifteenth  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Columbia  Historical  Society. 

MORLEY,  SYLVANUS  G.,  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  Washington, 

D.  C. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 
Papers  presented :  The  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Maya  Civilization  in  the 

Light  of  the  Monuments  and  the  Native  Chronicles. 

MORRIS,  ROBERT  T.,  616  Madison  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Therapeutic  Society. 

Moscoso,   ALFONSO,    Professor,   National    Institute    "Mejia,"    Quito, 

Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

MosES,  BERNARD,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 
Delegate — American  Historical  Association. 

MOSQUERA  NARVAEZ,  ALEJANDRO,  Professor,  Central  University  of  Quito, 

Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

MOULTON,  SETH  A.,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Portland,  Me. 
Alternate — Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Portland. 

MUHM,  TEODORO,  Professor,  University  of  Chile,  Santiago,  Chile,  South 

America. 

Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 
Delegate — University  of  Chile. 
Papers  presented : 

Medical  Education. 

Respiratory  Action  of  the  Depressor  Cordis. 

MuLLER,  RICARDO,  Professor  of  the  Faculty  of  Sciences,  Central  Uni- 
versity of  Quito,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

MUMFORD,  H.  W.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  5,  Section  III. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      437 

MUNOZ  ORIBE,  RODRIGO,  Professor,  University  of  Montevideo,  Monte- 
video, Uruguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  The  Teaching  of  Mathematics  in  the  Public  Schools. 

MUNOZ  XIM^NEZ,  RAFAEL,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

Paper  presented:  Are  Uniform  Regulations  Feasible  Among  the 
Different  American  Countries  for  the  Prevention  of  the  Introduction 
and  Dissemination  of  the  Diseases  of  Different  Animals? 

MUNROE,  CHARLES  E.,  Dean,  George  Washington  University,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

Alternate — George  Washington  University. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  4,  Section  VII. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  7,  Section  IV. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Storage  and  Handling  of  Explosives  in  Mines. 

Explosives  for  Use  in  Industrial  and  Commercial  Developments. 

MUNSON,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  L.,  Medical  Department  United  States  Army, 

The  Toronto,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Medical  Preparedness  in  Campaign. 

MURLIN,  LEMUEL  H.,  President,  Boston  University,  Boston,  Mass. 
Alternate — Boston  University. 

MURPHY,  JAMES  B.,  Rockefeller  Institute,  Sixty-sixth  Street  and  Avenue 

A,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Alternate — Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical  Research. 
Paper  presented :  Factors  in  Immunity  to  Cancer. 

MURRAY,  NAT  C.,  Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

MURRILL,  WILLIAM  ALPHONSO,  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 
Delegate — New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

MYERS,  BARTON,  Norfolk  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Norfolk,  Va. 
Delegate — Norfolk  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

MYERS,  CLARENCE  GATES,  Swarthmore  College,  Swarthmore,  Pa. 
Delegate — Swarthmore  College. 


438      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

NARANCIO,  ATILIO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Papers  presented : 
Care  of  the  Baby, 
Repression  of  Alcoholism. 

NARVAEZ,  CARLOS,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Sanitary  Engineering  in  Bogota. 

NASMYTH,  GEORGE  W.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Delegate — Federation  of  International  Polity  Clubs. 

NAVARRO,  ALFREDO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

NAVARRO,   JOSE)    GABRIEL,    Director,  National   School  of   Fine   Arts, 

Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 
Paper  presented:  The  Fine  Arts  in  the  Public  Instruction  in  America. 

NEGRI,  GALDINO,  La  Plata,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Determination  of  the  Thickness  of  the  Earth's  Crust. 

NELSON,  AVON,  Professor,  University  of  Wyoming,  Laramie,  Wyo. 
Delegate — University  of  Wyoming. 

NELSON,  ENRIQUE,  Professor,  University  of  La  Plata,  La  Plata,  Argentina, 

South  America. 
Delegate — Argentine  Social  Museum. 

NELSON,  Mrs.  ERNESTINA  A.  LOPEZ  DE,  1696  Medrano,  Buenos  Aires, 

Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Pan  Americanism  and  Education. 

NELSON,    ERNESTO,    National    Inspector    of    Higher    Education,    1696 

Medrano,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Delegate — Social  Museum  of  Argentina. 

Paper  presented :  What  Should  Be  the  Primary  and  What  the  Secondary 
Purpose  of  High-School  Education? 

NELSON,  E.  W.,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Delegate — 

Bureau  of  Biological  Survey,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

NESBIT;  CHARLES  F.,  Superintendent  of  Insurance,   District  Building, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — National  Fire  Protection  Association. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      439 

NEWCOMER,  HENRY  C.,  735  Southern  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Board  of  Engineers  for  Rivers  and  Harbors. 

NEWELL,  F.  H.,  Professor,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 
Paper  presented :  Irrigation  and  Drainage. 

NEWTON,  JAMES  T.,  First  Assistant  Commissioner  of  Patents,  Department 

of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Patent  Office. 
Paper  presented:  A   Plea  for  the  Ratification  of  the  Buenos  Aires 

Trade-Mark  Convention  of  August  20,  1910. 

NICHOLS,  F.  G.,  Department  of  Education,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  How  to  Procure  Adequately  Prepared  Instructors 
for  Courses  on  Commerce  in  Elementary  Schools. 

NICHOLS,  J.  B.,  1321  Rhode  Island  Avenue  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

NIPHER,  FRANCIS  E.,  Professor,  Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Delegate — Washington  University. 

NIXON,  LEWIS,  22  East  Thirty-third  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Merchant  Marine. 

NOCEDO,  CARLOS,  Guatemala  City,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 
Paper  presented :  New  Parasites  of  the  Schitocerca  Peregrina. 

NOLEN,  JOHN,  Landscape  Architect,  Harvard  Square,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Paper  presented :  The  Effect  of  Land  Subdivision. 

NORONA,  GABRIEL,  Professor  of  the  Faculty  of  Sciences,  Central  Uni- 
versity of  Quito,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

NORRIS,  H.  V.,  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 

Paper  presented:  Extent  to  Which  Practicing  Engineers  May  Take 
Part  in  Engineering  Teaching. 

NORTH,  S.  N.  D.,  Assistant  Secretary,  Carnegie  Endowment  for  Inter- 
national Peace,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  2,  Section  IX. 

NORTON,  J.  B.  S.,  Professor,  Maryland  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

College  Park,  Md. 
Delegate— Maryland  Agricultural  College. 

NORTON,  THOMAS  H.,  Department  of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented :  Tanning  Materials  from  Native  Sources  in  Latin- 
American  Countries. 


440      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS 

OCTAVIO,  RODRIGO,  38  Rua  Palmeiras,    Rio   de   Janeiro,    Brazil,   South 

America. 
Delegate — 

Brazilian  Academy. 
Lawyers'  Institute. 
Institute  of  Geography  and  History. 
Brazilian  Society  of  International  Law. 
Engineers'  Club. 

Faculty  of  Legal  and  Social  Sciences  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  Should  International  Law  Be  Codified?  And  if 
so,  Should  It  Be  Done  Through  Governmental  Agencies  or  by  Private 
Scientific  Institutions? 

O'DoNNEU,,  I.  D.,  Supervisor  of  Irrigation,  Department  of  the  Interior, 

Billings,  Mont. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented :  What  Should  Be  Done  for  the  Settler. 

ODRIOZOLA,  ERNESTO,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Member,  Cooperating  Committee,  Peru. 

O'HARA,  FRANK,  Catholic  University  of  America,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Catholic  University  of  America. 

O'HARRA,  CI.EOPHAS  C.,  President,  South  Dakota  State  School  of  Mines, 

Rapid  City,  S.  Dak. 
Delegate— South  Dakota  State  School  of  Mines. 

OJEDA,  RAMON,  Member  of  the  Bar,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

OUVEIRA,  PEDRO,  Calle  Belen,  1071,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Peru. 

OUVEIRA  BOTELHO,  JOAQUIN  DE,  1619  Columbia  Road,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — 

National  Academy  of  Medicine,  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Geographical  Society  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Red  Cross  Society  of  Brazil. 
Papers  presented : 

Education,  Climate,  Mineral  and  Agricultural  Resources,  Com- 
merce, Finance,  and  Charitable  Institutions  of  Guatemala. 
Climate  and  Hygiene  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

The    Treatment  of  Tuberculosis  by  the  Operation  of  Artificial 
Pneumothorax. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       441 

OUVEIRA    LIMA,  MANOEL,  former   Envoy  Extraordinary  and   Minister 
Plenipotentiary  from  Brazil,  15  Wetherby  Gardens,  South  Ken- 
sington, S.  W.,  London,  England. 
Official  Delegate  of  State  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 
Delegate- 
Brazilian  Academy  of  'Letters. 
Academy  of  Science,  Art,  and  Letters. 
Institute  of  Archaeology  and  Geography  of  Pernambuco. 
Brazilian  Society  of  International  Law. 
Historical  and  Geographical  Institute  of  Brazil. 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  Exchange  of  Professors  and  Students  Among  the 
Universities  of  the  American  Countries. 

OLIVER,  JAIME  N.,  Professor  of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine,  University  of 

Montevideo,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Vice  President  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

OLIVER,  JAMES  H.,  United  States  Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 

OLMSTED,  FREDERICK  L.,  Architect,  Brookline,  Mass. 
Paper  presented :  Town  and  City  Planning. 

OLSEN,  J.  C.,  Cooper  Union,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Alternate — American  Institute  of  Chemical  Engineers. 

ORAMAS,  Luis  R.,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Notes  on  the  Archaeology  of  Venezuela'. 

OREAMUNO,  J.  RAFAEL,  Secretary,  Costa  Rica  Legation,  1501  Sixteenth 

Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Central  American  Court  of  Justice. 

ORTON,  W.  A.,    Bureau  of   Plant   Industry,   Agricultural   Department, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Phytopathological  Society. 

OSBORN,  A.  E.,  233  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Alternate — American  Manufacturers'  Export  Association. 

OSBORNE,  N.  S.,  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Michigan  College  of  Mines. 


442      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

OSGOOD,  W.  H.,  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Chicago,  111. 
Alternate — Field  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

OSPINA,  Tuuo,  Director,  School  of  Mines  of  Medellin,  Bogota,  Colombia. 
Official  Delegate  of  Colombia. 
Delegate — 

National  Historical  Academy. 

University  of  Antioquia. 

University  of  Cauca. 
Paper  presented :  General  and  Economic  Geology  oj  Colombia. 

OTERO,  Luis  ALFREDO,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Are  There  Specific  American  Problems  of  Inter- 
national Law? 

OUSLEY,  Col.  CLARENCE,  Director  of  Extension,  Agricultural  and  Mechan- 
ical College  of  Texas,  College  Station,  Tex. 
Delegate — Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Texas. 

OWENS,  CLARENCE  J.,  Managing  Director,  Southern  Commercial  Con- 
gress, Southern  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Southern  Commercial  Congress. 

OWENS,  R.  B.,  Secretary,  Franklin  Institute,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — Franklin  Institute. 

OYARZUN,  AURELIANO,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Paleolithic  Station  of  Taltal. 

PADGETT,  WILLIAM,  Assistant  Superintendent,  United  States  Botanical 
Gardens,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — United  States  Botanical  Gardens. 

PADILLA,  ALBERTO,  Guatemala  City,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 
Paper  presented :  The  Locust  and  its  Destruction. 

PAES  LEME,  Luis  BETIM,   Director,  South  American  Fuel  Company, 
115  Avenida  de  Ligacao,  Rip  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Delegate — 

Engineers'  Club  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
National  Museum. 
Papers  presented : 

The  White  Coal  of  Brazil  and  its  Application. 
Radio  Active  Minerals  of  Brazil. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      443 

PAGE,  LOGAN  WALLER,  Director,  United  States  Office  of  Public  Roads 
and  Rural  Engineering,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington, 
D.  C. 
Delegate — 

Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering. 
American  Highway  Association. 
Alternate  Chairman,  Subsection  i,  Section  V. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 

Paper  presented :  Scientific  Work  of  the  United  States  Office  of  Public 
Roads. 

PAGE,  WILLIAM  H.,  Professor  of  Law,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus, 

Ohio. 
Paper  presented:  The  Extraterritorial  Effect  of  Criminal  Statutes. 

PALMER,  THOMAS  W.,  Jr.,  1324  Brown-Marx  Building,  Birmingham,  Ala. 
Paper  presented:  A  Study  in  Mexican  Law. 

PAREDES,  RIGOBERTO,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Study  of  the  Prehistorical  Man  of  the  High  Plateaus 
of  Bolivia. 

PARKER,  ARTHUR  C.,  Museum  of  the  State  of  New  York,  Education 

Building,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 

PARKER,  A.  WARNER,  Bureau  of  Immigration,  Department  of  Labor, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Bureau  of  Immigration. 

PARKER,  EDWARD  W.,  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented:  Uniformity  in  Collection  of  Statistics  of  Mineral 
Production. 

PARKER,  EDWIN  W.,  Engineer,  29  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York, 

N.Y. 
Delegate — American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers. 

PARKER,  MARY  E.,  Western  Reserve  University,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  IV. 

PARKHURST,  R.  W.,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Alternate — Cleveland  Engineering  Society. 

PARKINSON,  THOMAS  I.,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 
Paper   presented:    Presidential   and   Parliamentary   Government   on 
the  American  Continent  in  State  and  Nation. 


444      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

PARUN,    CHARLES   G.,    Manager,    Division    of    Commercial    Research, 

Curtis  Publishing  Company,  Boston,  Mass. 
Paper  presented :  Modern  Retail  Merchandising. 

PARRY,  WILL  H.,  Federal  Trade  Commission,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Federal  Trade  Commission. 

PARSONS,  ARCHIBALD  L.,  Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  Yards  and  Docks,  Navy  Department. 

PARSONS,    CHARLES  L-,    Chief    Mineral    Technologist,    United    States 

Bureau  of  Mines,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Chemical  Society. 

Paper  presented:  The  Occurrence  and  Preparation  of  Radium  and 
Associated  Metals. 

PARSONS,  H.  DE  B.,  22  William  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — Chamber  of  Commerce  of  State  of  New  York. 
Paper  presented:  Sewers  and  Sewage  Disposal. 

PASTOR,  JUAN  N.,  Lieutenant,  Argentine  Navy,  135  Central  Park  W., 

New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Naval  Center  of  Argentina. 

PATCHIN,  ROBERT  H.,  Secretary  National  Foreign  Trade  Council,  64 

Stone  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — National  Foreign  Trade  Council. 

PATTERSON,  GUILLERMO,  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Secretary  Cooperating  Committee,  Cuba. 

PAUL,  J.  W.,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Department  of  the  Interior, 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Paper  presented :  Mine  Rescue  Work. 

PAXTON,  J.  W.,  Office  of  Engineer  Commissioner,  Municipal  Building, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Papers  presented : 

Street  Cleaning  and  Disposal  of  Refuse. 
Disposal  of  Refuse. 

PAYNE,   BRUCE  R.,   President  George  Peabody  College  for  Teachers, 

Nashville,  Tenn. 

Delegate — George  Peabody  College  for  Teachers. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  IV. 

PAYNE,  CHARLES  E.,  Professor,  Grinnell  College,  Grinnell,  Iowa. 
Delegate— Grinnell  College. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      445 

PEABODY  CHARLES,  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Delegate — 

Peabody  Museum  of  Harvard. 

American  Anthropological  Association. 
Alternate — American  Folk  Lore  Society. 
Paper  presented :  Exploration  in  the  Ozark  Mountains  of  Missouri. 

PEARL,  RAYMOND,  University  of  Maine,  Orono,  Me. 
Delegate- 
American  Association  of  Instructors  and  Investigators  in  Poul- 
try Husbandry. 

PEARSON,  RAYMOND  A.,  President    Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture, 

Ames,  Iowa. 

Delegate— Iowa  State  College. 
Secretary  of  Section  III. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  8,  Section  IV. 

PEAVEY,   LEROY    D.,  Vice    President  Babson  Statistical  Organization, 

Wellesley  Hills,  Mass. 
Alternate — Babson  Statistical  Organization. 

PECK,  PAUL  F.,  Professor,  Grinnell,  Iowa. 
Alternate — Grinnell  College. 

PEIRCE,  PAUL  SKEELS,  Professor,  State  University  of  Iowa,  Iowa  City, 

Iowa. 
Delegate — State  University  of  Iowa. 

PEIRCE,  W.   F.,  President   Kenyon  College,  Kenyon  College,  Gambier, 

Ohio. 
Delegate — Kenyon  College. 

PENA,  His  Excellency  CARLOS  MARIA  DE,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Min- 
ister Plenipotentiary  of  Uruguay  to  the  United  States,  Uruguayan 
Legation,  1734  N  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Uruguay. 
Delegate — 

University  of  Montevideo. 
Atheneum  of  Uruguay. 
Division  of  Public  Instruction. 
National  Historical  Museum. 
Address  before  First  General  Session  of  Section  IV  on  Education. 

PENAGOS,  ARCESIO,  Popayan,  Colombia,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Attitude  of  Colombia  Toward  International  Arbi- 
tration and  the  Peaceful  Settlement  of  International  Disputes. 


446      FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

PENAHERRERA,  MARIANO,  Dean,  Faculty  of  Medicine,  Central  University 

of  Quito,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 
PENAHERRERA,  RAFAEL,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 

Secretary  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Ecuador. 
PENAHERRERA,  VICTOR  MANUEL,  Professor,  Central  University  of  Quito, 

Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Ecuador. 
Delegate — Central  University  of  Quito. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 
Paper  presented :  A  Study  of  the  Jury  System  of  Ecuador. 
PENFIELD,  WALTER  S.,  Colorado  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Secretary  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  the  United  States. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 
Paper  presented:  The  Attitude  of  American  Countries  Toward  Inter- 
national Arbitration  and  the  Peaceful  Settlement  of  International 
Disputes. 

PENNYBACKER,  J.  E.,  Chief  Division  of  Road  Economics,  Office  of  Public 
Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Public  Roads  in  the  United  States. 

PENNYBACKER,  Mrs.  PERCY  V.,  2606  Whitis  Avenue,  Austin,  Tex. 
Delegate — General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs. 

PEPPER,  GEORGE  H.,  Museum  of  the  American  Indian,  10  East  Thirty- 
third  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — Museum  of  the  American  Indian,  "Heye  Foundation. 

PEREiRA  DA  SILVA,  G.  CLODOMIRO,  Technical  Counselor  to  the  Ministry  of 

Agriculture,  State  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Papers  presented : 

Laws  Governing  Running  Water  and  Waterfalls. 

Sewers  and  Sewage  Disposal. 

Mountain  Railroad  Transportation. 

Uniform  Gauge  for  Railways  in  Central  and  South  America. 

PiJREz,  ABEL  J.,  National  Inspector  of  Primary  Instruction,  Montevideo, 

Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 
Papers  presented : 

Some  Ideas  on  Fresh  Orientations  in  Education. 
Bases  for  a  Public  School  Law. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      447 

P&REZ,  JUAN  F.,  Secretary  of  Public  Instruction  of  Paraguay,  Asuncion, 

Paraguay. 

Delegate — Paraguayan  Institute. 
Honorary  Member. 
Papers  presented : 

Paraguay  and  America. 
Public  Instruction  in  Paraguay. 

P&REZ  PERDOMO,  His  Excellency  ARMANDO,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  from  the   Dominican   Republic  to   the 
United  States,  The  Champlain,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  the  Dominican  Republic. 

P^REz-VERDf  A,  BENITO  JAVIER,  Attorney  at  Law,  Pan  American  Union, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  The  Attitude  of  American  Countries  Toward  Inter- 
national Arbitration  and  the  Peaceful  Settlement  of  International 
Disputes. 

P&REZ  Q,  Carlos,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

PERKINS,  HENRY  AUGUSTUS,  Trinity  College,  Hartford,  Conn. 
Delegate — Trinity  College. 

PERKINS,  H.  C.,  1701  Connecticut  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VII. 

PERRiNE,  C.  D.,  Director  Astronomical  Observatory  of  Argentina,  Cor- 
doba, Argentina,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Some  Indications  of  Spiral  Motion  in  Our  Stellar 

System. 

P&RSICO,  ALFREDO,  Professor,  University  of  Montevideo,  Calle  San  Jose, 

908,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Uruguay. 
Paper  presented :  Sexual  Education  of  Young  Men  as  a  Prophylactic 

Measure  Against  Venereal  Diseases. 

PESTANA,  TIBURTINO  MONDIM,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Synthetic  Report  on  Education  in  the  State  of  Sao 
Paulo. 

PETERS,   ANDREW  J.,   Assistant  Secretary   of   the  Treasury,    Treasury 

Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Honorary  Member. 
Remarks  before  Joint  Session  of  Section  IV  and  Section  IX. 


448      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

PETTUS,  CHARLES  P.,  611  Security  Building,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Delegate — Missouri  Historical  Society. 

PEYNADO,  FRANCISCO  J.,  Attorney  at  Law,  225  West  Thirty-ninth  Street, 

New  York  City. 
Official  Delegate  of  the  Dominican  Republic. 

PEZET,  His  Excellency  FEDERICO  ALFONSO,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  Peru  to  the  United  States,  Peruvian 
Legation,  2223  R  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Official  Delegate  of  Peru. 
Delegate — University  of  Cuzco. 
Papers  presented : 

Notes  on  the  Folklore  of  the  Peruvian  Indians. 
The  Relation  of  Mining  to  the   Pan  American  Countries,  with 
Special  Reference  to  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Peru. 

PFEIFFER,  J.  A.,  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Department  of 

the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Department  of  the 
Interior. 

PHALEN,  W.  C.,  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Department 

of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  III. 
Paper   presented:  Conservation   of   Phosphate   Rock   in   the    United 

States. 

PHILIPPI,  JULIO,  Professor,  University  of  Chile,  Santiago,  Chile,  South 

America. 

Vice  Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Chile. 
Delegate- 
University  of  Chile. 

Permanent  Local  Government  Commission. 
National  Educational  Association. 
Paper  presented :  History  of  the  Local  and  Fiscal  Finances  of  Chile. 

PHILLIPS,  H.  C.,  3531  Thirty-sixth  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Lake  Mohonk  Conference  of  Friends  of  the  Indians  and 
Other  Dependent  Peoples. 

PHILLIPS,  WILLIAM,  Third  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  Department  of 

State,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Chairman  Ex  Officio  of  the  Executive  Committee. 


FINAL,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      449 

PIAGGIO,  NICOLAS  H.,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Resolutions  of  Geodetic  Triangulations  and  Cadas- 
tral Surveys. 

PII.LSBURY,  CHARLES  L.,  Warner  Building,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Delegate — Minneapolis  Engineers'  Club. 

PINCHOT,  GIFFORD,  Milford,  Pike  County,  Pa. 

Delegate — National  Conservation  Association. 

PINOL  BATRES,  RAFAEL,  Guatemala  City,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 
Paper  presented :  The  Conservation  of  Industrial  Plants. 

PINOL,  FRANCISCO,  University  of  Pittsburgh,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Delegate — University  of  Pittsburgh. 

PINTO,  EDUARDO,  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation,  Costa  Rica. 
Honorary  Member. 

PiNzdN,  PAULO,  Civil  Engineer,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. . 
Paper  presented :  Engineering  in  General  in  Colombia. 

PIPER,  C.  V.,  Department'  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Washington  State  Agricultural  College. 

PITNEY,  MAHLON,  Associate  Justice,  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VI. 

PLEHN,  CARL  C.,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsections  3  and  4,  Section  IX. 

PLUNKETT,   CHARLES  T.,   President,   Berkshire  Cotton  Manufacturers' 

Association,  8  Park  Street,  Adams,  Mass. 
Delegate — 

National  Association  of  Cotton  Manufacturers. 
American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 
Alternate  Chairman,  Subsection  5,  Section  V. 

PoE,  CLARENCE,  Editor,  The  Progressive  Farmer,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  7,  Section  III. 

POLLOCK,  CLARENCE  D.,  Park  Row  Building,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Brooklyn  Engineers'  Club. 

POLLOCK,  Commander  EDWIN  T.,  Navy  Department,  Washington.  D.  C. 
Alternate — Naval  Observatory  of  the  Navy  Department. 
27750—16 29 


450      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

PONCE,  CLEMENTE,  Member  of  the  Bar,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

POPE,  ALVIN  $.,  1022  Aeolian  Building,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition. 
Paper  presented :  Education  and  Social  Economy  Contributions  of  the 
Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  to  Pan  American  Interests. 

POPE,  GEORGE  $.,  Bureau  of  Mines,  Interior  Department,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Standard  Methods  for  Analyzing  Coal  and  Coke. 

POPENOE,  PAUL,  Editor,  Journal  of  Heredity,  511  Eleventh  Street,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Delegate — American  Genetic  Association. 
Paper  presented:  One  Aspect  of  Recent  Evolution  in  Man. 
PORCHAT,  REYNALDO,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Papers  presented : 

Cattle  Raising  and  the  Meat  Industry  in  Southern  Brazil. 
Sociology  and  Law — The  Convenience  of  a  Course  of  Sociology  in 

the  Study  of  Law. 

To   What  Extent  is   an   Exchange   of  Students   and  Professors 
between   American   Republics   Desirable?     What   is  the   Most 
Effective  Basis  for  a  System  of  Exchange?     What  Plans  Should 
be  Adopted  in  Order  to  Secure  Mutual  Recognition  of  Technical 
and  Professional  Degrees  by  American  Republics? 
POSNANSKY,  ARTHUR,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 
Papers  presented : 

Mongoloid  Signs  in  Some  of  the  Ethnical  Types  of  the  Andine 

Plateau. 

Renaissance  of  a  New  American  Prehistorical  Style. 

POTTER,  A.  F.,  Associate  Forester,  Forest  Service,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Forest  Service. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented:  Government  Control  of  Grazing  on  the  Public  Lands. 
POTTER,  ALEXANDER,  50  Church  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — Ohio  Engineering  Society. 
POWELL,  G.   HAROLD,  Manager   California    Fruit  Growers'   Exchange, 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  7,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented :  The  Principles  and  Practices  of  Cooperation  Applied 
to  Citrus  Production  and  Distribution. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      451 

POWELL,  T.  F.,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organization, 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  Opportunities  Afforded  the  Railroads  of  the  United 
States  for  Profitable  Agricultural  Development  Work. 

PRAEGER,    OTTO,   Second   Assistant    Postmaster   General,    Post   Office 

Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Postmaster  General's  Office. 

PRATT,  E.  K.,  Chief  Bureau  of   Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  De- 
partment of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Bureau   of   Foreign   and   Domestic   Commerce,   Depart- 
ment of  Commerce. 
PRATT,  B.  W.,  Chicago  &  North  Western  Railway,  Chicago,  111. 

Alternate — American  Railway  Master  Mechanics'  Association. 
PRATT,  JOSEPH  HYDE,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 

Alternate — National  Drainage  Congress. 

PROSSER,  CHARLES  A.,  Director  Dunwoody  Industrial   Institute,  Min- 
neapolis, Minn. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  9,  Section  IV. 
PROUTY,  C.  A.,  Director  Division  of  Valuation,  Interstate  Commerce 

Commission,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  The  Relation  of  Central  to  Local  Control  in  the 
Regulation  of  Public  Utilities. 

PRUDDEN,  T.  MITCHELL,  American  Ethnological  Society,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 

PUCH,  Miss  JEANNE,  San  Salvador,  Salvador,  Central  America. 

Paper ,  presented :  To  What  Extent  Should  Elementary  Education  be 

Supported  by  Local  Taxation  and  to  What  Extent  by  State  Taxation® 

What  Should  be  the  Determining  Factors  in  the  Distribution  of 

Support? 

PURDY,  LAWSON,  Chairman  Board  of  Taxation  and  Assessments,  New 

York  City,  N.  Y. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  IX. 
Paper  presented :  The  Assessment  of  Real  Estate. 

PUTNAM,  EDWARD  K.,  Davenport  Academy  of  Sciences,  Davenport,  Iowa. 
Delegate — Davenport  Academy  of  Sciences. 

PUTNAM,  ELIZABETH  DUNCAN,  Davenport  Academy  of  Sciences,  Daven- 
port, Iowa. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 


452      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

PUTNAM,  GEORGE  R.,  Commissioner    Bureau  of    Lighthouses,   Depart- 
ment of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Washington  Society  of  Engineers. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 
Papers  presented : 

Organization  of  Technical  Work  of  the  United  States  Lighthouse 

Service. 
Lighthouses,  Light  Vessels,  Fog  Signals,  and  Buoys. 

PUTNAM,  HELEN,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Paper  presented :  Well-being  of  Children  as  Determined  by  the  Educa- 
tion of  Women. 

PUTNAM,  HERBERT,  Librarian  of  Congress,  Library  of  Congress,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Library  Association. 

QUESADA,    ERNESTO,    Professor,    La    Plata    University,    Libertad    948, 

Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Argentina. 
Delegate — 

National  University  of  Cordoba. 

Faculty  of  Philosophy  and  Literature  of  the  National  Univer- 
sity of  Buenos  Aires. 

Board  of  American  History  and  Numismatics. 
Faculty  of  Legal  and  Social  Sciences,  National  University  of 
La  Plata. 

QUINCY,  C.  F.,  90  West  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Forestry  Association. 

QUINTELA,  MANUEL,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

RADOSAVLJEWICH,  PAUL  R.,  Assistant  Professor,  New  York  University, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 
Papers  presented : 

Pedagogical  Anthropology  in  the  United  States. 
The  European  and  the  American  Child. 

RALSTON,  JACKSON  H.,  108  South  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

Alternate — Commercial  Law  League  of  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Attitude  of  American  Countries  Toward  Inter- 
national Arbitration  and  the  Peaceful  Settlement  of  International 
Disputes.  . 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      453 

RAMIREZ  FONTECHA,  ANTONIO,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  Central  America. 
Honorary  Member. 
Papers  presented : 

Geographical  and  Statistical  Notice  of  the  Republic  of  Honduras. 
The  Republic  of  Honduras,  Its  Means  of  Communication,  Com- 
merce,   Present    and    Prospective    Industrial    and    Economic 
Development. 

RAMIREZ  GASTON,  ENRIQUE,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Public  Finance  and  Credit  in  Peru. 

RAMOS  MONTERO,  ALFREDO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

RAMPINI,  J.  A.;,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Asthma. 

RANDOLPH,  B.  M.,  George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  7,  Section  IV. 
Paper  presented :  Medical  Education  in  the  United  States. 

RANKIN,  W.  S.,  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 
Delegate — North  Carolina  State  Board  of  Health. 
Paper  presented :  The  Influence  of  Vital  Statistics  upon  the  Conserva- 
tion of  Human  Life. 

RANSDELL,  R.  C.,  Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  Navy  Department, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — United  States  Navy  Department. 

RANSOM,  B.  H.,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  5,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented :  Recent  Progress  in  the  Development  of  Methods  for 

the  Control  and  Treatment  of  Parasites  of  Live  Stock. 

RAPER,  CHARLES  LEE,  Dean,  University  of  North  Carolina,  Chapel  Hill, 
N.  C. 

Alternate — University  of  North  Carolina. 

Paper  presented:  The  Teaching  of  Banking  and  Finance  in  the  Col- 
legiate Course  of  Study  for  Business,  Domestic  and  Foreign. 

RASMUSSEN,  FRED.,  Professor,  New  Hampshire  College,  Durham,  N.  H. 
Delegate — New  Hampshire  College. 


454      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

RATHJENS,  GEORGE  W.,  President,  Association  Engineering  Societies,  St. 

Paul,  Minn. 
Delegate — Association  Engineering  Societies. 

RAUTENSTRAUCH,  WALTER,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  What  is  Engineering  Education  Contributing  Toward 
Scientific  Progress  and  Inventions? 

RAVANEL,  M.  P.,  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Mo. 

Paper  presented :  Present  Views  in  Respect  to  Modes  and  Periods  of 
Infection  in  Tuberculosis. 

RAWL,  B.  H.,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Official  Dairy  Instructors'  Association. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  5,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented:  The  Role  of  the  Dairy  Industry  in  a  System  of 

National  Agricultural  Development. 

RAYMOND,  R.  W.,  Secretary  Emeritus,  American  Institute  of  Mining 
and  Engineering,  29  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  The  Value  of  Technical  Societies  to  Mining  Engi- 
neers. 

RAZETTI,  Luis,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Venezuela. 

REA,  PAUL  M.,  Secretary,  American  Association  of  Museums,  Charleston, 

S.  C. 
Delegate — American  Association  of  Museums. 

READ,  T.  T.,  Keddie,  Cal. 

^aper  presented:  The  Influence  of  Technical  Journals  Upon  Engi- 
neering Education. 

REBAY,  HECTOR,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Vacunoterapia  de  la  Conjuntimtis  Granulosa. 

REBER,  Louis  E.,  Dean,  Extension  Division,  University  of  Wisconsin, 

Madison,  Wis. 
Delegate — 

University  of  Wisconsin. 

Wisconsin  State  Board  of  Industrial  Education. 


FINAI,  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      455 

RECINOS,  ADRIAN,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Guatemala 

City,  Guatemala,  Central  America. 
Official  Delegate,  Guatemala. 
Delegate — 

Faculty  of  Law  and  Notarial  Practice. 
Institute  and  Central  Normal  School  for  Girls. 
National  Central  Institute  for  Boys. 
Papers  presented : 

Indian  Languages  of  Guatemala. 

The  Desirability  of  Uniform  Laws  Throughout  the  Pan  American 
Countries  for  the  Protection  of  Antiquities,  the  Systematic 
Promotion  of  Anthropological  Research,  and  the  Collection 
and  Scientific  Treatment  of  Museum  Materials. 

REDFIELD,  Hon.  WILLIAM  C.,  Secretary  of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — National  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Industrial  Edu- 
cation. 
Remarks  before  Joint  Session  of  Section  IV  and  Section  IX. 

REED,  WILLIAM  GARDNER,  Office  of  Farm  Management,  Department  of 

Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Frost  in  the  United  States. 

REED,  W.  M.,  Chief  Engineer  United  States  Indian  Office,  Department 

of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  The  Irrigation  Work  of  the  Indian  Office. 

REEDER,  D.  F.,  Ancon,  Panama,  Canal  Zone. 

Paper  presented:  Sanitary  Work  on  the  Panama  Canal. 

REESE,  CHARLES  L.,  Du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Company,  Wilmington,  Del. 
Delegate — Wilmington  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

REEVES,  JESSE  S.,  Professor,  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 
Delegate — University  of  Michigan. 

Paper  presented :  The  Teaching  of  Government  in  the  Collegiate  Course 
of  Study  for  Business,  Domestic  and  Foreign. 

REHN,  JAMES  A.  G.,  Corresponding  Secretary  American  Entomological 

Society,  Logan  Square,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — American  Entomological  Society. 

REICHMAN,  ALBERT,  1735  Monadnock  Block,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — Western  Society  of  Engineers. 


456      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

REINOSO,  JUAN  Jos£,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Is  It  Desirable  and  Possible  to  Establish  Uniform 
Rates,  Methods,  and  Classifications  between  the  North,  Central,  and 
South  American  Countries? 

RENSON,  CARLOS,  Professor,  San  Salvador,  Salvador,  Central  America. 
Paper  presented:  Toxicological  Analyses  of  Mercury. 

RESTRELLI,  ERNESTO,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Drago  Doctrine — Its  Importance  in  American 
International  Law. 

REYES  GuERRA,  ALONSO,  Member  of  the  Permanent  Court  of  Arbitra- 
tion of  The  Hague,  San  Salvador,  Salvador,  Central  America. 

Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  Should  International  Law  be  Codified?  And  if  so, 
Should  It  be  Done  Through  Governmental  Agencies  or  by  Private 
Scientific  Societies? 

REYNOLDS,  JAMES  B.,  105  West  Fortieth  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — American  Social  Hygiene  Association. 
Paper  presented:  International  Agreements  in  Relation  to  the  Suppres- 
sion of  Vice. 

RIBAS,  B.  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Eradication  of  Yellow  Fever  from  the  State  of  Sao 
Paulo. 

RICARDONI,  AM&RICO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

RICE,  CALVIN  W.,  Secretary  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers, 

29  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate— American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 
Secretary  of  Subsection  on  Mechanical  Engineering,  Section  V. 

RICE,  GEORGE  S.,  Chief  Mining  Engineer  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines, 

Department  of  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented:  Mining  Costs  and  Selling   Prices   of   Coal  in  the 
United  States  and  Europe  with  Special  Reference  to  Export  Trade. 

RICE,  JAMES  E.,  Professor,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — American  Association    Instructors  and   Investigators  in 
Poultry  Husbandry. 

RICE,  WILLIAM  NORTH,  Professor,  Middletown,  Conn. 
Delegate — Wesleyan  University. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       457 

RICHARDS,  JOSEPH  W.,  Professor  of  Metallurgy,  Lehigh  University,  South 

Bethlehem,  Pa. 
Paper  presented :  The  Electric  Furnace  in  Metallurgy. 

RICHARDS,  R.  C.,  226  West  Jackson  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

Paper  presented:  The  Safety -first  Movement  in  American  Railways. 

RICHARDS,  R.  H.,  Mining  Engineer,  491  Boylston  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented :  Ore  Dressing. 

RICHARDSON,  CHARLES  W.,  1317  Connecticut  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Climatological  and  Clinical  Association. 

RICHMOND,  C.  A.,  Schenectady,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — 

Union  College. 

Association  of  Colleges  and  Preparatory  Schools  of  the  Middle 
States  and  Maryland. 

RICKARD,  T.  A.,  Editor  Mining  and  Scientific  Press,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Paper  presented:  The  Influence  of  Technical  Journals  Upon  Engi- 
neering Education. 

RICKER,  Mrs.  JEWETT,  6726  Sheridan  Road,  Chicago,  111. 
Alternate — National  Federation  of  College  Women. 

RICKETTS,  L.  D.,  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Engineer,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented :  Improved  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Methods  as  an 
Aid  to  Conservation. 

RIDSDALE,  P.  S.,  1410  H  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Forestry  Association. 

RIGGS,  ROBERT  B.,  Professor,  Department  of  Chemistry,  Trinity  College, 

Hartford,  Conn. 
Delegate — Trinity  College. 

RIGGS,   WALTER   M.,    President,   Clemson   Agricultural   College,   South 

Carolina. 
Delegate — 

Clemson  Agricultural  College. 

Southern  Conference  for  Education  and  Industry. 

Rios  CARVALHO,  ANTONIO  DOS,  Professor,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South 

America. 

Paper  Presented:    The  Republican  Dictatorship   and   the  Brazilian 
Government. 


458      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

Rios,  RAFAEL,  i  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — Insular  Chamber  of  Commerce,  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico. 

RISQUEZ,    FRANCISCO    A.,    Secretary    National    Board    of    Instruction, 

Caracas,  Venezuela. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Venezuela. 
Papers  presented : 

What  Preparation  Should  be  Required  for  Admission  to  Medical 
Schools  9  What  Should  be  the  Minimum  Requirements  for 
Graduation?  What  Portion  of  the  Faculty  of  a  Medical  School 
Should  be  Required  to  Give  All  Their  Time  to  Teaching  and 
Investigation?  What  Instruction  May  Best  be  Given  by  Phy- 
sicians Engaged  in  Medical  Practice? 

To  What  Extent  is  Coeducation  Desirable  in  Elementary  Schools, 
High  Schools,  Colleges,  and  Universities? 

RITTMAN,  W.,  Chemical  Engineer,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  De- 
partment of  Interior,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Paper  presented :  Rittman  Process. 

RIVA   ZUCHELU,  JUAN,  Civil   Engineer,  Montevideo,   Uruguay,  South 

America. 
Delegate — American  International  University  Bureau. 

RIVAS,  DAMASO,  Nicaragua,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Nicaragua. 
Papers  presented : 

Parasitic  Diseases  in  the  American  Tropical  Countries. 
The  Preparatory  and  College  Education  in  the  Latin  American 
Colleges  in  Relation  to  the  Studies  in  the  Medical  Schools  of  the 
United  States  of  America. 

RIVERA,  MARCIAL  I.,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Reorganization  of  the  Medico-Legal  Service  in  Chile. 

RIVERA  MUNOZ,  Luis,  Resident  Commissioner  for  Porto  Rico,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 
Delegate — University  of  Porto  Rico. 

ROBB,  ROBERT  G.,  St.  Stephens  College,  Annandale,  Dutchess  County, 

N.  Y. 
Delegate — St.  Stephens  College. 

ROBERTS,  GEORGE  E.,  National  City  Bank,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  IX. 
Paper  presented :  Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Trade  of  South  America. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      459 

ROBERTS,  J.  B.,  American  Academy  of  Medicine,   noi   Westinghouse 

Building,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Delegate — American  Academy  of  Medicine. 

ROBERTSON,  C.,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Septicity  of  Mouth  and  the  Affection  of  the 

Nasopharynx. 

ROBERTSON,    JOHN    C.,    Professor,    St.    Stephens    College,    Annandale, 

Dutchess  County,  N.  Y. 
Alternate— St.  Stephens  College. 

ROBINSON,  CHARLES  J.,  University  of  Louisville,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Alternate — University  of  Louisville. 

ROBINSON,  JOHN  A.,  President,  Illinois  State  Board  of  Health,  30  North 

Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago,  111. 
Alternate — Illinois  State  Board  of  Health. 

ROBLES,  RODOLFO,  Professor,  Faculty  of  Guatemala,  Guatemala  City, 

Central  America. 
Honorary  Member. 
Paper  presented :  A  Scheme  for  Modern  Education. 

RODRIGUEZ  BARROS,  JAVIER,  Professor  in  the  Medical  College,  Santiago, 

Chile,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 

RODRIGUEZ,  CRISTOBAL,  Panama  City,  Panama. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Panama. 

RODRIGUEZ,  Jos£  SANTIAGO,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Venezuela. 

RODRIGUEZ  DA  COSTA  DORIA,JOSE),  Ex-Governor  of  the  State  of  Sergipe, 

Bahia,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  State  of  Bahia. 
Delegate — 

School  of  Law,  Bahia. 
Historical  and  Geographical  Institute. 
Society  of  Forensic  Medicine  of  Bahia. 
Papers  presented: 

Maconha  Smokers — Effects  and  Evils  of  the  Habit. 
An  Essential  Mistake  of  Person  in  the  Law  of  Civil  Marriage  of 
Brazil. 


460      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

RODRIGUEZ    LUNA,    JUAN    J.,    Guatemala    City,    Guatemala,    Central 

America. 
Papers  presented : 

Something  About   the   Locust    (Schitocerca   Americana]    and   the 
Necessity  of  an  International  Convention  to  Promote  its  Destruc- 
tion. 
Catalogue  of  the  Fish  Pertaining  to  the  Fauna  of  Guatemala. 

RODRIGUEZ  PINERES,  BDUARDO,  former  President  of  the  Colombian 
Academy  of  Jurisprudence,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 

Official  Delegate  of  Colombia. 

Paper  presented :  Relations  Between  the  Judicial  and  Legislative 
Powers. 

ROG£,  EDUARDO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Between  What  Ages  Should  Attendance  at  Elemen- 
tary Schools  be  Made  Compulsory?  How  Can  a  Compulsory  At- 
tendance Law  for  Elementary  Education  be  Made  Effective? 

ROGERS,  SAMUEL  L.,  Director,  United  States  Census  Bureau,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  B,  Section  VIII. 

ROLETTI,  JULIO  S.,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Topographic  Triangulation  of  the  Right  Margin  of 
the  Yaguaron  and  Yaguaron  Chico  Rivers  and  the  Arroyo  de  la 
Mina. 

ROLFS,  P.  H.,  University  of  Florida,  Gainesville,  Fla. 
Delegate — University  of  Florida. 

ROMERO,  ELEODORO,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Peru. 

ROMMEL,  GEORGE  M.,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Husbandry,  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Official  Delegate  of  United  States  of  America. 
Member  Executive  Committee. 
Chairman  of  Section  III. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  5,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented :  The  Function  of  Live  Stock  in  Agriculture. 

ROOD,  JAMES  T.,  Professor,  Lafayette  College,  Easton,  Pa, 
Delegate— Lafayette  College. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       461 

ROOT,  Hon.  ELIHU,  President  American  Society  of  International  Law, 
East  Eighty-second  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — American  Society  International  Law. 

Paper  presented:  Should  International  Law  be  Codified?  And  if  so, 
Should  It  be  Done  Through  Governmental  Agencies  or  by  Private 
Scientific  Societies? 

ROQUETTE  PINTO,  E.,  National  Museum  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Rio  Janeiro, 

Brazil,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  The  Indians  of  ltSerra  do  Norte"  Matto  Grosso, 
Brazil,  South  America. 

ROSA,  EDWARD  B.,  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Electrical  Codes  and  Standards. 

ROSANOFF,  M.  A.,  The  University  of  Pittsburgh,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Delegate — University  of  Pittsburgh. 

ROSE,  E.  A.,  Metallurgist,  American  Smelting  &  Refining    Company, 

New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Metallurgical  Operations  at  Chuquicamata. 

ROSE,  J.  N.,  Vice  President  Biological  Society  of  Washington,  National 

Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Biological  Society  of  Washington. 

ROSE,  WICKLIFFE,  6 1  Broadway,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — Rockefeller  Foundation  International  Health  Commis- 
sion. 

ROSENAU,  M.  J.,  Professor,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,  Mass. 

Paper  presented:  The  Relation  of  Modes  of  Infection  to  the  Control 
of  Bacterial  Diseases  in  Pan  America. 

ROSENBLUTH,    ROBERT,    Department   of   Correction,    New   York   City, 

N.  Y. 

Delegate — Bureau  of  Education. 
Honorary  Member. 

ROSENFELD,  ARTHUR  H.,  Director  and  Entomologist  of  the  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station  of  Tucuman,   Tucuman,   Argentina,  South 
America. 
Delegate — 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  Tucuman. 
University  of  Tucuman. 

Rossi,  S.  C.,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Aftercare  of  the  Insane  as  Prophylaxis. 


462      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

ROUMA,  GEORGES,  Bolivia,  Director  General  of  Education  of  Bolivia, 

La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 
Papers  presented: 

The  Desirability  of  Uniform  Laws  Throughout  the  Pan  American 
Countries  for  the  Protection  of  Antiquities,  the  Systematic  Pro- 
motion of  Anthropological  Research,  and   the   Collection   and 
Scientific  Treatment  of  Museum  Materials. 
Tables  of  the  Physical  Growth  of  the  Pupils  of  La  Paz. 

ROUSH,  C.  A.,  Professor,  Lehigh  University,  South  Bethlehem,  Pa. 
Alternate — American  Electrochemical  Society. 
Papers  presented : 

Mineral  Production  of  the  Various  Latin  American  Countries. 
Electrochemical  Industries. 

ROWE,  LEO  S.,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Delegate — 

University  of  Pennsylvania. 

National  Municipal  League. 
Member  of  Executive  Committee. 
Chairman  of  Section  IX. 
Papers  presented : 

Are  There  Specific  American  Problems  of  International  Law ? 

Opportunities  in  American  Industrial  Establishments  for  Gradu- 
ates of  Technical  Schools  of  South  America. 

RUCH  STURZENECKER,  GASTAO,  Professor,  Member  of  the  Historical  and 

Geographical  Institute,  Rio  de  Janiero,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Brazilian  Geography. 

RUCKER,  WILLIAM  C.,  Assistant  Surgeon  General  United  States  Army, 

The  Dresden,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Treasury  Depart- 
ment. 

Ruiz  MORENO,  ADRIAN,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper   presented:  Partial  Methodology   of   Engineering  Applied  to 
Geodesy  and  Topography. 

RULE,  ARTHUR  R.,  General  Manager  North  American  Fruit  Exchange, 

90  West  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Paper   presented:  The   Economic   Trend  in   Wholesale  Methods  of 
Fruit  Distribution. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      463 

RUMSEY,  Mrs.  CHARLES  GARY,  1721  H  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — 

National  Kindergarten  Association. 

National  Committee  on  Provision  for  the  Feeble-Mined. 

RuTTER,  FRANK  R.,  Bureau  of  Foreign  and   Domestic  Commerce,  De- 
partment of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — Bureau  of  Foreign  and   Domestic  Commerce,   Depart- 
ment of  Commerce. 

RYAN,  WILLIAM  A.,  United  States  Reclamation  Service,  Department  of 

Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — United    States    Reclamation    Service,    Department    of 
Interior. 

SADTLER,  SAMUEL  P.,  39  South  Tenth  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — American  Institute  of  Chemical  Engineers. 
Paper  presented:  Dyestuffs  from  Materials  Native  to  Latin- American 
Countries. 

SAENZ,  ANTONINO,  Professor  of  International  Law,  Central  University  of 

Quito,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

SAFFORD,  WILLIAM  EDWIN,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Department  of 

Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Botanical  Society  of  America. 
Papers  presented  : 

Food  Plants  and  Textiles  of  Ancient  America. 
A  Forgotten  Food  of  Ancient  America. 

SALAS,   DAR!O   E-,   Professor  of  the   Pedagogical   Institute,   Santiago, 

Chile,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 
Delegate — 

University  of  Chile. 
Pedagogical  Institute  of  Chile. 
National  Association  of  Teachers. 
Scientific  Society  of  Chile. 
Atheneum  of  Santiago. 
National  Educational  Society. 
Papers  presented: 

Some  of  the  Needs  of  Popular  Education  in  Latin  America. 
To  What  Extent  Should  Elementary  Education  Be  Supported  by 
Local  Taxation  and  to  What  Extent  by  State  Taxation?    What 
Should  Be  the  Determining  Factors  in  the  Distribution  of  Sup- 
port? 


464      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SAIGAS  EDWARDS,  RAMON,  Professor,  Catholic  University  of  Chile,  San- 
tiago, Chile,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 
Delegate — 

Catholic  University  of  Santiago. 
Engineers'  Institute  of  Chile. 
Paper  presented:  Surface  Curve  of  Water  in  an  Open  River  Channel. 

SALAZAR,  ARTURO  E.,  Professor,  University  of  Chile,  Santiago,  Chile, 

South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 
Delegate — 

University  of  Chile. 
National  Educational  Association. 
Paper  presented:  Exact  Calculation  of  Electric  Transmission  Lines. 

SALGADO,  BERNABE;,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  Central  America. 

Paper  presented:  Should  Universities  and  Colleges  Supported  by  Pub- 
lic Funds  Be  Controlled  by  Independent  and  Autonomous  Powers,  or 
Should  They  Be  Controlled  Directly  by  Central  State  Authority? 

SALISBURY,  ROLLIN  D.,  Professor,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — University  of  Chicago. 

SALTERAIN,  JOAQUIN,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Papers  presented : 

Etiology  and  Prevention  of   Tuberculosis  from   the  Sociological 

Standpoint. 
Five  Years  of  Demographic  Records  in  Uruguay. 

SAMONATI,  ALFREDO,  Technical  Inspector  of  Primary  Instruction,  Mon- 
tevideo, Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  What  Should  Be  the  Place  of  Industrial  Education 
in  the  School  System  of  the  American  Republics?  Should  It  Be 
Supported  by  Public  Taxation?  Should  It  Be  Considered  Under 
Separate  Control?  How  and  to  What  Extent  May  Industrial  Schools 
Cooperate  with  Employers  of  Labor? 

SANBORN,  E.  H.,  Franklin  Institute,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — Franklin  Institute. 

SANCHEZ,  JIL  F.,  Panama  City,  Panama. 

Paper  presented:  Mining  Laws  of  Panama. 

SANCHEZ,  MANUEL  MAR!A,  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  Quito,  Ecuador, 

South  America. 
President  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       465 

SANCHEZ  DE  BUSTAMANTE  Y  SIRVEN,  ANTONIO,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Delegate — 

Faculty  of  Law,  University  of  Habana. 
Cuban  Society  of  International  Law. 

SANCHEZ  DE  FUENTES,  FERNANDO,  Member  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 

Delegate — Cuban  Society  of  International  Law. 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented :  Presidential  and  Parliamentary  Governments  on  the 
American  Continent  in  State  and  Nation. 

SAN  ROMAN,  IBERIO,  Professor,   National  University  of  Buenos  Aires, 
Calle  Estados  Unidos  2780,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  Amer- 
ica. 
Delegate — 

Argentine  Scientific  Society. 

Faculty   of   Exact  Sciences,   National   University   of  Buenos 

Aires. 

Public  Institute  of  Secondary  Instruction. 

Paper  presented:  New  Traverse  Tables,  with  Sexagesimal  and  Cen- 
tesimal Division  of  Arcs. 

SANTANDER,  Luis  A.,  University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Wash. 
Delegate — University  of  Washington. 

SANTOS-DUMONT,  ALBERTO,  Aviator,  297  Madison  Avenue,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 
Delegate — 

Aero  Club  of  America. 
American  Society  of  Aeronautic  Engineers. 
Papers  presented: 

How  the  Aeroplane  May  Effect  Closer  Alliance  of  the  South  Amer- 
ican Countries  with  the  United  States. 
Airships  to  Assist  in  Joining  North  and  South  America. 

SARASOLA,  SIMON,  S.  J.,  Director,  Observatory  of  Montserrat,  Cienfuegos  f 
Cuba. 

Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 

Delegate — Observatory  of  Montserrat  College. 

Paper  presented:  Investigation  on  the  Prediction  of  Barometric  Vari- 
ations. 

SARGENT,  DUDLEY  A.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Delegate — American  Physical  Association. 
27750—16 30 


466      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SARMIENTO  LASPIUR,  EDUARDO,  Counselor  to  the  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  Cangallo  456,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South   America. 
Delegate — 

Argentine  Society  of  International  Law. 
National  University  of  Cordoba. 

Faculty  of  Economics,  National  University  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  The  Great  European  War  and  the  Neutrality  of 
Chile.     (By  ALEJANDRO  ALVAREZ.) 

SARMIENTO  LASPIUR,  RICARDO,  Doctor  in  Medicine  and  Surgery,  645 

Maipu,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Argentina. 
Delegate — 

Faculty  of  Medicine  of  the  National  University. 
Board  of  Public  Charities  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Papers  presented : 

Plans  for  the  Regulation  of  the  Milk  Commerce  in  Buenos  Aires. 
Concept  of  Anaphylaxis  According  to  the  Biological  Immunity 

Theory  of  Argentina. 

Treatment  of  the  Insane  at  Large  in  the  Argentine  Republic. 
Causes  of  Crime. 

SAUERBRONN  CARPENTER,  Luiz  FREDERICO,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 
Paper  presented:  Scientific  Farming  or  Agricultural  Instruction  in 
Brazil. 

SAUNDERS,  WILLIAM  L.,  President  American   Institute  of   Mining  En- 
gineers, 29  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented:  Lifting  Ground  Waters  by  Compressed  Air. 

SAVILLE,  MARSHALL  H.,  Museum  of  the  American  Indian,  Heye  Founda- 
tion, 10  East  Thirty-third  Street,  New  York  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Museum  of  the  American  Indian  (the  Heye  Foundation). 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 

SAWYER,  W.  A.,  California  State  Board  of  Health,  Bureau  of  Adminis- 
tration, Sacramento,  Cal. 
Delegate — California  State  Board  of  Health. 

SAYRE,  FRANCIS  BOWES,  Williamstown,  Mass. 
Delegate— Williams  College. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      467 

SCHALLENBERGER,  MARGARET,  Commissioner  of  Elementary  Education, 

State  Department  of  Education,  Sacramento,  Cal. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  IV. 

SCHAPIRO,  Luis,  Assistant  Director  of  the  Ankilostomiasis  Department, 

Costa  Rica,  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
Papers  presented : 

Influence  of  Ankilostomiasis  upon  Agriculture  and  the  Infantile 

Mortality  in  Costa  Rica. 
Medical  Inspection  in  the  Schools  of  Costa  Rica. 

SCHERER,  JAMES  A.  B.,  Throop  College  of  Technology,  Pasadena,  Cal. 
Delegate — Throop  College  of  Technology. 

SCHLESINGER,  ARTHUR  M.,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Delegate — Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society. 

SCHMITT,  RICHARD  B.,  Canisius  College,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Canisius  College. 

SCHNEIDER,  HERMAN,  University  of  Cincinnati,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  6,  Section  IV. 

SCHOFF,  WILFORD  H.,  Commercial  Museum,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Alternate — Commercial  Museum. 

SCHOLZ,  CARL,  President,  American  Mining  Congress,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — American  Mining  Congress. 
Paper  presented:  The  American  Mining  Congress  and  Its  Work. 

SCHROEDER,  JUAN,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

SCHURMAN,  JACOB  GOULD,  President,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Cornell  University. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 
Paper   presented:    The   Study   of   International   Law   in   American 
Countries  and  the  Means  by  Which  it  May  be  Made  More  Effective. 

SCHWEDTMAN,  F.  C.,  Educational  Director,  The  National  City  Bank, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper    presented:  Special     Courses    for     Commercial  Study — The 
National  City  Bank. 

SCOFIELD,  C.  S.,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  III. 


468      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SCOSERIA,  JOSE:,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

SCOTT,  Gen.  HUGH  L.,  United  States  Army,  War  Department,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Notes  on  the  Sign  Language  of  the  Plains  Indians. 

SCOTT,   JAMES  BROWN,   Secretary,   Carnegie   Endowment  for   Interna- 
tional Peace,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Reporter  General. 

Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Delegate — 

American  Society  of  International  Law. 

Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace. 
Vice  Chairman  of  Executive  Committee. 
Chairman  of  Section  VI. 
Opened  Session  of  each  Subsection  of  Section  VI. 

SCOTT,  JAMES  R.,  Army  Medical  Museum,  War  Department,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 
Alternate — Army  Medical  Museum. 

SCOTT,  WILLIAM  BERRYMAN,  Professor,  Princeton  University,  Prince- 
ton, N.  J. 
Delegate- 
University  of  Princeton. 
American  Philosophical  Society. 

SCRIBNER,  C.  E.,  Chief  Engineer,  Western  Electric  Company,  463  West 

Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Telephone  Development. 

SEARES,  F.  H.,  351  Palmetto  Drive,  Pasadena,  Cal. 

Paper  presented :  Work  of  Mount  Wilson  Solar  Observatory. 

SEDGWICK,  WILLIAM  T.,   Professor,   Massachusetts  Institute   of    Tech- 
nology, Boston,  Mass. 

Delegate — Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology. 
Paper  presented :  Disposal  of  Refuse. 

SELIGMAN,  EDWIN  R.  A.,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 

Chairman  of  Subsection  4,  Section  IX. 
Paper  presented:  Principles  that  Should  Govern  the[Relations  Between 

Federal,  State,  and  Local  Revenues. 

SELIGMAN,  ISAAC,  i  William  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — National  Child  Labor  Association. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      469 

SELLS,  CATO,  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  Department  of  the  Interior, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  The  United  States  Government  and  the  Indians. 

SEMPERE  ROQUET,  Louisville  Board  of  Trade,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Alternate — Louisville  Board  of  Trade. 

SHANTS,  H.  L.,  United  States  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Department  of 

Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Colorado  College. 
Paper  presented:  The  Water  Requirement  of  Plants  as  Influenced  by 

Environment. 

SHARP,  CLAYTON  H.,  New  York  Electrical  Testing  Laboratories,  Eightieth 

Street  and  East  End  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  Acceptance  Tests  of  Electrical  Apparatus. 

SHARPLESS,  F.  F.,  Secretary,  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society,  New  York, 

N.Y. 

Paper  presented:  Mining,  the  Pioneer  of  Intimate  Commercial  Rela- 
tions. 

SHAW,  E.  W.,  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Petroleums  and  Asphalts  in  the  United  States. 

SHAWKEY,  M.  P.,  State  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Charleston,  W.  Va. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  IV. 

SHEAR,  CORNELIUS  L.,  Bureau  Plant  Industry,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Phytopathological  Society. 

SHEDD,  H.  G.,  Omaha,  Nebraska. 

Paper  presented :  Securing  Settlers  for  Private  Irrigation  Projects. 

SHEPHERD,  WILLIAM  R.,   Professor,   Columbia  University,  New  York, 

N.Y. 

Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented :  The  Teaching  of  History  in  the  Collegiate  Course  of 
Study  for  Business,  Domestic  and  Foreign. 

SHERMAN,  GORDON  E.,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Delegate — Yale  University  Law  School. 
Paper  presented :  The  Historical  Evolution  of  Public  Law. 

SHERMAN,  W.  A.,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organization, 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  The  Development  of  a  Market  News  Service. 


470      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SHERWELL,  GUILLERMO,  33  Schermerhorn  Street,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  Problem  of  Primary  Education  in  Latin  America. 

SHERWOOD,  MARY,  The  Arundel,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Delegate — Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae. 

SHICK,  ROBERT  P.,  Secretary  of  the  Bureau  of  Comparative  Law  of  the 
Bar  Association,  1107  Franklin  Bank  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Alternate — Comparative  Law  Bureau. 

Paper  presented :  How  May  Lawyers  of  One  Country  be  Most  Easily 
and  Effectively  Made  Acquainted  with  the  Laws  of  Another  Country? 

SHIPLEY,  F.  W.,  Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Delegate — Archaeological  Institute  of  America. 

SIEBENTHAL,  C.  E.,  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented :  Lead  and  Zinc  in  the  United  States. 

SILVA  CRUZ,  CARLOS,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Pan  American  Bibliographic  Union. 

SILVEIRA,  ALFREDO  BALTHAZAR  DA,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Delicte  Juvenil. 

SIMMS,  J.  V.,  Charlotte  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Charlotte,  N.  C. 
Delegate — Charlotte  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

SIMOENS  DA  SILVA,  ANTONIO  CARLOS,  President,  Historical  and  Geo- 
graphical Institute  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Rua  Visconde  da  Silva  1 1 1 , 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Delegate — Simoens  da  Silva  Museum. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Grindstones  of  the  Primitive  Inhabitants  of  Cabo  Frio. 
Jade  in  Brazil. 

SIMONS,  THEODORE,  Montana  State  School  of  Mines,  Butte,  Mont. 
Delegate — 

Montana  State  School  of  Mines. 
Montana  Society  of  Engineers. 

SINGEWALD,  JOSEPH  T.,  Jr.,  Associate,  Economic  Geology,  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Papers  presented : 

Fuel  Situation  in  the  Andean  Plateau. 
Genesis  of  Chilean  Nitrate  Deposits. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      471 

SIQUEIRA  CAMPOS,  PEDRO,  Engineer,  Sanitary  Service  of  the  State  of  Sao 

Paulo,  Rua  Pirapitinguy  24,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Delegate — 

Scientific  Society  of  Sao  Paulo. 
Polytechnic  School  of  Sao  Paulo. 

SLOCUM,  WILLIAM  F.,  President,  Colorado  College,  Colorado  Springs,  Colo. 
Delegate— College  of  Colorado. 

SLYE,  MAUD,  5836  Drexel  Avenue,  Chicago,  111. 

Paper  presented :  Experimental  Studies  in  Heredity. 

SMALL,  ALBION  W,  Professor,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — American  Sociological  Society. 

Paper  presented:  Function  of  Graduate  Schools  in  the  Universities 
of  the  United  States. 

SMITH,  ALLEN  J.,  School  of  Medicine,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 
Paper  presented:  The  Occurrence  of  Filariasis  in  Pan  America. 

SMITH,  ALBERTO,  National  Bank  of  Cuba,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Paper  presented :  Engineering  Nomenclature. 

SMITH,  CLINTON  D.,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — National  Society  of  Agriculture  of  Brazil. 
Paper  presented :  The  Resources  of  Brazil. 

SMITH,  EDWARD  LAURENCE,  Dean,  Delaware  College,  Newark,  Del. 
Delegate — Delaware  College. 

SMITH,  E.  F.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  Cancer  Problems  in  Special  Biological  Groups,  (a) 
Plant  Tumors. 

SMITH,  GEORGE  OTIS,  Director,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate- 
United  States  Geological  Survey. 
Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society  of  America. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  3,  Section  VII. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Public  Interest  in  Mineral  Resources. 

The  Peoples'  Interest  in  Water-Power  Resources. 


472      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SMITH,  H.  M.,  Commissioner  of  Fisheries,  United  States  Department  of 

Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Bureau  of  Fisheries,  Department  of  Commerce. 
Alternate — Cosmos  Club. 

SMITH,  HERBERT  A.,  Forest  Service,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Organization  by  Consumers. 

SMITH,  J.  WARREN,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Paper  presented:  Agricultural  Meteorology. 

SMITH,  KIRBY  FLOWER,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore, 

Md. 
Delegate — American  Philological  Association. 

SMITHERS,  WILLIAM  W.,  Land  Title  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Paper  presented:  Public  Law  as  Affecting  Legal  Procedure  in  Civil 
Causes. 

SNEATH,  Mrs.  SAMUEL  B.,  211  Monroe  Street,  Tiffin,  Ohio. 
Alternate — General  Federation  of  Womens'  Clubs. 

SNEDDEN,  DAVID,  Commissioner  of  Education  of  Massachusetts,  Boston, 

Mass. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  9,  Section  IV. 
Paper  presented:  How  to  Procure  Adequately  Prepared  Instructors, 
for  Commercial  Courses  in  Secondary  Schools. 

SNIDER,  GUY  EDWARD,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Alternate— College  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

SNOW,  ALPHEUS  H.,  2013  Massachusetts  Avenue  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C.. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i ,  Section  VI. 

SNOW,  WILLIAM  F.,  General  Secretary  American  Social  Hygiene  Associa- 
tion, 105  West  Fortieth  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  Public  Health  Measures  in  Relation  to   Venereal 
Diseases. 

'  SNOWDEN,  ALBERT  A.,  30  Church  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — National  Association  of  Manufacturers. 

SOCA,  FRANCISCO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

SOLANO,  NICOLAS  A.,  Member  of  the  Canal  Zone  Medical  Association, 

Avenue  55,  Panama  City,  Panama. 
Official  Delegate  of  Panama. 
Honorary  Member. 
Paper  presented:  Etiology  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  from  the 

Sociological  Standpoint. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       473 

SOLARI,  ANTONIO  F.,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 
Papers  presented: 

Need  of  Reforming  the  Taxation  Laws  so  as  to  Correlate  Them 
With  the  Partial  Surveying  Undertaken  by  the  Government  as 
an  Economic  Policy 

Partial  Cadastral  Surveys  in  the  Application  of  Taxation  Laws  in 
Real  Estate — Their  Execution  and  Importance. 

SoLis,  ANTENOR,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Origin  of  Man. 

SOPER,  GEORGE  A.,  President  Metropolitan  Sewage  Commission,  391  West 

End  Avenue,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Disposal  of  Refuse. 

SORO,  ENRIQUE,  Author  of  the  Pan  American  Hymn,  Santiago,  Chile, 

South  America. 
Delegate — Atheneum  de  Santiago  de  Chile. 

SORZANO,  JULIO  F.,  52  Broadway,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Alternate — Chamber  of  Commerce  of  State  of  New  York. 

SOSMAN,  R.  H.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Chemical  Society  of  Washington. 

SOTOMAYOR,  JUSTINIANO,  Director  School  of  Arts  and  Crafts  of  Santiago, 

Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  To  What  Extent  May  College  Courses  in  Engineer- 
ing be  Profitably  Supplemented  by  Practical  Work  in  the  Industrial 
Plants? 

SOULE,  ANDREW  M.,  President  State  College  of  Agriculture,  Athens,  Ga. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  8,  Section  IV. 
Paper  presented :  Influence  of  Extension  Work  on  Southern  Farm 
Practice. 

SOUTHARD,  E.  E.,  Professor,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,  Mass. 
Papers  presented : 

Aftercare  of  the  Insane  as  Prophylaxis. 

On  the  Relative  Complexity  of  Male  and  Female  Brains. 

SOUTHGATE,  T.  S.,  Norfolk,  Va. 

Alternate — Southern  Commercial  Congress. 

SouTo  MAIOR,  PEDRO,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  South  America. 
Delegate — Brazilian  Historical  and  Geographical  Society. 
Paper  presented :  Inland  Navigation  in  Brazil. 


474      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SPANHOOFD,  ARNOLD  WERNER,  Department  of  Modern  Languages,  High 

Schools,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Modern  Language  Association  of  America. 

SPENCER,  A.  C.,  Geological  Survey,  Department  of  the  Interior,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Alternate — Geological  Society  of  Washington. 

SPENDER,  H.  B.,  Vice  President  Southern  Railway,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Highway  Association. 
Alternate — American  Railway  Engineering  Association. 

SPERRY,  ELMER  A.,  Sperry  Gyroscope  Company,  Manhattan  Bridge  Plaza, 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  The  Gyroscope  Applied  to  Aerial  and  Water  Navi- 
gation. 

SPILLMAN,  W.  J.,  American  Farm  Management  Association,  Department 

of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Farm  Management  Association. 

SPINDEN,  HERBERT  J.,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York 

City,  N.  Y. 

Alternate — American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 
Papers  presented: 

On  the  Origin  and  Distribution  of  Agriculture  in  America. 
Recent  Progress  in  the  Study  of  Maya  Art. 

SPRAGUE,  NORMAN  S.,  Superintendent  of  Bureau  of  Engineering,  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Municipal  Improvements. 

SPRINGER,  FRANK,  School  of   American  Archaeology,  Museum  of  New 

Mexico,  Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex. 
Delegate — School  of  American  Archaeology. 

STAAL,    GEORGE,    President   Engineers'    Society   of    Milwaukee,   Wells 

Building,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Delegate — Engineers'  Society  of  Milwaukee. 

STABLER,  HERMAN,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  III. 

STANDISH,  JOHN  VAN  NESS,  President  Knox  College,  Galesburg,  111. 
Delegate — Knox  College. 

STANFORD,  HOMER  R.,  Bureau  Yards  and  Docks,  Navy  Department, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  Yards  and  Docks,  Navy  Department. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.       475 

STARR,  FREDERICK,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 

STEDMAN,  J.  M.,  Farmers'  Institute  Specialist,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Association  Farmers'  Institute  Workers. 

STEELE,  DANIEL  ATKINSON  KING,  Senior  Dean  College  of  Medicine,  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois,  Chicago,  111. 

Paper  presented :  The  Development  of  Entrance  Requirements  in  Med- 
ical Education  and  the  Effect  of  this  Development  on  Attendance  in 
Medical  Colleges  in  the  United  States. 

STEINMETZ,  C.  P.,  Wendell  Avenue,  Schenectady,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Illuminating  Engineering  Society. 

STEWART,  C.  E.,  Department  of  Justice,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Department  of  Justice. 

STITT,  E.  R.,  Naval  Medical  School,  Navy  Department,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Delegate — Naval  Medical  School. 

STOCKTON,  CHARLES  HERBERT,  President,  George  Washington  University, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — George  Washington  University. 

STONE,  JOHN  STONE,  1 1 1  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Institute  of  Radio  Engineers. 

STONE,  WINTHROP  E.,  President,  Purdue  University,  La  Fayette,  Ind. 
Delegate — Purdue  University. 
Chairman,  Subsection  8,  Section  IV. 

STORER,  N.  W.,  Westinghouse  Electrical  and  Manufacturing  Company, 

East  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Paper  presented :  Electrification  of  Transportation  Lines. 

STOREY,  MOREFIELD,  Exchange  Building,  Boston,  Mass. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VI. 

STORRS,  ARTHUR  HOVEY,  415  North  Washington  Avenue,  Scranton,  Pa. 
Delegate — Engineers'  Society  of  Northeastern  Pennsylvania. 

STOUGHTON,  BRADLEY,  Secretary  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers, 

29  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VII. 


476      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

STRAIGHT,  WILLARD,  Equitable    Building,   120  Broadway,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  The  Requisites  for  the  Encouragement  of  the  Invest- 
ment of  Foreign  Capital. 

STRATHERS,  MADISON,  Professor,  University  of  West  Virginia,  Morgan- 
town,  W.  Va. 

Delegate — Association  of  Colleges  and  Preparatory  Schools  of  the 
Southern  States. 

STRATTEN,  S.  W.,  Bureau  of  Standards,  Department  of  Commerce,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Delegate- 
Bureau  of  Standards. 
American  Physical  Society. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 
Chairman,  Subsection  6,  Section  V. 

Paper  presented:  Work  of  the   United  States  National  Bureau  of 
Standards. 

STRAUSS,  J.  B.,  104  South  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago,  111. 
Paper  presented :  Bascule  Bridges. 

STROHAVER,  Rev.  C.  FRANCIS,  Professor,  Fordham  University,  New  York, 

N.Y. 
Delegate — Fordham  University  of  New  York. 

STRONG,  R.  P.,  Professor,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Paper  presented :  The  Eradication  of  Typhus  Fever  in  Serbia. 

STUCKI,  A.,  President,  Engineers'  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  2511 

Oliver  Building,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Delegate — Engineers'  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania. 

SUAREZ,  JOSE;  LEON,  Professor,  National  University  of  Buenos  Aires, 

Bartolome  Mitre  3113,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 
Paper   presented:  American   International    Convention   of   Sanitary 
Police. 

SUAREZ  MUJICA,  His  Excellency  EDUARDO,  Chilean  Ambassador  to  the 
United  States,  President  of  the  Second  Pan  American  Scientific 
Congress,  Chilean  Embassy,  1013  Sixteenth  Street,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Chile. 

Delegate — National  Educational  Association. 

SUBERCASEAUX,  GUILLERMO,  Professor  of  Political  Economy,  University 

of  Chile,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  A  Common  Monetary  Unit  for  America. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      477 

SUMNER,  HELEN  L.,  Department  of  Labor,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Children's  Bureau,  Department  of  Labor. 

SUNDBERG,  ROBERTO,  Director  of  the  "Agricultural  Defense,"  Monte- 
video, Uruguay,  South  America. 
Secretary  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

Paper  presented:  Pan  American  Cooperation  in  the  Quarantine  of 
Plants. 

SURRACO  CANTERA,  HUGO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

SusviELA  GUARCH,  FEDERICO,  former  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  from  Uruguay  to  Berlin,  Montevideo,  Uruguay, 
South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Venereal  Granuloma. 

SUTTON,  CHARLES  W.,  Civil  Engineer,  80  Maiden   Lane,  New   York 

N.  Y. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented :  Irrigation  and  Public  Policy  in  Peru. 

SUTTON,  H.  T.,  Zanesville,  Ohio. 

Alternate— Ohio  State  Board  of  Health. 

SUZZALLO,  HENRY,  President,  University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Wash. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  5,  Section  IV. 

SWAIN,  JOSEPH,  President,  Swarthmore  College,  Swarthmore,  Pa. 
Delegate — National  Education  Association. 

SWANN,  WILLIAM  F.  G.,  Department  of  Terrestrial  Magnetism,  Carnegie 

Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper    presented:  Atmospheric    Electric    Observations    Aboard    the 
"Carnegie." 

SWANSON,  ARTHUR  E.,  Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  111. 

Paper  presented:   Teaching  of  Business  Organization  and  Adminis- 
tration. 

SWANTON,  JOHN  R.,  President,  Anthropological  Society  of  Washington, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Anthropological  Society  of  Washington. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 

SWASEY,  AMBROSE,  7808  Euclid  Avenue,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 

SWIFT,  CHARLES  M.,  Middlebury,  Vt. 

Delegate — Merchants'  Association,  Manila,  P.  I. 


478      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

SWIGGETT,  GLEN  LEVIN,  Professor,  University  of  Tennessee,  Knoxville, 

Tenn. 

•Assistant  Secretary  General. 
Delegate — Southern  Geographical  Society. 
Alternate — Knoxville  (Tenn.)  Board  of  Commerce. 
Chairman,  Subsection  10,  Section  IV. 

SWING,  R.  HAMILL,  1623  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Alternate — National  Dental  Association. 

TAFT,  WILLIAM  H.,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Honorary  Member. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VI. 

TALBOT,  MARION,  Dean  of  Women,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  IV. 

TALICE,  ALEJANDRO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Credit  and  Banking  in  Uruguay. 

TALLMAN,  CLAY,  Commissioner  General  Land  Office,  Department  of  the 

Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — General  Land  Office. 

TALMAGE,  JAMES  E.,  Deseret  Museum,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 
Alternate — American  Association  of  Museums. 

TALMAN,  C.  FITZHUGH,   United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Secretary  of  Subsection  B,  Section  II. 

TAUSSIG,  FRANK  W.,  Professor,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Paper  presented :  Maintenance  of  Retail  Prices. 

TAVARES  CAVALCANTI,  MANUEL,  Parahiba,  Brazil,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Are  There  Specific  American  Problems  of  Interna- 
tional Law? 

TAYLOR,  D.  W.,  Chief  Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair,  Navy  Depart- 
ment, Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engineers. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 
Alternate  Chairman,  Subsection  2,  Section  V. 
Paper  presented :  Scientific  Work  of  the  United  States  Navy. 

TEELE,  R.  P.,  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,  Department 

of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented :  Public  Control  of  Irrigation  in  the  United  States. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      479 

TEJADA  SOLORZANO,   CARLOS,  Civil  Engineer,  La   Paz,  Bolivia,  South 

America. 

Paper  presented :  Uniform  Gauge  for  Railways  in  Central  and  South 
America. 

TELLO,  JULIO  C.,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Peru. 
Honorary  Member. 
Papers  presented : 

Early  Graves  of  Nasco  Valley,  Peru. 

Cougar  Motif  in  Peruvian  Art. 

TERAN,  IGNACIO,  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Something  about  the  Linguistics  of  Bolivia. 

THAYER,  B.  B.,  Past  President,  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers, 

42  Broadway,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VII. 

THAYER  OJEDA,  Luis,  The  Public  Library,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  A  Study  of  Family  Names  in  Chile. 

THIESSEN,  A.  H.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 
Paper  presented :  The  Climate  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

THOM,  ALFRED  P.,  General  Counsel,  Southern  Railway  Company,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 

Paper  presented :  The  Relation  of  Central  to  Local  Control  in  the  Regu- 
lation of  Public  Utilities. 

THOM,  WILLIAM  TAYLOR,  2022  N  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Washington  and  Lee  University. 

THOMAS,  CARL  C.,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Alternate — Johns  Hopkins  University. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 
Chairman  of  Subsection  5,  Section  V. 

THOMAS,  J.  J.,  mo  Euclid  Avenue,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Delegate — American  Association  of  Medical  Milk  Commissioners. 

THOMAS,  PERCY  H.,  2  Rector  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 

Paper  presented:  Electric  Power  Transmission  and  Distribution 
Systems. 


480      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

THOMPSON,  A.  W.,  Vice  President  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  Central 

Building,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Delegate — American  Railway  Engineering  Association. 

THOMPSON,  C.  W.,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organiza- 
tion, Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organization. 
Paper  presented :  The  Marketing  of  Farm  Mortgage  Loans. 

THOMPSON,  J.  W.,  Law  Examiner,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Mining  Law  of  the  United  States. 

THOMPSON,  NELSON  S.,  410  Belmont  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — National  District  Heating  Association. 

THOMPSON,  S.  A.,  824  Colorado  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — National  Rivers  and  Harbors  Congress. 

THOMPSON,  WILLIAM  OXLEY,  President  Ohio  State  University,  Colum- 
bus, Ohio. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3.  Section  IV. 

THOMPSON,  Mrs.  WILLIAM  OXLEY,   Ohio   State   University,   Columbus, 

Ohio. 
Delegate — National  Federation  of  College  Women. 

THORNDIKE,  EDWARD  L.,  Professor,  Teachers  College,  Columbia  Univer- 
sity, New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Psychological  Association. 

THWING,  CHARLES  F.,    President,  Western  Reserve  University,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 
Delegate — Western  Reserve  University. 

TILLMAN,  SAMUEL  E.,  52  Bayard  Lane,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Delegate — United  States  Military  Academy. 

TILLSON,    GEORGE   W.,    Consulting    Engineer,    Borough    of    Brooklyn, 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  City  Streets  and  Pavements. 

TITSWORTH,  ALFRED  A.,  Dean  of  Engineering,  Rutgers  College,  New 

Brunswick,  N.  J. 
Delegate — Rutgers  College. 

TITTMAN,  O.  H.,  Leesburg,  Va. 

Delegate — National  Geographic  Society. 
Alternate — Chairman,  Subsection  6,  Section  V. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      481 

Tiz6N  Y  BUENO,  .RICARDO,  Avenida  General  Castilla  i,  Chorrillos,  Peru, 

South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Peru. 

TOBAR  Y  BORGONO,  CARLOS  M.,  Dean,  Faculty  of  Sciences,  Central  Uni- 
versity of  Quito,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

TOCH,  MAXIMILIAN,  Chemist,  320  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Chemists'  Club. 
Paper  presented :  Paints  for  Tropical  Climates. 

TODD,  A.  J.,  Professor,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Delegate — University  of  Minnesota. 

TONDORF,  Rev.  FRANCIS  A.,  Georgetown  University,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Georgetown  University. 

TORCHIO,  PHILIP,  124  East  Fifteenth  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  Industrial  Applications  of  Electricity. 

TORO,  ELf  AS,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Venezuela. 

TORRES  UMANA,  CALIXTO,  Professor,  National  University  of  Colombia f 

Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 
Official  Delegate  of  Colombia. 
Paper  presented :  Retardation  of  Nutrition  in  Highlands  of  Bogota. 

ToTTEN,  GEORGE  OAKLEY,  Jr.,  808  Seventeenth  Street  NW.,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Institute  of  Architects. 

TOUMEY,  J.  W.,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  III. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Interdependence  of  Forest  Conservation  and  Forestry  Educa- 
tion. 
Education  in  Forestry. 

TOWNSEND,  C.  H.  T.,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  United  States  Department 

of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  Discovery  and  Identification  of  the  Stages  in  the 
Asexual  Cycle  of  the  Causative  Organism  of  Peruvian  Verruga. 

TozzER,  ALFRED  M.,  Peabody  Museum,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge, 

Mass. 

Delegate— Peabody  Museum  of  Harvard  University. 
Harvard  University. 
27750—16 31 


482      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

TRANSOM,  FREDERICK,  2121  First  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Engineers'  Club  of  Philadelphia. 

Paper  presented:  Some  Possible  Reciprocal  Relations  in  the  Patent 
Practice  of  Pan  American  Countries. 

TRASK,  JOHN  W.,  United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  The  Relation  of  Sickness  Reports  to  Health  Admin- 
istration. 

TRAVERSARI,  PEDRO  PABLO,  Director  of  Fine  Arts,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South 

America. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 
Papers  presented : 

American  Archaeology  in  Modern  Civilization. 

The  Fine  Arts  in  The  Public  Instruction  in  America. 

TRAVIESO,  JoAQuiN,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Prophylaxis  of  Gonorrhea  and  Syphilis. 

TREADWELL,  AARON  L.,  Professor,  Vassar  College,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Vassar  College. 

TRELEVEN,  J.  E.,  University  of  Texas,  .Austin,  Tex. 
Delegate — University  of  Texas. 

TRIANA,  MIGUEL,  Civil  Engineer,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 
Paper  presented :  Improvement  of  Mouth  of  Magdalena  River. 

TRISTAN,  J.  FIDEL,  Professor,  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 
Paper  presented :  Some  Phenomena  of  Cryptocromic. 

TROTTER,  FRANK  B.,  University  of  West  Virginia,  Morgantown,  W.  Va. 
Delegate — West  Virginia  University. 

TRUAX,  H.   E.,  States   Relation   Service,   Department   of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — University  of  Arkansas. 

TRUE,  ALFRED  CHARLES,  Director  States  Relation  Service,  Department 
of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — States  Relation  Service. 

Paper  presented:  Education  for  the  Baccalaureate  Degree  as  Adminis- 
tered in  Agricultural  Colleges. 

TSMANEU,  F.  B.,  Mission  House,  Catholic  University  of   Washington, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  I. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      483 

TUFINO,  Luis  G.,  Director,  Astronomical  and  Seismological  Observatory, 

Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 
Paper  presented:  Thesis  on  Agricultural  Meteorology. 

TURENNE,  AUGUSTO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Employment  of  Married  and  Pregnant  Women  and 
the  Protection  and  Promotion  of  the  Health  of  Female  Wage  Earners. 

TURNER,  ABBY  H.,  Mount  Holyoke  College,  South  Hadley,  Mass. 
Alternate — Mount  Holyoke  College. 

TWITCHELL,  RALPH  EMERSON,  School  of  American  Archaeology,  Museum 

of  New  Mexico,  Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex. 
Delegate — School  of  American  Archaeology. 

TYRER,  A.  J.,  United  States  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Department  of  Com- 
merce, Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Navigation,  Department  of  Commerce. 

TYZZER,  E.  E-,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,  Mass. 
Paper  presented :  Factors  in  Immunity  to  Cancer. 

UCLE;S,  CARLOS  ALBERTO,  Rector,  University  of  Honduras,  Tegucigalpa, 

Honduras,  Central  America. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  Honduras. 
Delegate — University  of  Honduras. 
President  Cooperating  Committee,  Honduras. 

UGUETO,  Luis,  Director  of  the  Cagigal  Observatory,  Caracas,  Venezuela, 

South  America. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Venezuela. 
Paper  presented :  First  Steps  of  Venezuela  in  the  Field  of  Meteorology. 

UHLE,  MAX,  Santiago,  Chile,  South  America. 
Paper  presented : 

The  Desirability  of  Uniform  Laws  Throughout  the  Pan  American 
Countries  for  the  Protection  of  Antiquities,  the  Systematic  Pro- 
motion of  Anthropological  Research,  and  the  Collection  and 
Scientific  Treatment  of  Museum  Materials. 

ULLRICH,  J.  H.,  22  North  Carey  Street,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Alternate — Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of  the  United  States. 

URIOLA,  CIRO  L.,  Panama  City,  Panama. 

Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Panama. 


484      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

URRUTIA,  RICARDO  DE  J.,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Teguci- 
galpa, Honduras,  Central  America. 
Honorary  Member. 
Secretary  Cooperating  Committee,  Honduras. 

VALDEZ,  RAMON  N.,  Vice  President  of  the  Republic  of  Panama,  Panama 

City,  Panama. 
Official  Delegate  of  Panama. 
Honorary  Member. 

VAL  VERDE,  ANTONIO  L.,  Professor,  School  of  Commerce,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Paper  presented :  How  Can  a  Nation  Prepare  in  the  Most  Effective 
Manner  Its  Young  Men  for  a  Business  Career  that  is  to 
be  Pursued  at  Home  or  in  a  Foreign  Country? 
(a)  In  schools  that  are  a  part  of  the  public  school  system. 
(6)  In  schools  of  private  endowment. 
(c)  In  special  business  schools  of  private  ownership. 

VAN  DEVANTER,  W.,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 

United  States,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 

VAN  HISE,  CHARLES  R.,  President,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison, 

Wis. 

Delegate  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VII. 

VAN  HORN,  FRANK  R.,  Professor,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 
Delegate  of  Case  School  of  Applied  Science. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  MARTHA,  Professor,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — American  Home  Economics  Association. 

VARELA,  TOMAS  S.,  Professor,  University  of  Buenos  Aires,  Suipacha  612, 
Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Official  Delegate  Secretary  of  Argentina. 

Delegate- 
Faculty  of  Medicine  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Pedagogical  Institute  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Argentine  Odontological  Society. 

Papers  presented : 

Buccal  Flora  and  Fauna. 

The  Model  Institute  of  Medical  Clinics  in  Buenos  Aires. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      485 

VARGAS,  Moists,  Professor,  University  of  Chile,  Santiago,    Chile,    South 

America. 

Official  Delegate  of  Chile. 
Honorary  Member. 
Delegate — 

Society  of  Geography  and  History. 
Permanent  Local  Government  Commission. 
University  of  Chile. 

Paper  presented:  The  Power  of  the  President  to  Dictate  By-laws  and 
Regulations. 

VARGAS  TORRES,  JOSE)  A.,  Bogota,  Colombia,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Criminal  Law  and  Procedure  With  Special  Refer- 
ence to  the  Scope  and  Limits  of  Jury  Trials,  and  the  Several  Theories 
for  the  Punishment  of  Criminals,  and  Differences  between  the  Crimi- 
nal Procedure  of  States  Following  the  Civil  Law  and  Those  Follow- 
ing the  Common  Law. 

VARNEY,  THEODORE,  Aluminum  Company  of  America,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Paper  presented:  Aluminum  Conductors  for  Electric  Transmission 

Lines. 
VATfN,  Juuo,  Chief  Section  of  Mines,  Geology,  and  Hydrology,  Buenos 

Aires,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Extension  and  Possible  Development  of  the  Borax 
Deposits  of  Argentina. 

VAUGHAN,  GEORGE  TUIXY,  1718  I  Street  NW..  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — American  Surgical  Society. 

VAUGHAN,  T.  WAYLAND,  President  Geological  Society  of  Washington, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Geological  Society  of  Washington. 

VAZ  FERREIRA,  CARLOS,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

VEAZEY,  WILLIAM  R.,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Delegate — Case  School  of  Applied  Sciences. 

VEDDER,  B.  B.,  Professor,  Army  Medical  School,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paper  presented:  The  Known  and  the  Unknown  with  Regard  to  the 
Etiology  and  Prevention  of  Beriberi. 

I/AWRENCE,  Director  National  Housing  Company,   105  East 
Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Delegate  National  Housing  Association. 
Paper  presented :  Housing  of  Wage  Earners. 


486      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

VELAZQUEZ,  FEDERICO,  Santo  Domingo,  Dominican  Republic. 

Paper  presented:  Notes  on  the  Commercial  and  Industrial  Develop- 
ment of  the  Dominican  Republic. 

VELOZ  GOITICOA,  NICOLAS,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  South  America. 
Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  Organization  and  Functions  of  the  Finances  of  the 
United  States  of  America  and  the  United  States  of  Venezuela. 

VERRILL,  CHARLES  H.,  Department  of  Labor,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Department  of  Labor. 

VIDAL  Y  FUENTES,  ALFREDO,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

Paper  presented:    Morbidity  and  contagious  infections  mortality  in 
Uruguay. 

ViEiTES,  Moists  A.,  Member  of  the  Bar  of  Habana,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 

Paper  presented:  Criminal  Law  and  Procedure  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  the  Scope  and  Limits  of  Jury  Trials. 

VILLALON,  Jos£  RAMON,  Secretary  of  Public  Works,  Habana,  Cuba. 
Official  Delegate  of  Cuba. 
Delegate — Cuban  Engineering  Society. 
Honorary  Chairman  of  Section  V. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Cuba. 

VILLAREAL,  FEDERICO,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Peru. 

VILLAVICENCIO,  ALEJANDRO,  Surveyor,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

VINCENT,  GEORGE  E.,  President,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis, 

Minn. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  5,  Section  IV. 

VITERI  LAFRONTE,  HOMERO,  Quito,  Ecuador,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Ecuador. 

VOGELSTEIN,  L.,  Metal  Merchant,  42  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  Buying  and  Selling  of  South  American  Nonferrous 
Metals. 

VOORHEES,  J.  F.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 
Delegate — University  of  Tennessee. 

Paper  presented :  Climatic  Control  of  Cropping  Systems  and  Farm 
Operations. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      487 

VOULMINOT,  ALBERTO,   Avenida    General    Rondeau  2027,   Montevideo, 

Uruguay,  South  America. 
Delegate — American  International  University  Bureau. 

WADDELL,  J.  A.  L.,  934  Wyandotte  Street,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Paper  presented :  Vertical  Lift  Bridges. 

WAGNER,  H.  A. 

President,  Consolidated  Gas,  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company, 

Baltimore,  Md. 
Delegate — National  Electric  Light  Association. 

WAGNER,  J.  HENRY,  Department  of  Labor,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — Bureau  of  Naturalization,  Department  of  Labor. 

WAITE,  F.  C.,  Western  Reserve  University,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Paper  presented:  The  Amount  of  Knowledge  of  Biological  Science 
Essential  for  the  Student  Entering  Medical  School. 

WALCOTT,  CHARLES  D.,  Secretary,  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington, 

D.  C. 

Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Delegate- 
Smithsonian  Institution. 
United  States  National  Museum. 

WALCUTT,  CHARLES  C.,  War  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs  of  the  War  Department. 

WALES,  GEORGE  R.,  United  States  Civil  Service  Commission,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Delegate — Middlebury  College. 

WALKER,  PERCY  H.,  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  Rubber. 

WALKER,  W.  R.,  Metallurgist,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VII. 

WALL,  J.  S.,  2017  Columbia  Road,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alternate — Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

WAMBAUGH,  EUGENE,  Professor  Harvard  Law  School,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Delegate — Association  American  Law  Schools. 
Chairman  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VI. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VI. 
Addressed  Subsection  on  Jurisprudence  of  Section  VI. 

WARBURG,  PAUL,  Federal  Reserve  Board,  Treasury  Department,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Alternate — Federal  Reserve  Board. 


488      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

WARBURTON,  C.  W.,  Secretary,  American  Society  of  Agronomy,  United 

States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Society  of  Agronomy. 

WARD,  A.  R.,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  United  States  Department  of 

Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — American  Veterinary  Medical  Association. 
Paper   presented:  The   Prevention   and   Eradication   of   Destructive, 

Animal  Diseases  and  the  Effect  upon  Agriculture  and  the  Meat 

Supply. 

WARD,  R.  DE  C.,  Professor,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Paper  presented:  The  Thunderstorms  of  the   United  States  as  Cli- 
matic Phenomena. 

WARREN,  G.  F.,  Professor,  Department  of  Farm  Management,  Cornell 

University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — American  Farm  Management  Association. 

WARREN,  HOWARD  C.,  Professor,  Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Delegate — American  Psychological  Association. 

WASHINGTON,  THOMAS,  Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Navigation,  Navy  Department. 

WATERS,  H.  J.,  President,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College,  Manhat- 
tan, Kans. 

Delegate — Kansas  State  Agricultural  College. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  5,  Section  III. 
Papers  presented : 

How  an  Animal  Grows. 

A  National  System  of  Agricultural  Education. 

WATROUS,  GEORGE  D.,  261  Bradley  Street,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Delegate — Yale  University  Law  School. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Effect  on  American  Public  Law  of  Our  Written  Constitutions. 

Constitutional  Provisions  Making  Treaties  Law. 

WATROUS,  RICHARD  B.,  Secretary,  American  Civic  Association,  Union 

Trust  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alternate — American  Civic  Association. 
Paper  presented :  City  Planning  Administration. 

WATTS,  ARTHUR  S.,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Delegate — American  Ceramic  Society. 
Paper  presented :  Ceramics  and  Cement  Technology. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      489 

WEAD,  EUNICE,  The  Northumberland,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae. 

WEBBER,    H.    J.,    Director,    Citrus   Station,    University   of   California, 

Berkeley,  Cal. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  6,  Section  III. 
Paper  presented:  The  Institute  of  Tropical  Agriculture  on  the  Pacific 

Coast. 

WEBSTER,  F.  M.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Entomological  Society  of  America. 

WEED,  WALTER  HARVEY,  Geologist  and  Mining  Engineer,  29  Broadway, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  The  Copper  Mining  Industry  in  the  Americas. 

WEIDA,  GEORGE  F.,  Kenyon  College,  Gambier,  Ohio. 
Alternate — Kenyon  College. 

WEIL,  RICHARD,  Cornell  University  Medical  College,  970  Park  Avenue, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — American  Association  of  Immunologists. 
Papers  presented : 

Application  of  Chemistry  to  Cancer  Problems. 
Anaphylatoxin  and  the  Mechanism  of  Anaphylaxis. 
WEINZIRL,  JOHN,  Professor,  University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Wash. 
Paper  presented :  A  Safe  and  Sane  Milk  Supply. 

WEISSE,  FANEUIL  S.,  34  Nassau  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Alternate — Association  of  Life  Insurance  Medical  Directors. 

WELCH,   WILLIAM    H.,   President   of    National   Academy   of  Sciences, 

Baltimore,  Md. 

Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Delegate — 

Council  of  Medical  Education. 
National  Academy  of  Sciences. 
Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical  Research. 
Honorary  Vice  Chairman  of  Executive  Committee. 

WELD,  IVAN  C.,  1116  Connecticut  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Official  Dairy  Instructors. 

WELD,  L.  D.  H.,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Paper  presented :  Trading  in  Grain  Futures. 

WELLS,  EDWARD  L.,  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  Boise,  Idaho. 
Paper  presented:  The  Economic  Aspects  of  Climatology. 


490      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

WELLS,  F.  C.,  Equitable  Life  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Association  Life  Insurance  Medical  Directors. 

WELLS,  PHILIP  P.,  Attorney,  Conservation  Commission,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  III. 

WELLS,  WILLIAM  C.,  Pan  American  Union,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Pan  American  Union. 

WENDT,  E.  F.,  Member  of  Engineering  Board,  Interstate  Commerce 

Commission,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Engineers'  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania. 

WENNER,  FRANK,  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Knox  College. 

WERTHEIM,  EDWARD  L.,  West  Side  Young  Men's  Christian  Association, 

New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented :  The  Proper  Use  of  Business  Experts  from  the  Busi- 
ness World  in  Class  Instruction  in  Domestic  and  Foreign  Commerce 
(Symposium). 

WESCOTT,  N.  P.,  Onley,  Va. 

Paper  presented :  Truck  Crop  Marketing  on  a  Large  Scale  under  Co- 
operation Principles. 

WEST,  J.,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  Organization  of  the  European  Foreign  Trade  with 
Uruguay,  with  Special  Reference  to  Manufactured  Goods. 

WEST,  PERRY  L.,  National  Brick  Manufacturers'  Association,  1429  New 

York  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — National  Brick  Manufacturers'  Association. 

WHEELER,  A.  W.,  Chief  Medical  Section,  Office  of  Indian  Affairs,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Alternate— United  States  Indian  Office. 

WHEELER,  BENJAMIN  IDE,  President  University  of  California,  Berkeley, 

Cal. 

Delegate — University  of  California. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  IV. 

WHEELER,  CHARLES  V.,   Superintendent  Washington  Steel    and  Ord- 
nance Company,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Engineers'  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania. 

WHEELOCK,  LUCY,  134  Newbury  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Address  before  Subsection  i,  "Elementary  Education,"  of  Section 
IV. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      491 

WHELESS,  THOMAS  H.,  219  Market  Street,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Paper  presented :  Motor  Driven  Vehicles  and  Motor  Railroad  Cars  as 
a  Factor  in  Transportation. 

WHELPLEY,  H.  M.,  Missouri  Historical  Society,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 

WHILAR,  AGUST!N  T.,  Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  How  Can  a  Nation  Prepare  in  the  Most  Effective 
Manner  its  Young  Men  for  a  Business  Career  That  is  to  be  Pursued 
at  Home  or  in  a  Foreign  Country? 

WHIPPLE,  GEORGE  C.,  Harvard  School  of  Engineering,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Paper  presented :  Municipal  Water  Supply. 

WHITAKER,  MILTON  G.,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City, 

N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  Chemical  Engineering. 

WHITE,  ANDREW  D.,  President   Emeritus   Cornell   University,  Ithaca, 

N.  Y. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  VI. 

WHITE,  DAVID,  Chief  Geologist  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented :  Organization  and  Cost  of  Geological  Surveys. 

WHITE,  G.  C.,  United  States  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organization, 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D,  C. 

Paper  presented:  Improved  Transportation  Service  for  Perishable 
Products. 

WHITE,  HENRY,  1624  Crescent  Place,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i ,  Section  VI. 

WHITE,  I.  C.,  State  Geologist,  Morgantown,  W.  Va. 

Delegate  of  Association  of  American  State  Geologists. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VII. 
Paper  presented:  The  Coals  of  Brazil. 

WHITE,  JOHN,  Professor,  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 
Alternate — Rose  Polytechnic  Institute. 

WHITE,  JOSEPH  H.,  United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Washington, 

B.C. 
Delegate — American  Society  of  Tropical  Medicine. 

WHITE,  LAURA  A.,  Professor,  University  of  Wyoming,  Laramie,  Wyo. 
Alternate — University  of  Wyoming. 


492      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

WHITE,  WILLIAM  CHARLES,  Associate  Professor,  Pittsburgh  University, 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Delegate — National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention   of 

Tuberculosis. 
Paper  presented:  The  Etiology  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  from 

the  Sociological  Point  of  View. 

WHITE,   WILLIAM   A.,   Superintendent,    Government    Hospital   for   the 

Insane,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — American  Institute  of  Criminal  Law  and  Criminology. 
Paper  presented :  Etiology  and  Prevention  of  Insanity  from  the  Socio- 
logical Point  of  View. 

WHITEHEAD,  JOHN  B.,  Professor,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore, 

Md. 

Chairman  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  V. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  6,  Section  IV. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 

WHITMORE,  EUGENE  R.,  Army  Medical  School,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman,  Subsection  E,  Section  VIII. 
Secretary  of  Section  VIII. 

WHITNEY,  MILTON  W.,  Bureau  of  Soils,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Bureau  of  Soils,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

WIDTSOE,  JOHN  A.,   President,  Agricultural  College  of  Utah,   Logan, 

Utah. 

Delegate — Agricultural  College  of  Utah. 
Paper  presented :  Relation  Between  Quantity  of  Irrigation  Water  Used 

and  Quantity  of  Crop  Produced. 

WIGMORE,  JOHN  H.,  Dean  of  the  Law  Faculty,  Northwestern  University, 

Chicago,  111. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VI. 
Paper    presented:  The    International    Manifestations    of    Law — Its 
Needs  and  Its  Possibilities  from  the  American  Standpoint. 

WILBUR,  CRESSY  L.,  Director,  Division  of  Vital  Statistics,  State  Depart- 
ment of  Health,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Paper   presented:  The  Federal  Registration  Service   of   the    United 
States — Its  Development,  Problems,  and  Defects. 

WILDMAN,  M.  S.,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  Stanford  Univer- 
sity, Cal. 
Delegate — Leland  Stanford  Junior  University. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      493 

WILEY,  HARVEY  W.,  Good  Housekeeping  Magazine,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Association  of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  4,  Section  VII. 
Papers  presented : 

The  Functions  of  Foods  in  Securing  National  Efficiency. 

Alcohol  and  Drug  Prophylaxis. 

WILLCOX,  WALTER  F.,  Professor,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — American  Economic  Association. 
Paper  presented : 

The  Nature  and  Significance  of  the  Changes  in  the  Birth  and  Death 
Rates  in  Recent  Years. 

WILLIAMS,  ARTHUR,  New  York   Edison    Company,  Irving   Place    and 

Fifteenth  Street,  New  Ydrk,  N.  Y. 

Paper  presented:  Cooperation  between  Public  Schools  and  Organiza- 
tions of  Employers  and  Employees  in  Making  and  Executing  Plans 
for  Industrial  Education. 

WILLIAMS,  R.  R.,  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  United  States  Department  of 

Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented :  On  the  Chemical  Nature  of  the  Vitamines. 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS  A.,  1705  N  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — American  Medical  Society  for  the  Study  of  Alcohol  and 

Narcotics. 
Paper  presented :  The  Racial  Factor  in  Delinquency'— A  Comparative 

Study  of  the  Mentality  of  the  American  Negro. 

WILLIMAN,  CLAUDIO,  Rector,  University  of  Montevideo,  Montevideo, 

Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

WILLIS,  BAILEY,  Professor,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  Leland 

Stanford,  Cal. 

Delegate — National  Conservation  Association. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  3,  Section  VII. 

WILLOUGHBY,  C.  C.,  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archaeology  and 

Ethnology,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  2,  Section  I. 

WILSON,  EDMUND  B.,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — Barnard  College. 
Alternate — Columbia  University. 


494      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

WILSON,  GEORGE  GRAFTON,  Professor,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge, 

Mass. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 
Paper  presented :  The  Relation  of  International  Law  to  National  Law 
in  American  Countries. 

WILSON,  GORDON,  4  East  Preston  Street,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Delegate — Association  of  Life  Insurance  Medical  Directors. 
Alternate — American  Sanatorium  Association. 

WILSON,  PERCY  H.,  Bellevue  Court  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Delegate — Association  of  American  Portland  Cement  Manufacturers. 

WILSON,  P.  ST.  J.,  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  J).  C. 
Delegate — Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering. 

WILSON,  W.  P.,  Director,  Commercial  Museum,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — Commercial  Museum,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Paper  presented :  Special  Courses  for  Commercial  Study — Commercial 
Museum. 

WING,  DEWITT  C.,  Breeders'  Gazette,  Chicago,  111. 

Paper   presented:  The   Swine   Industry — Its   Importance   in   Agri- 
cultural Development. 

WINKELRIED,  BERTONI  A.,  Ascuncion,  Paraguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented:  "El  Tambu"  and  the  Destruction  of  the  "  Tacuaras" 
of  Paraguay. 

WINSLOW,  C.  E.  A.,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Paper  presented:  Fresh  Air  and  Ventilation  in  the  Light  of  Modern 
Research. 

WINSLOW,  E.  E.,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  2120  Leroy 

Place,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Member  of  Committee,  Section  V. 

Paper  presented:  Scientific  Work  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  United 
States  Army. 

WINTON,  G.  B.,  22 1 1  Highland  Avenue,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Paper  presented:   Exchange   of   Teachers   Between  Mexico   and   the 
United  States. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      495 

WissLER,    CLARK,    Curator,    American    Museum    of    Natural    History, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate- 
American  Ethnological  Society. 
New  York  Academy  of  Sciences. 
American  Anthropological  Association. 
Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  I. 

WiTMER,  LiGHTNER,  Professor,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia, 

Pa. 
Delegate — University  of  Pennsylvania. 

WOGLOM,  W.  H.,  Crocker  Laboratory,  Columbia  University,'  New  York, 

N.Y. 
Paper  presented :  Factors  in  Immunity  to  Cancer. 

WOLFE,  A.  B.,  University  of  Texas,  Austin,  Tex. 
Delegate — University  of  Texas. 

WOLFFUGHEL,  KuRL,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

WOOD,   F.   C.,   Crocker  Laboratory,  Columbia  University,   New  York, 

N.Y. 

Delegate- 
American  Society  for  Control  of  Cancer. 
American  Society  for  Cancer  Research. 
Paper  presented :  Radium  in  Experimental  Cancer. 

WOOD,  HENRY  A.  WISE,  297  Madison  Avenue,  New  York,  N.^Y. 
Delegate — 

American  Society  of  Aeronautic  Engineers. 
Aero  Club  of  America. 

WOOD,  THOMAS  D.,  Professor,  Columbia  University,  New  York,*N.|Y. 
Paper  presented :  How  May  the  School  Be  Made  an  Efjectwe]Health 
Agency? 

WOODHOUSE,  HENRY,  297  Madison  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — 

Aero  Club  of  America. 

American  Society  of  Aeronautic  Engineers. 


496      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

WOODRUFF,  CLINTON  R.,  Secretary,  National  Municipal  League,  703 

North  American  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Delegate — National  Municipal  League. 

WOODWARD,  ROBERT  S.,  President,  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Official  Delegate  of  the  United  States. 
Delegate — Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington. 
Member  of  Executive  Committee. 
Chairman  of  Section  II. 
Chairman  Subsection  A  of  Section  II. 
Address  of  Welcome  at  Opening  Session  of  Section  II. 
Papers  presented: 

Desirability  and  Practicability  of  Extending  a  Gravimetric  Survey 

Over  the  South,  Central,  and  North  American  Areas. 
Desirability  and  Practicability  of  Covering  the  South,  Central,  and 
North  American  Areas  with  a  Network  of  Precise  Triangulation. 

WOODWARD,  WILLIAM  C.,  Health  Officer,  District  of  Columbia,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Delegate — American  Public  Health  Association. 
Paper  presented :  Ways  and  Means  of  Bringing  Matters  of  Public 
Health  to  Social  Usefulness. 

(a)  Sources  of  information,  statistics,  health  reports,  municipal 

and  State  surveys. 

(b)  Preparation  of  legislative  measures — committee  hearings,  etc. 

(c)  Publicity  avenues  and  methods,  use  of  existing  organizations, 

new  organizations,  press,  etc. 

WOODWORTH,  J.  BACKUS,  Geological  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Delegate — Seismological  Society  of  America. 

WOODWORTH,  PHILIP  B.,  Lewis  Institute,  Chicago,  111. 
Delegate — Western  Society  of  Engineers. 

WOOLLEY,  R.  W.,  Director,  United  States  Mint,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Paper  presented:  Assaying  in  the  United  States  Mint  Service. 

WOOLMAN,  MARY  SCHENCK,  National  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Indus- 
trial Education,  140  West  Forty-second  Street,  New  York,N.  Y. 
Paper  presented:  Training  Girls  and  Women  for  Trades  and  In- 
dustries. 


FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.      497 

WOOLSEY,  T.  S.,  Professor,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Delegate — Yale  University. 

Member  of  Committee,  Subsection  i,  Section  VI. 

Paper  presented:  What  Means  Should  Be  Provided  and  Procedure 
Adopted  for  Authoritatively  Determining  Whether  The  Hague  Con- 
ventions, or  Other  General  International  Agreements,  or  the  Rules  of 
International  Law  Have  Been  Violated?  In  Case  of  Violations, 
What  Should  Be  the  Nature  of  the  Remedy  and  How  Should  It  Be 
Enforced? 

WRIGHT,  J.  BUTLER,  Division  of  Latin-American  Affairs,  Department  of 

State,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Delegate — Division  of  Latin- American  Affairs,  United  States 
Department  of  State. 

WULP,  WILLIAM  C.,  104  Pearl  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Delegate — American  Exporters  and  Importers'  Association. 

YANES,  FRANCISCO  J.,  Assistant  Director  Pan  American  Union,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Delegate — Pan  American  Union. 

YEAR,  CARLOS,  Professor,  School  of  Medicine,  Santiago,  Chile,  South 

America. 

Paper  presented:  Should  Universities  and  Colleges  Supported  by 
Public  Funds  Be  Controlled  by  Independent  and  Autonomous 
Powers,  or  Should  They  Be  Controlled  Directly  by  Central  State 
Authority '? 

YBARRA,  ANDRES,  Director  National  Association  of  Agriculturists,  Caracas, 
Venezuela,  South  America. 

Honorary  Member. 

Paper  presented:  Abundant  Vegetable  Products  in  Venezuela  for  Dye- 
ing and  Tanning. 

YEATMAN,  POPE,  Mining  Engineer,  120  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Delegate — American  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Society  of  America. 

Paper  presented:  Development  Work  and  Mining  Operations  of  the 
Chile  Exploration  Company. 

YERKES,  LEONARD  A.,  Joseph  Bancroft  &  Sons  Company,  Wilmington, 

Del. 

Alternate — Wilmington  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
27750—16 32 


498      FINAL  ACT  OF  SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 

YOUNG,  ALLYN  A.,  Professor,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Alternate — 

American  Economic  Association. 
Cornell  University. 

YOUNG,  B.  B.,  Vanderbilt  University,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Delegate — Association  of  Colleges  and  Preparatory  Schools  of  the 
Southern  States. 

ZALD!VAR,  His  Excellency  RAFAEL,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  of  El  Salvador  to  the  United  States,  Legation  of 
El  Salvador,  1800  Connecticut  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chairman  of  the  Official  Delegation  of  El  Salvador. 
Delegate— 

Rosales  Hospital. 

School  of  Pharmacy,  Chemistry,  and  Medicine  of  the  University 
of  El  Salvador. 

ZANER,  C.  P.,  National  Commercial  Teachers'  Federation,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Delegate — National  Commercial  Teachers'  Federation. 

ZANOTTI-CAVAZZONI,  I,.,  Asuncion,  Paraguay,  South  America. 
Paper  presented:  Autosangotherapy  in  Leprosy. 

ZIMMER,  M.  L-,  Director,  Astronomical  Observatory  of  the  Argentine 

Nation,  Cordoba,  Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Investigations  of  the  Pivots  of  the  io,om.m.  Meridian 
Circle  of  the  Argentine  National  Observatory  at  Cordoba. 

ZON,  RAPHAEL,  United  States  Forest  Service,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Delegate — Society  of  American  Foresters. 

Papers  presented : 

South  American   Forest   Resources   and   Their  Relation   to   the 

World's  Timber  Supply. 
Forest  Problems  and  Economic  Development  in  South  America. 

ZORRILLA  DE  SAN  MARTfN,  JUAN,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 
Member  Cooperating  Committee,  Uruguay. 

ZUNIGA,  ANDRES  M.,  Managua,  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 
Paper  presented :  Purposes  of  High-School  Education. 


INDEX. 


[This  index  refers  only  to  the  Final  Act  and  interpretative  commentary  thereon,  pp.  1-154.    See  Table  of 

Contents  for  the  appendices.] 

Academy  of  International  Law,  105. 

Adrian,  82. 

Aeronautics,  22. 

Aeroplanes,  25,  134. 

Africa,  66,  132. 

Agencies  of  research,  17. 

Agriculture,  20,  60,  62,  72,  122. 

Agricultural  education,  21. 

Agricultural  production,  information  regarding,  31,  78. 

Agricultural  products,  marketing  and  distribution,  20. 

Aide-memoire,  64,  65. 

Aims  and  purposes,  16,  44. 

Aims  and  purposes  of  Section  VII,  123. 

Airships,  22. 

Alaska,  18. 

Alcoholism,  suppression  of,  39,  138. 

Alexandria,  82. 

Aluminum  conductors,  22. 

Alvarez,  Alejandro,  in,  113,  140,  150. 

Alzamora,  Isaac,  13. 

American  authors,  32,  87,  88. 

American  committee  on  radio  communication,  28,  62. 

American  Economic  Association,  135. 

American  Historical  Association,  135. 

American  history,  chairs  of,  79. 

American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers,  58. 

American  Institute  of  International  Law,  36,  90,  no,  in,  112,  113,  118. 

American  Journal  of  International  Law,  93. 

American  Mining  Congress,  24. 

American  Plant  Protection  Congress,  30,  77. 

American  Republics,  7, 16,  26,  28,  29, 30,  31, 33,  35,  36,  37,  38, 39,  40, 44, 47,  50,  51,  52,  59, 

60,  62,  66,  68,  71,  73,  77,  78,  84,  86,  88,  90,  93,  106,  in,  112,  118,  127,  128,  133,138, 

147, 150. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  58. 
American  Society  of  International  Law,  93. 
American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  58. 
Anaphylaxis,  24. 

499 


500  INDEX. 

Ancizar,  Roberto,  9,  41,  49. 

Andara,  Jose  L.,  43,49. 

Anderson,  Luis,  113. 

Animal  diseases,  20. 

Animal  industry,  19,  75. 

Antelope,  case  of  the,  116. 

Anthropology,  17,  52,  53. 

Anthropology,  museums  of ,  17. 

Anthropological  sciences,  17. 

Anthropometric  instruments,  17. 

Applied  chemistry,  24,  121,  124. 

Arbitral  tribunals,  33,  93,  97. 

Arbitration,  33,  93. 

Arc  of  meridian,  Peruvian,  56. 

Archeological  treasures,  safeguarding  of,  145. 

Archeological  missions,  146. 

Archeology,  17. 

Archeology,  research  in  the  field  of,  27,  52,  55. 

Archeology,  study  of,  146. 

Archeology,  uniform  laws  relating  to,  26,  51. 

Architectural  societies,  Pan  American  federation  of,  32,  87. 

Architecture,  87. 

Argentina,  23,  24,  43,  77,  150. 

Argentina,  official  delegates  of,  7. 

Arid  lands,  reclamation  of,  28,  29,  73. 

Art  and  industry,  54. 

Article  i:  Uniform  laws  relating  to  archaeology,  26,  51. 

Article  2:  Research  in  the  field  of  archaeology,  27,  52. 

Article  3:  Geodetic,  magnetic,  and  gravimetric  measures,  27,  55. 

Article  4:  International  triangulation  and  congress  of  cartography  and  geography, 

27,  57- 

Article  5:  Use  of  the  metric  system,  28,  59. 

Article  6:  Pan  American  meteorological  service,  28,  60. 

Article  7:  Uniform  railway  gauge,  28,  61. 

Article  8:  Radio  communication,  28,  62. 

Article  9:  Forest  conditions  and  utilization,  28,  62. 

Article  10:  Use  and  regulation  of  water  supply,  29,  72. 

Article  n:  Reclamation  of  arid  lands,  29,  73. 

Article  12:  Live-stock    sanitary  service,   laws    and    survey  of    communicable  dis- 
eases, 29,  74. 

Article  13:  American  Plant  Protection  Congress,  30,  77. 

Article  14:  Agricultural  production,  information  regarding,  31,  78. 

Article  15:  Study  of  lives  of  liberators  and  statesmen,  31,  78. 

Article  16:  Establishment  in  universities  of  chairs  of  American  history,  31,  79. 

Article  17:  Teaching  of  Spanish  and  English  in  American  schools  and  colleges,  31,  80. 

Article  18:  Study  of  sociology,  31,  81. 

Article  19:  Exchange  of  educators  and  students,  31,  82. 

Article  20:  Pan  American  federation  of  architectural  societies,  32,  87. 

Article  21 :  Pan  American  Library,  32,  87. 


INDEX.  501 

Article  22:  Pan  American  Union  department  of  education,  32,  89. 

Article  23:  Bibliography  of  international  law  and  related  subjects,  32,  92. 

Article  24:  Necessity  for  teaching  international  law  and  related  subjects,  33,  98. 

Article  25:  Manner  of  teaching  international  law,  34,  100. 

Article  26:  The  Hague  Academy  of  International  Law,  35,  104. 

Article  27:  Establishment  of  professorships  of  international  law  in  colleges  and  univer- 
sities, 35,  106. 

Article  28:  Establishment  of  courses  of  instruction  in  law  schools,  35,  107. 

Article  29:  Instruction  in  international  law  by  visiting  professors,  36,  108. 

Article  30:  Study  of  international  law  for  diplomatic  and  consular  services,  36,  109. 

Article  31:  Study  of  international  law  as  preparation  for  business,  36,  109. 

Article  32 :  Emphasis  on  American  problems  and  doctrines  in  teaching  international 
law,  36,  no. 

Article  33:  American  Institute  of  International  Law,  36,  in. 

Article  34:  Special  study  of  American  constitutions,  laws,  and  institutions,  36,  118. 

Article  35:  Comparative  study  of  judicial  institutions,  37,  119. 

Article  36:  Exchange  of  publications  by  the  bar  associations,  37,  120. 

Article  37:  Compilation  of  mining  laws  and  uniformity  of  mining  statistics,  37,  121. 

Article  38:  Study  of  drugs,  etc.,  at  place  of  origin,  37,  127. 

Article  39:  Eradication  of  malaria,  38,  129. 

Article  40:  Eradication  of  yellow  fever,  38,  130. 

Article  41:  White-slave  trade,  38,  131. 

Article  42:  Uniformity  of  standards  of  weights,  etc.,  and  of  customs  regulations,  etc., 

38,  133- 
Article  43:  Uniformity  in  collection,  classification,  and  presentation  of  commercial 

and  demographic  statistics,  39,  137. 
Article  44:  Study  of  systems  of  taxation,  39,  137. 

Article  45:  Subordination  of  economic  interests  in  revenue  tax  on  alcohol,  39,  138. 
Article  46:  Study  of  the  monetary  systems,  39,  139. 
Article  47:  Establishment  of  a  Pan  American  Intellectual  Union,  39,  139. 
Article  48:  Lima,  meeting  place  of  Third  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  40,  151. 
Article  49:  Transmission  of  the  Final  Act,  40,  153. 
Articles  of  organization  and  rules,  46. 
Asia,  no,  132. 
Assouan  Dam,  67. 

Astronomy,  18,  55.  * 

Australia,  67. 
Austria-Hungary,  132. 
Ayala,  103. 

Ayala,  Eusebio,  13,  41,  43,  49,  50. 
Awards  of  mixed  commissions,  33,  93,  97. 

Bacon,  Robert,  64,  65,  66,  113. 

Bar  associations,  37,  120. 

Barrett,  John,  3,  14,  41,  43,  46,  47,  48. 

Belgium,  132. 

Bello,  116,  117. 

Beriberi,  25. 

Bibliography  of  America,  143. 


502  INDEX. 

Bibliography  of  international  law  and  related  subjects,  32,  92,  95. 

Biology,  55. 

Bixby,  William  H.,  14,  46. 

Bolivar,  78. 

Bolivia,  24,  43. 

Bolivia,  official  delegates  of,  8. 

Bonds,  26. 

Bouguer,  56. 

Brazil,  24,  43,  131,  132,  150. 

Brazil,  official  delegates  of,  8. 

Bridges,  21. 

Buenos  Aires,  43,  82,  85,  86,  89,  136. 

Buenos  Aires,  province  of,  67. 

Buenos  Aires  trade-mark  convention,  26. 

Bureau  of  mines,  24. 

Bureau  of  standards,  22. 

Butler,  Nicholas  Murray,  83,  98. 

Cabinet  and  dye  woods,  70. 

Cadastral  surveys,  56. 

Calderon,  Ignacio,  8. 

Calendar,  invention  and  use  of,  17,  55. 

Calvo,  116,  117. 

Canada,  56,  63,  64,  71. 

Canals,  21,  67. 

Cancer  research,  24. 

Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace,  113,  149. 

Cartography,  57. 

Cartography  and  geography,  Congress  of,  27. 

Census,  39,  137. 

Census  statistics,  26. 

Central  America,  21,  25,  26,  71,  133. 

Central  electric  power  systems,  70. 

Cespedes,  Carlos  Manuel  de,  10,  41,  43,  49. 

Chairs  of  American  history,  establishment  of,  31. 

Chairman  of  the  Argentine  delegation,  139,  143,  147. 

Chairman  of  the  Brazilian  delegation,  139,  143,  147. 

Chairman  of  the  Chilean  delegation,  139,  143,  147. 

Chemistry,  24. 

Chicago  Stock  Yards,  76. 

Chile,  24,  43,  44,  124,  150. 

Chile,  official  delegates  of,  8. 

Chile,  delegation  of,  40. 

Chinese  Exclusion  Act,  116. 

Chronocyclegraph,  22. 

Citrus  canker,  67. 

City  of  Mexico,  136. 

Claxton,  Philander  P.,  14,  46. 

Climatology,  18,  55. 


INDEX.  503 

Codes  of  law,  37,  120. 

Coeducation,  20. 

Colombia,  24,  43. 

Colombia,  official  delegates  of,  9. 

Columbia,  University,  24. 

Commerce,  25,  134. 

Commercial  development  of  South  and  Central  America,  26. 

Commercial  education,  21. 

Commercial  and  demographic  statistics,  uniformity  in,  25,  39,  137. 

Commission  of  American  Jurists,  in. 

Commission  on  unification  of  standards,  measures,  etc.,  136. 

Commissioner  of  Education  of  the  United  States,  45 . 

Committee  of  organization  of  Third  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  40,  152. 

Committees  of  the  nine  sections  of  the  Congress,  309. 

Committee  on  mining  statistics,  37,  121,  126. 

Committee  on  promotion  of  the  use  of  standard  specifications  and  of  standard  methods 

of  sampling  and  testing,  129. 
Committee  on  recommendations,  49. 
Committee  on  resolutions,  49. 
Committee  on  the  Final  Act,  50. 
Comparative  catalogues,  publication  of,  143. 
Comparative  study  of  judicial  institutions,  37,  119. 
Competitive  marketing  of  agricultural  products,  67. 
Compilation  of  mining  laws,  37. 
Concrete,  22. 
Condamine,  56. 

Confederation  of  libraries  of  the  continent,  144. 
Conference  on  customs  regulations,  136. 
Conference  of  teachers  of  international  law,  93,  94. 
Conflict  of  laws,  119. 

Congress  of  cartography  and  geography,  27,  57. 
Conservation,  The  economics  of,  19. 
Conservation  commissions,  63. 
Conservation  conference,  66. 
Conservation  of  animal  industry,  19. 
Conservation  of  forests,  19,  69. 
Conservation  of  human  life,  19. 
Conservation  of  mineral  resources,  19,  24. 

Conservation  of  natural  resources,  agriculture,  irrigation,  and  forestry,  62. 
Conservation  of  plant  industry,  20. 
Conservation  of  surface  and  underground  waters,  29. 
Conservation  of  water  for  power,  19,  71. 

Constitution  of  American  Institute  of  International  Law,  no. 
Constitutions,  laws,  and  institutes,  special  study  of,  36,  118. 
Constitutions,  laws,  and  institutions,  knowledge  of,  121. 
Consular  service,  36,  109. 
Contents,  5. 

Convention  for  suppression  of  obscene  publications,  132. 
Convention  for  suppression  of  white-slave  traffic,  132. 


504  INDEX. 

Cooperating  committees  in  Republics  other  than  the  United  States,  323. 

Cooperation,  20. 

Cooperation  of  nations,  83 . 

Cooperative  marketing  associations,  20. 

Cooperative  research  work,  30. 

Cordova,  Gonzalo  S.,  n,  41. 

Costa  Rica,  43. 

Costa  Rica,  official  delegates  of,  10. 

Cox's  criminal  cases,  116. 

Cranch's  Reports,  117. 

Credits,  extension  of,  26. 

Criminal  law,  23. 

Critical  editions,  publication  of,  144. 

Cuba,  24,  43. 

Cuba,  official  delegates  of,  10. 

Cuerva  Marquez,  Carlos,  43,  49. 

Customs  Regulations,  uniformity  of,  38,  133,  136. 

Dairy  industries,  19. 

Declaration  of  Independence  of  the  United  States,  114,  115,  116. 

Declaration  of  the  Rights  and  Duties  of  Nations,  114,  115. 

Delegates  of  the  Congress,  48,  293,  309,  323,  331. 

Democracy,  94. 

Demographic  statistics,  uniformity  in,  39,  137. 

Department  of  Agriculture  of  the  United  States,  128. 

Department  of  the  Interior,  128. 

Department  of  Commerce,  128. 

Denmark,  132. 

Diseases  of  animals,  20,  29,  30,  74,  76. 

Diseases,  infectious,  25. 

Diseases,  nutritional,  25. 

Deustua,  Alejandro,  41,  43,  49,  152. 

Diaz  Ossa,  Belisario,  127 

Digest  of  international  law,  33,  92,  95. 

Diplomacy,  33,  98,  105. 

Diplomatic  and  consular  services,  study  of  international  law  for,  36,  109. 

Diplomatic  correspondence,  33,  96. 

Diplomatic  incidents,  103,  109. 

Director  of  the  Pan  American  Union,  45. 

Disposal  of  refuse,  25. 

Doctrines  of  American  origin,  no. 

Dodson 's  Reports,  116. 

Dominican  Republic   43. 

Dominican  Republic,  omciai  delegates  of ,  n. 

Dominici,  Santos  A.,  15,  41,  49. 

Droit  international  Theorique  et  Pratique,  116.  117. 

Drugs,  study  of,  37,  127. 

Dry  farming,  72. 

Ducci  Kallens,  Jose,  137. 

Duties,  obligations,  and  rights  of  States,  98 

Dyestuffs,  24,  125. 


INDEX.  505 

Economic  geology,  24,  121,  123. 
Economics  of  conservation,  19. 
Economic  plants,  study  of,  37,  127. 
Economic  theory,  66. 
Ecuador,  24,  43. 

Eciiador,  official  delegates  of,  n. 
Education,  20. 
Education,  elementary,  21. 
Education  of  the  American  democracy,  141. 
Education  of  women,  21. 

Education,  Pan  American  Union  Department  of,  32,  89,  90. 
Education,  secondary,  21. 
Education,  technical,  21. 
Education,  university,  21. 
Education  in  forestry,  19. 
Educational  institutions,  293. 
Educational  progress  in  Pan  America,  89,  91. 
Educational  problems,  study  of,  89,  91. 
Election  of  officers,  152. 
Electric  energy,  application  of,  70. 
Electricity,  22. 

Electrochemical  industries,  19. 
Engineering,  21. 
Engineering,  civil,  21. 
Engineering,  electrical,  22,  57. 
Engineering,  marine,  22. 
Engineering,  mechanical,  22,  57. 
Engineering,  municipal,  57. 
Engineering,  sanitary,  57. 
*  Engineering,  education,  21. 
Engineering  nomenclature,  22. 
Engineering  terms,  compilation  of,  58. 
English,  32,  37,  58,  79,  88,  89,  121. 
English,  teaching  of  Spanish  and,  31,  80. 
Eradication  of  malaria,  38. 
Eradication  of  yellow  fever,  38. 
Ethnology,  17,  54. 
Esthetic  arts,  54. 

Establishment  of  chairs  of  American  history,  31,  79. 
Eugenics,  17. 
Europe,  66,  no,  132. 
European  colonies  in  America,  38,  130. 
European  War,  25,  26,  134,  137,  140. 
Exchange,  case  of  Schooner,  117. 
Exchange  of  educators  and  students,  31,  82. 
Exchange  of  publications,  etc.,  143. 

Exchange  of  publications  by  the  Bar  Association,  37,  120. 
Exchange  professors,  83,  84,  85. 

Executive  Committee  of  the  Congress,  3,  43,  47,  48,  50,  129,'  139,  152. 
Executive  Committee  of  the  United  States,  3,  44,  45,  68,  309. 


506  INDEX. 

Executive  officers,  46,  309. 

Experiment  station  work,  20. 

Experts  in  teaching  of  international  law  and  diplomacy,  use  of,  98. 

Explosives,  24. 

Farm  mortgage  loans,  20. 

Federation  of  architectural  societies,  87. 

Final  Act,  3,  26,  43,  44,  50,  68,  123,  147,  151,  153. 

Final  Act,  transmission  of,  40,  153. 

Finance,  26,  134. 

Financial  and  industrial  problems,  133. 

First  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress,  7. 

Folklore,  17. 

Foodstuffs,  24. 

Foot-and-mouth  disease,  30,  74,  75. 

Forest  conditions  and  utilization,  study  of,  28,  62,  70. 

Forest  conservation,  19. 

Forest  education,  69. 

Forestry,  19,  62. 

Foreword,  3. 

Fourth  International  Pan-American  Conference,  85. 

France,  132. 

French,  32,  37,  58,  81,  88,  89,  121. 

French  Government,  131. 

French  Revolution,  140. 

Gama,  Domicio  da,  8,  41,  43,  48,  142,  145,  147. 

Gamio,  Manuel,  12,  41,  43,  49. 

Garfield,  James  R.,  64. 

Geneva,  Convention  of,  128. 

Gentilis,  103. 

Geodesy,  18,  55,  57. 

Geodetic,  magnetic,  and  gravimetric  measures,  27,  55. 

Geodetic  triangulation,  56. 

Geography,  27,  54,  55,  57,  59. 

Geology,  24,  55. 

Geological  surveys,  24,  125. 

Germany,  132. 

Gipsy  moth,  67. 

Glyphic  records,  17. 

Gorgas,  William  C.,  14,  46. 

Governmental  bureaus,  57,  293. 

Governing  Council  of  Pan-American  Archaeological  Union,  146. 

Governing  Council  of  Pan-American  Library  Union,  144. 

Governing  Council  of  Pan-American  University  Union,  142. 

Gray,  George,  14,  41,  43,  49. 

Gray,  Justice,  103,  118. 

Gravimetric  measures,  27,  55. 

Gravimetric  surveys,  56. 


INDEX.  507 

Grazing  on  public  lands,  20. 

Great  Britain,  132. 

Greenwich,  56. 

Grey,  Earl,  63. 

Grotius,  103. 

Guatemala,  24,  43. 

Guatemala,  official  delegates  of,  12. 

Gutierrez,  Alberto,  43,  48,  50. 

Gyroscope,  22. 

Haiti,  43. 

Haiti,  official  delegates  of,  12,  43. 

Harvard  University,  83. 

Habana,  118. 

History,  17. 

History,  teaching  of,  78. 

Hog  cholera,  67. 

Holmes,  William  H.,  14,  45,  46. 

Honduras,  43. 

Honduras,  official  delegates  of,  12. 

Honorary  members,  331. 

Hydroelectric  industry,  70. 

Hydroplanes,  22. 

Industrial  education,  21. 

Infant  mortality,  25. 

Inland  waterways,  25. 

Institutes  and  laboratories  of  physics  and  chemistry,  foundation  of,  128. 

Intellectual  Pan  Americanism,  26,  40,  80,  139,  150,  151,  154. 

Intellectual  Pan  American  Union,  39,  139,  142. 

Interchange  of  ideas  among  teachers,  89,  92. 

Interchange  of  professors,  85,  89. 

Interchange  of  professors  and  students,  20,  84,  141 . 

Interchange  of  students,  86,  89. 

International  arbitration,  22. 

International  association  of  meteorologists  and  seismologists,  60. 

International  Bureau  of  American  Republics,  89. 

International  Bureau  of  American  Republics,  Governing  Board  of,  85. 

International  Conference  of  American  States,  89,  90. 

International  Congress  for  suppression  of  adulteration  in  foods  and  drugs,  128. 

International  Congresses  of  Applied  Chemistry,  128. 

International  law,  22,  92,  95,  98,  112,  120. 

International  Law,  American  Institute  of,  36,  in. 

International  law,  American  problems  and  doctrines  in  teaching,  36,  no. 

International  law,  bibliography  of,  32,  92. 

International  law,  classics  of,  34. 

International  law,  collection  of  documents  on,  93. 

International  law,  manner  of  teaching,  34,  100. 

International  law,  necessity  for  teaching,  33,  97. 


508  INDEX. 

international  law,  positive  nature  of,  34,  100,  101,  103. 

International  law,  private,  37. 

International  law,  professorships  of,  35,  106. 

International  Law,  The  Hague  Academy  of,  35,  104,  105. 

International  law,  treatises  on,  95. 

International  law  as  a  science,  106,  108. 

International  law  as  preparation  for  business,  36,  109. 

International  law  as  universal,  104. 

International  law  by  visiting  professors,  instruction  in,  36,  108. 

International  law  for  diplomatic  and  consular  services,  36,  109. 

International  law  in  law  schools,  35,  107. 

International  mind,  106. 

International  policy,  34,  100. 

International  reporter,  97. 

International  rights  and  duties,  94,  95,  103. 

International  triangulation,  27,  57. 

International  unity,  84. 

Iron  and  copper  ores,  conservation  of,  125. 

Irrigation,  19,  57,  58,  62. 

Italy,  132. 

Jennings,  Hennen,  15,  46. 

Joint  scientific  investigation,  141. 

Joint  State  and  Navy  Neutrality  Board  of  the  United  States,  113. 

Judicial  institutions,  comparative  study  of,  37,  119. 

Judicial  organization,  23. 

Jurisprudence,  23,  37,  101,  119,  120. 

Knox,  Philander  C.,  85,  86,  88. 

Laboratory  conferences,  25. 

Lansing,  Robert,  112,  113. 

Languages  of  the  various  tribes,  17. 

Latin  America,  31,  82,  84,  89,  93. 

Latin  American  Congresses,  44. 

Latin  American  Scientific  Conference,  Third,  89. 

Laodicea,  82. 

Law  books  and  publications,  120. 

Law  of  nations,  107. 

Law  reporter,  97. 

Law  reports,  33,  93. 

Laws  regulating  general  industry,  navigation,  and  commerce,  73. 

Learned  societies,  educational  institutions,  private  organizations,  and  governmental 

bureaus,  293. 

Liberators  and  statesmen,  study  of  lives  of,  31,  78,  79. 
Library  information  service,  144. 
Library  shelf  markings,  interchange  of,  144. 
Library  shelf  markings,  publication  of,  144. 
Lick  observatory,  18. 
Lieber,  Francis,  82. 


INDEX.  509 

Lima,  40,  151. 

Literature  of  the  native  tribes,  17. 

Lives  of  liberators  and  statesmen,  79. 

Live  stock,  19. 

Live  stock  industries,  19. 

Live  stock  sanitary  police,  75. 

Live  stock  sanitary  service,  75,  76,  77. 

Live  stock  sanitary  service,  laws  and  survey  of  communicable  diseases,  29,  74. 

London,  Declaration  of,  34,  too. 

Lunar  parallax,  56. 

Magnetic  measures,  27,  55. 

Magnetic  observatories,  55. 

Magnetic  surveys,  18. 

Malaria,  economic  loss  due  to,  130. 

Malaria,  eradication  of,  38,  129. 

Malsch,  Carlos,  127. 

Marketing  and  distribution  of  agricultural  products,  20. 

Marshall,  Chief  Justice,  117. 

Martens,  Pablo,  127. 

Mathon,  Charles,  12,  41,  43,  49. 

Measures,  geodetic,  magnetic  and  gravimetric,  27,  55. 

Medical  education,  21. 

Meeting  place  of  Congress,  manner  of  selecting,  152. 

Members  of  the  Congress,  16,  44,  157,  331. 

Members  of  societies,  institutions,  and  committees,  and  writers  of  papers,  336. 

Mendez,  Joaquin,  12,  41,  43,  49. 

Mental  hygiene,  25. 

Meridian  arcs  and  parallels,  59. 

Mexico,  24,  43,  56,  63,  64. 

Mexico,  official  delegates  of,  12. 

Mexican  law,  23. 

Metallurgy,  24,  121. 

Metallurgical  methods,  125. 

Meteorology,  18,  55,  60. 

Meteorological  service,  Pan  American,  28,  60. 

Meteorological  data,  18. 

Metric  system,  use  of,  28,  59. 

Mine  accidents,  19,  24. 

Mineral  resources,  24,  68,  123. 

Mine-rescue  work,  19. 

Mines,  quarries,  and  wells,  products  of,  68. 

Mining,  24,  121,  122. 

Mining  costs,  24. 

Mining  laws,  compilation  of,  37,  121. 

Mining  laws,  standardization  of,  24,  125,  126.    - 

Mining  methods,  19. 

Mining,  quarrying,  and  drilling,  improvements  in,  68. 

Mining  statistics,  uniformity  of,  37,  121,  126. 


510  INDEX. 

Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  for  Pan  America,  91,  92. 

Monetary  system,  study  of  the,  39,  139. 

Monetary  units,  common,  26,  135. 

Montevideo,  43. 

Montevideo  convention,  74,  77. 

Morales,  Eusebio,  13,  41,  43,  49. 

Morality  and  public  health,  133. 

Motor-driven  vehicles,  25. 

Mountain  forests,  69. 

Mount  Wilson  solar  observatory,  18. 

Mourgues,  Luis  E.,  127. 

National  Conservation  Commission,  63. 

National  forest  policy,  19. 

National  educational  museums,  52. 

National  policy,  33,  93. 

Natural  resources,  62,  63,  135. 

Natural  resources  of  the  world,  inventory  of,  65. 

Navigation,  58,  60,  72. 

New  England,  56. 

Newfoundland,  64. 

New  York,  58,  82,  135. 

Netherland  Government,  64. 

Nicaragua,  43. 

Nicaragua,  official  delegates  of,  13. 

Nile  Valley,  67. 

Nitrate  industry,  24,  124. 

Nomenclature,  22. 

North  America,  18,  21,  22,  25,  64,  88,  133. 

Norway,  132. 

Observatory  of  Harvard  University,  56. 

Observatories  of  Argentina,  56. 

Official  delegates,  7. 

Official  delegates  signatory,  41,  44. 

Oppenheim,  105. 

Ore  dressing,  24. 

Organization  of  the  Congress,  45,  155. 

Orient,  the,  66. 

Origin  of  languages,  54. 

Origin  of  man,  17,  53. 

Paints,  24 

Paquete  Habana,  case  of,  103,  106,  118. 

Panama,  43 

Panama,  official  delegates  of,  13. 

Panama  Canal,  20,  133. 

Pan  America,  36,  84,  85. 

Pan  Americanism,  92,  145,  149. 

Pan  American  Archeological  Union,  139,  145,  146,  148,  151. 


INDEX.  511 

Pan  American  Archeological  Union,  Director  and  Secretary  General  of,  146. 

Pan  American  Committee  on  Uniform  Railway  gauge,  61. 

Pan  American  Conference,  Second,  136. 

Pan  American  Conference,  Third,  89,  117,  136. 

Pan  American  Conference,  Fourth,  136. 

Pan  American  Congresses,  41. 

Pan  American  Conservation  Conference  of  Natural  Resources,  64. 

Pan  American  Intellectual  Union,  39,  140,  145,  148,  149,  150,  151. 

Pan  American  Department  of  Education,  89. 

Pan  American  Federation  of  Architectural  Societies,  32. 

Pan  American  Financial  Conference,  135. 

Pan  American  Library,  32,  87. 

Pan  American  Library  Union,  139,  143,  144,  145,  148,  151. 

Pan  American  Library  Union,  Director  and  Secretary  General  of,  145. 

Pan  American  Meteorological  Service,  28,  60. 

Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  First,  7,  28,  32,  43,  45,  46,  57,  60,  89,  127,  129,  152. 

Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  Second,  3,  7,  26,  43,  44,  55,  57,  58,  66,  75,  112,  127, 

128,  151,  152. 

Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  Third,  40,  129. 
Pan  American  Topics,  25,  135,  136. 
Pan  American  Union,  20,  32,  39,  89,  90,  in,  129,  139,  140,  141,  142,  143,  145,  146, 

147,  148,  149- 

Pan  American  Union,  Governing  Board  of,  in,  112,  129,  147. 
Pan  American  Society  of  Physics  and  Chemistry,  128. 
Pan  American  Union  Department  of  Education,  32. 
Pan  American  University  Union,  139,  141,  147,  148,  151. 
Pan  American  University  Union,  Director  and  Secretary  General  of,  142. 
Paraguay,  43. 

Paraguay,  official  delegates  of,  13. 
Paris,  131. 

Paris,  Treaty  of ,  34,  100,  102. 
Patagonia,  18,  56. 
Pathology,  17. 

Peace  Palace  of  The  Hague,  35,  iO4,fio6. 
Peace  propaganda,  33,  101. 
Pellagra,  25. 

Pena,  Carlos  M.  de,  15,  41,  43,  49. 
Penaherrera,  Victor  Manuel,  43,  49. 
P6rez  Perdoma,  Armando,  n,  41,  43,  49. 
Permanent  International  Court  of  Arbitration,  83,  106. 
Peru,  19,  24,  40,  43,  151. 
Peru,  official  delegates  of,  13. 
Petroleum,  conservation  of,  125. 
Pezet,  Federico  A.,  13,  41. 
Pharmaceutical  products,  24. 
Philippi,  Julio,  41,  43,  48,  49,  50. 
Philippine  Islands,  19. 
Phillips,  William,  15,  46. 
Phosphate,  24. 


512  INDEX. 

Physical  anthropology,  17. 

Piers  and  quays,  58. 

Pinchot,  Gifford,  64. 

Pinto,  Eduardo  J.,  41,  43,  49. 

Plant  diseases,  67,  77. 

Plant  quarantine,  20. 

Plant  Protection  Congress,  American,  30,  77. 

Plenary  sessions,  163. 

Pleuropneumonia,  30,  74. 

Polemon,  82. 

Political  and  social  sciences,  140. 

Political  economy,  149. 

Port  charges,  38. 

Portugal,  132. 

Portuguese,  32,  37,  58,  81,  88,  89,  121. 

Poultry  industry,  19. 

Prado  y  Ugarteche,  Javier,  40,  151. 

Pre-Colombian  Americana,  17. 

Preliminary  program,  123,  124. 

Preparation  for  business,  36,  109. 

Preparatory  committee  of  the  Congress,  47,  48,  50,  152. 

President  of  the  Congress,  47,  in,  113,  114. 

Principios  de  Derecho  de  Jentes,  116,  117. 

Private  organizations,  293. 

Problems  of  private  international  law,  119. 

Problems  of  social  institutions,  54. 

Professorships  of  international  law,  106,  108. 

Program  of  the  Congress,  48,  167. 

Project  for  the  creation  of  a  Pan-American  Archeological  Union,  14: 

Project  for  the  creation  of  a  Pan  American  Library  Union,  143. 

Project  for  the  creation  of  a  Pan  American  University  Union,  140. 

Prophylaxis,  25. 

Protozoa,  25. 

Publications  by  the  bar  associations,  exchange  of,  37. 

Publication  of  works  on  agriculture,  78. 

Publication  of  works  on  education,  89. 

Public  buildings  and  grounds,  22. 

Public  health,  25,  127. 

Public  law,  23,  120. 

Public  parks  and  buildings,  57. 

Public  ownership  of  forest  resources,  69. 

Public  utilities,  25,  134. 

Queen's  Bench  Division,  116. 

Quesado,  Ernesto,  7,  41,  43,  49,  50,  140,  1427:145,  147,  150. 

Radio  communication,  28,  62. 
Radio  telegraphy,  22. 
Radium,  24. 


INDEX. 

Reclamation,  57. 

Reclamation  of  arid  lands,  29,  73. 

Reclamation,  sanitation,  and  the  supply  and  use  of  water,  22. 

Recommendation,  49. 

Regina  v.  Dudley,  case  of,  116. 

Regional  aspect  of  scientific  inquiry,  149. 

Religion,  17. 

Remarks  of  chairman  of  Section  VII,  122. 

Republic  of  letters,  150. 

Research  in  archeology,  51,  52. 

Resolution,  49. 

Resolution,  first  sectional  (Section  III)  68. 

Resolution,  second  sectional  (Section  III)  69. 

Resolution,  third  sectional  (Section  III)  69. 

Resolution,  fourth  sectional  (Section  III)  70. 

Resolution,  fifth  sectional  (Section  III)  70. 

Resolutions  and  recommendations,  26,  40,  48,  50. 

Rights  and  duties  of  neutrals,  113. 

Rights  of  national  jurisprudence,  114. 

Rinderpest,  30,  74. 

Ringe,  Henry  Ralph,  43,  48. 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  43,  89,  in,  117,  136. 

Rivas,  Damaso,  13,  41,  43,  49. 

Rome,  82,  119. 

Rommel,  George  M.,  15,  45,  46. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  62,  63,  64,  66. 

Roosevelt  Dam,  67. 

Root,  Elihu,  93,  95,  in,  113,  117. 

Rowe,  Leo  S.,  15,  45,  46,  113. 

Rules  of  the  Congress,  158. 

Russia,  132. 

Safety-first  movement,  134. 
Salazar,  Arturo  E.,  127. 
Salvador,  24,  43. 

Salvador,  official  delegates  of,  14. 
Sanitation,  22,  25. 
Sanitary  engineering,  22. 
San  Jos6  scale,  67. 
San  Martin,  74. 
Santiago,  43,  46,  152. 
School  of  tropical  forestry,  69. 
Scientific  bureaus,  30. 

Scott,  James  Brown,  3,  15,  41,  43,  46,  47,  48,  50,  in,  113,  140,  150. 
Scott,  Sir  William,  116. 

Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  3,  7,  26. 
Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  members  of,  16. 
Second  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  aims  and  purposes  of,  16. 
Secretary  General,  129. 
27750—16 33 


513 


514  INDEX. 

Section  I,  17,  51,  53,  54,  55,  159,  167. 

Section  II,  18,  55,  60,  159,  183. 

Section  III,  19,  62,  66,  68,  71,  159,  191. 

Section  IV,  21,  78,  79,  80,  81,  82,  160,  207. 

Section  V,  21,  57,  58,  61,  62,  87,  136,  137,  161,  227. 

Section  VI,  23,  121,  161,  241. 

Section  VII,  24,  121,  128,  161,  251. 

Section  VIII,  25,  127,  129,  162,  265. 

Section  IX,  25,  133,  135,  136,  139,  162,  283. 

Section  committees,  156. 

Section  on  chemical  and  physical  sciences  of  First  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress, 

127,  128. 

Seepage,  loss  by,  72. 
Seismology,  18,  55,  60. 
Serrato,  Francisco,  127. 
Settlement  of  International  Disputes,  93. 
Sewage,  22,  24. 
Sheep  industry,  20. 
Smithsonian  Institution,  143. 
Smuts,  67. 
Smyrna,  82. 

Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engineers,  58. 
Sociological  medicine,  25. 
Sociology,  study  of,  31,  81. 
Soils,  22. 

South  America,  18,  19,  21,  22,  25,  26,  71,  133. 
Spain,  132. 

Spanish,  32,  37,  58,  79,  88,  89,  121. 
Spanish  and  English,  teaching  of,  31,  80. 
Specifications  and  grade  of  forest  products,  70. 
Standards,  22,  57. 

Standards  of  weights,  etc.,  uniformity  of,  38. 
Stegomyia  mosquitoes,  131. 
Storage,  72. 
Strasburg,  82. 

Study  of  American  constitutions,  laws,  and  institutes,  36,  118. 
Study  of  drugs,  37. 

Study  of  lives  of  liberators  and  statesmen,  31. 
Study  of  monetary  systems,  39,  139. 
Study  of  sociology,  31,  81. 
Study  of  systems  of  taxation,  39. 
Suarez,  103. 

Suarez  Mujica,  Eduardo,  8,  41,  43,  47,  48,  90,  in,  142,  145,  147. 
Supply  and  use  of  water,  22. 
Suppression  of  alcoholism,  39. 

Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  97,  103,  106,  116,  117. 
Surveys,  22,  57. 

Surveys  for  the  study  of  primitive  tribes,  52. 
Sweden,  132. 


INDEX.  515 

Swiggett,  Glen  Levin,  3,  43,  46,  47,  48. 
Switzerland,  132. 
Systems  of  belief,  54. 

Tanning  materials,  24,  125. 

Tax  on  alcohol,  138. 

Taxation,  26,  135. 

Taxation,  study  of  systems  of,  39,  137. 

Taxes,  revenue  producing,  26. 

Teaching  of  international  law,  97,  100. 

Teaching  of  Spanish  and  English,  31,  80. 

Terminals,  21. 

Texas  fever,  77. 

The  Hague,  65,  83,  100,  102,  105. 

The  Hague  Academy  of  International  Law,  35,  104. 

The  Hague  Conference,  34,  107. 

The  Hague  Conventions,  105. 

The  Hague  Peace  Conferences,  first  and  second,  114,  115. 

The  Netherlands,  132. 

Third  Pan  American  Scientific  Congress,  meeting  place  of,  40. 

Timber  resources,  71. 

Topics  for  Pan  American  Conferences,  159. 

Town  and  city  planning,  25. 

Trade-mark  Convention,  26. 

Transportation,  25,  57,  134. 

Transmission  of  the  Final  Act,  40. 

Tuberculosis,  25. 

Ucles,  Carlos  Alberto,  12,40,43. 

Underground  cables,  22. 

Uniform  American  type  of  instruction,  141. 

Uniform  chemical  nomenclature,  128. 

Uniform  laws  relating  to  archeology,  51. 

Uniform  library  classifications,  143. 

Uniform  methods  in  classification,  etc.,  of  merchandise,  133,  136. 

Uniform  methods  in  presentation  of  statistics,  133,  136. 

Uniform  methods  of  sampling  and  testing,  127,  128. 

Uniform  port  charges,  133,  136. 

Uniform  railway  gauge,  21,  28,  61. 

Uniformity  in  commercial  and  demographic  statistics,  39. 

Uniformity  in  jurisprudence,  37. 

Uniformity  of  customs  regulations,  etc.,  25,  38,  133. 

Uniformity  of  mining  statistics,  37,  121,  125. 

Uniformity  of  standards  of  weights,  etc.,  38,  133. 

United  States,  19,  22,  24,  27,  31,  40,  43,  44,  45,  56,  63,  64,  66,  68,  71,  77,  82,  84,  132. 

United  States,  official  delegates  of,  14. 

United  States  v.  Arjona,  case  of,  117. 

United  States  reports,  117. 

University  of  Berlin,  83. 


5l6  INDEX. 

University  of  Paris,  83. 

University  of  San  Marcos,  40,  151. 

Uruguay,  43. 

Uruguay,  official  delegates  of ,  15. 

Use  and  regulation  of  water  supply,  72. 

Use  of  cases,  etc.,  in  teaching  international  law,  100,  102. 

Use  of  the  metric  system,  28,  59. 

Venezuela,  43. 

Venezuela,  official  delegates  of,  16. 

Ventilation,  25. 

Victoria,  Francisco,  103. 

Vienna,  Congress  of ,  34,  100,  102. 

Villaran,  Manuel  Vicente,  40,  152. 

Vital  statistics,  25. 

Waite,  Chief  Justice,  117. 

Washington,  George,  78,  80. 

Water,  use  of,  72. 

Water,  use  of  surface  and  underground,  72. 

Water  upon  arid  lands,  use  of,  72 . 

Waterpower,  19,  22,  58,  70,  71. 

Water  supply,  25. 

Water  supply,  use  and  regulation  of,  29,  58,  72. 

Weather  bureaus,  60. 

Weather  forecasts,  18,  60. 

Webster,  Daniel,  118. 

Weights  and  measures,  metric  system  of,  59. 

Welch,  William  H.,  15,  46. 

Westphalia,  treaty  of,  34,  100,  102. 

Wheaton's  Reports,  116. 

White  pine  blister  rust,  67. 

White-slave  trade,  38,  131. 

Woodward,  Robert  S.,  15,  46. 

World  resources,  conservation  of,  64. 

Yellow  fever,  eradication  of,  38,  130. 
Yellow  fever,  foci  of,  131. 

Zaldivar,  Rafael,  14,  41,  43,  49. 

o 


ADDENDA. 


AGUILAR,  FEUX,  Professor  of  the  Faculty  of  Physical  Science,  Mathe- 
matics, and  Astronomy,  National  University  of  La  Plata,  La 
Plata,  Argentina, 'South  America. 

Paper' presented,  in   collaboration  with   Prof.   Pablo  T.  Delavan: 
Work  with  the  Meridian  Circle  of  the  Observatory  of  La  Plata. 

CHRISTIE,  GEORGE  IRVING,  Purdue  University,  Lafayette,  Ind. 
Paper  presented:  Agricultural  Extension  Work. 

CLAUSEN,  JOHN,  Manager  Foreign  Department,  Crocker  National  Bank, 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Paper  presented :  The  Use  of  the  Business  Expert  in  Business  Training 
Courses. 

DAVENPORT,  EUGENE,  Dean  College  Agriculture,  University  of  Illinois, 

Urbana,  111. 
Papers  presented  : 

Agricultural  Education. 

The  Place  of  Industrial  Education  in  a  System  of  Public  Schools 
of  a  Self -Governing  People. 

,  J.  N.,  West  Virginia  University,  Morgantown,  W.  Va. 
Paper  presented:  Adaptation  of  the  Course  of  Study  of  the  Elementary 
School  to  Needs  of  the  Child. 

GLANCY,   A.,   National  Observatory  of  Argentine,   Cordoba' 
Argentina,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Stability  of  the  New  Meridian  Circle  of  the  Cordoba 
Observatory. 

ETCHEPARE,  Juuo,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  South  America. 

Paper  presented :  Reports  on  Infectious  and  Contagious  Diseases. 

FAIRCHIU>,  FRED  ROGERS,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Paper  presented:  The  Taxation  of  Foreign  Corporations. 

499 


ADDENDA. 

FAIRLIE,  JOHN  A.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Paper  presented:  Extra-Mural  Services  of  State  Endowed  Univer- 
sities, Including  University  Extension — from  Governmental  Stand- 
point. 

FAIRLEY,  WM.,  Commercial  High  School,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Paper  presented :  The  Successful  Commercial  High  School. 

GEIJSBEEK,  JOHN  B.,  Foster  Building,  Denver,  Colo. 

Paper  presented :  The  Teaching  of  A  ccounting  in  the  Collegiale  Busi- 
ness Training  Course. 

GRASS,    DONALD    F.,    Professor,    Leland    Stanford    Junior    University, 

Palo  Alto,  Cal. 

Paper  presented:  The  Teaching  of  Accounting  in  the  Collegiate  Busi- 
ness Training  Course. 

HARDY,  OSGOOD,  1222  Yale  Station,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Paper  presented:  Peru's  Financial  Problem. 

HUNTINGTON,  ELLSWORTH,  Yale  Station,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Paper  presented:  Solar  Activity,  Cyclonic  Storms,  and  Climatic 
Changes. 

HUTTON,  FREDERICK  R.,  29  West  Thirty-ninth  Street,  New  York  City. 
Paper    presented:  Cooperation    between    Engineering    Societies    and 
Engineering  Schools. 

JOHNSON,  ALVIN  S.,  The  New  Republic,  421  West  Twenty-first  Street, 

New  York  City. 
Paper  presented :  Protection  and  Nationalism. 

KELLOGG,  B.  H.,  Economic  Chemist,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
Papers  presented  in  collaboration  with  S.  L.  Jodidi : 

A  Simple,  Efficient,  and  Economic  Filter;  Its  Application  to  the 
Filtration  of  the  Yellow  Precipitate  in  Phosphoric- Acid  Esti- 
mations. 

The  Application  of  the  Paper-Pulp  Filter  to  the  Quantitative 
Estimation  of  Calcium  and  Magnesium. 

LAUDER,  ANNA  M.  R.,  Professor  Public  Health,  Yale  Medical  School, 

New  Haven,  Conn. 

Paper  presented  in  collaboration  with  C.  E.  A.  Winslow:  Fresh  Air 
and  Ventilation  in  the  Light  of  Modern  Research. 


ADDENDA. 

LEUSCHNER,  A.  O.,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

Paper  presented :  The  Duty  of  State- sup  ported  Universities  in  Regard 
to  Scientific,  Historical,  Economic,  and  Political  Research,  and 
Publication  of  such  Research. 

MORTON,  JOHN  F.,   Rockefeller  Institute  of  Medical  Research,  Sixty- 
sixth  Street  and  Avenue  A,  New  York  City. 

Paper  presented  in  collaboration  with  James  B.  Murphy:  Factors  in 
Immunity  to  Cancer. 

MUMFORD,  F.  B.,  Dean  School  of  Agriculture,  University  of  Missouri, 

Columbia,  Mo. 
Paper  presented:  The  American  College  of  Agriculture. 

NOLEN,  JOHN  S.,  President  Lake  Forest  College,  Lake  Forest,  111. 
Paper  presented :  The  Perpetuity  of  the  Independent  College. 

PARSONS,  FLOYD  W.,  "Coal  Age,"  Tenth  Avenue  and  Thirty-sixth  Street, 

New  York  City. 

Paper  presented  in  collaboration  with  R.  D.  Hall:  Valuation  of 
Federal  Coal  Lands. 

PERSON,  H.  S.,  Dean  Amos  Tuck  School  of  Administration  and  Finance, 

Dartmouth  College,  Hanover,  N.  H. 

Paper  presented:  The  Amos  Tuck  School  of  Administration  and 
Finance. 

PIERSON,  WARD  W.,  The  Wharton  School,  University  of  Pennsylvania, 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Paper  presented :  The  Teaching  of  Business  Law  in  the  Collegiate. 
Training  Course. 

RUSSELL,  HARRY  L.,  Dean  Department  of  Agriculture,  University  of 

Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wis. 
Paper  presented:  Agriculture  in  County  Schools. 

SIMMONS,  WALLACE  D.,  Simmons  Hardware  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Paper  presented :  Educational  Preparation  for  Foreign  Trade. 

SNOW,  MARY,  Intercollegiate  Bureau  of  Appointments,  38  West  Thirty- 
second  Street,  New  York  City. 
Paper  presented :  The  Profession  of  Being  a  Secretary. 


-#**  ADDENDA. 

STEARNS,  LUTIE,  547  Prospect  Avenue,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Paper  presented :  The  Library  and  the  Ediication  of  the  People. 

STEVENSON,  BEATRICE,  14  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

Paper  presented :  The  Eye  and  Hair  Color  in  Children  of  Primitive 
Americans. 

STORM,  A.  V.,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Paper  presented :  Agriculture    in    Secondary    Schools,  with    Special 
Reference  to  the  State  of  Minnesota. 

TARBELL,  IDA  M.,  McClure  Publishing  Co.,  New  York  City. 

Paper  presented:  Essential  Education  for  the  Average  Woman. 

WHEELER,  EVERETT  P.,  27  Williams  Street,  New  York  City. 
Paper  presented:  The  Pan  American  Congress. 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


